The current study was conducted to investigate the changes of main components contents by growth period and find methods to increase the saponin content in Codonopsis lanceolata.
1. Comparison of saponin content according to the growth period in C. lanceolata
To determine the seasonal change...
The current study was conducted to investigate the changes of main components contents by growth period and find methods to increase the saponin content in Codonopsis lanceolata.
1. Comparison of saponin content according to the growth period in C. lanceolata
To determine the seasonal changes of main components during the growth period of C. lanceolata root, the six main components, including saponin, amino acid, mineral, free sugar, fatty acid, and organic acid, were investigated in the two-month interval from January to November in 2019. The roots of C. lanceolata showed the highest growth in November, tending to increase length, diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight of root as the season advanced. In C. lanceolata roots, saponin content was relatively low in the early season (January to March) and showed the highest content in May when the very active growth period was, and after that, it tended to decrease during the rest of the season. In the above-ground part of the plant, seasonal change of saponin content was similar to roots, showing the highest content in May. Therefore, the saponin content during the growing season was the highest in May, both above- and below-ground parts.
Throughout the growing season, the overall amino acid contents of C. lanceolata roots were highest in January, and it gradually decreased during the rest of the season. Mostly, arginine was the highest among 41 amino acids regardless of the growth period, the other amino acid contents were extremely low.
The total mineral and free sugar content were also the highest in January and tended to decrease during the plant growth. Among the nine analyzed essential mineral, the P content was the highest throughout the season, followed by the K and Ca. These three minerals accounted for 86% of total mineral. Hence, fructose content was the highest among the five analyzed major free sugar throughout the season, followed by sucrose, stachyose, and glucose.
Citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, and acetic acid were analyzed among seven organic acids. The content of organic acid by growth period was the highest in period of dormancy and the latter growth. In component element, malic acid was highest in January, and it gradually decreased during the rest of the season and citric acid was the highest in September, and it gradually decreased during the rest of the season. Therefore, we confirmed that the component element of organic acid was changed during the growth period.
In the case of fatty acid, only capric acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid were analyzed among 37 kinds of fatty acid. The content of palmitic acid was the highest among fatty acid and no difference in growth period, and the overall fatty acid contents were extremely low.
In summary, the main components in C. lanceolata root showed that amino acid, mineral, free sugar, fatty acid, and organic acid were the highest in January, during dormancy than rest of the growing season. This result provides that ideal harvest time for both high yield and high main components. Currently, C. lanceolata growers harvest them between October to November, which reassure ideal harvest time. The lancemasides content (the main saponin in C. lanceolata) was no statistically different during growth period, although lancemasides content was the highest in May than other period. This may provide better cultivation management for the grower to increase the saponin content.
2. Study on increasing the saponin content in Codonopsis lanceolata root
Previous research indicated that the content of saponin was different by extraction methods. Thus, two extraction methods, hot water extraction method with autoclave (100℃, 20min, 15 psi) and ultrasonic wave method with sonic bath (MeOH and Water as solvent, 64℃, 2 hr), were compared to establish the saponin extraction method for C. lanceolata root.
The result indicated that extracted saponin content with the hot water extraction method showed up-to 2-folds higher than that of the sonic bath extraction method, which was known as the optimal extraction method. Specifically, within hot water extraction, extraction efficiency varies by the autoclaving temperature, showing 90℃, 100℃ was superior to the other temperature. Therefore, the ideal extraction method of saponin in C. lanceolata was set to hot water extraction method using autoclave (90℃ or 100℃, 20min, 15 psi).
UV-A, B, C irradiation and fermentation treatment were introduced to increase the saponin content in harvested C. lanceolata root. Saponin contents increased by 14% comparing to control with UV-C (25 hr) irradiation. Additional UV-C irradiation treatment with growing C. lanceolata plant in the pot showed that UV-C (4hr) treatment increased 29% root saponin content. Therefore, it appears that C. lanceolata saponin content can be increased with appropriate UV-C treatment during cultivation or after harvest.
Five different fermentations, lactobacillus and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus alimentarius, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum), were tested to increase saponin contents in ground C. lanceolata root. Fermentation with Bacillus subtilis increased 18% saponin content compared to control.
In summary, as the ideal extraction method of C. lanceolata, hot water extraction using an autoclave was the most effective. As a result of comparing the saponin content according to the extraction temperature, it was most effective at 90 or 100℃. In the case of UV-A, B, C treatment, when UV-C treatment was applied to in harvested C. lanceolata root or growing C. lanceolata plant, the effect of increasing saponin was increased in Bacillus subtilis in the case of fermentation with lactobacillus and yeast. Therefore, The saponin content in C. lanceolata root can be increased through fermenting with Bacillus subtilis after UV-C irradiation during growth and harvested root.
The current study was conducted to investigate the changes of main components contents by growth period and find methods to increase the saponin content in Codonopsis lanceolata.
1. Comparison of saponin content according to the growth period in C. lanceolata
To determine the seasonal changes of main components during the growth period of C. lanceolata root, the six main components, including saponin, amino acid, mineral, free sugar, fatty acid, and organic acid, were investigated in the two-month interval from January to November in 2019. The roots of C. lanceolata showed the highest growth in November, tending to increase length, diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight of root as the season advanced. In C. lanceolata roots, saponin content was relatively low in the early season (January to March) and showed the highest content in May when the very active growth period was, and after that, it tended to decrease during the rest of the season. In the above-ground part of the plant, seasonal change of saponin content was similar to roots, showing the highest content in May. Therefore, the saponin content during the growing season was the highest in May, both above- and below-ground parts.
Throughout the growing season, the overall amino acid contents of C. lanceolata roots were highest in January, and it gradually decreased during the rest of the season. Mostly, arginine was the highest among 41 amino acids regardless of the growth period, the other amino acid contents were extremely low.
The total mineral and free sugar content were also the highest in January and tended to decrease during the plant growth. Among the nine analyzed essential mineral, the P content was the highest throughout the season, followed by the K and Ca. These three minerals accounted for 86% of total mineral. Hence, fructose content was the highest among the five analyzed major free sugar throughout the season, followed by sucrose, stachyose, and glucose.
Citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, and acetic acid were analyzed among seven organic acids. The content of organic acid by growth period was the highest in period of dormancy and the latter growth. In component element, malic acid was highest in January, and it gradually decreased during the rest of the season and citric acid was the highest in September, and it gradually decreased during the rest of the season. Therefore, we confirmed that the component element of organic acid was changed during the growth period.
In the case of fatty acid, only capric acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid were analyzed among 37 kinds of fatty acid. The content of palmitic acid was the highest among fatty acid and no difference in growth period, and the overall fatty acid contents were extremely low.
In summary, the main components in C. lanceolata root showed that amino acid, mineral, free sugar, fatty acid, and organic acid were the highest in January, during dormancy than rest of the growing season. This result provides that ideal harvest time for both high yield and high main components. Currently, C. lanceolata growers harvest them between October to November, which reassure ideal harvest time. The lancemasides content (the main saponin in C. lanceolata) was no statistically different during growth period, although lancemasides content was the highest in May than other period. This may provide better cultivation management for the grower to increase the saponin content.
2. Study on increasing the saponin content in Codonopsis lanceolata root
Previous research indicated that the content of saponin was different by extraction methods. Thus, two extraction methods, hot water extraction method with autoclave (100℃, 20min, 15 psi) and ultrasonic wave method with sonic bath (MeOH and Water as solvent, 64℃, 2 hr), were compared to establish the saponin extraction method for C. lanceolata root.
The result indicated that extracted saponin content with the hot water extraction method showed up-to 2-folds higher than that of the sonic bath extraction method, which was known as the optimal extraction method. Specifically, within hot water extraction, extraction efficiency varies by the autoclaving temperature, showing 90℃, 100℃ was superior to the other temperature. Therefore, the ideal extraction method of saponin in C. lanceolata was set to hot water extraction method using autoclave (90℃ or 100℃, 20min, 15 psi).
UV-A, B, C irradiation and fermentation treatment were introduced to increase the saponin content in harvested C. lanceolata root. Saponin contents increased by 14% comparing to control with UV-C (25 hr) irradiation. Additional UV-C irradiation treatment with growing C. lanceolata plant in the pot showed that UV-C (4hr) treatment increased 29% root saponin content. Therefore, it appears that C. lanceolata saponin content can be increased with appropriate UV-C treatment during cultivation or after harvest.
Five different fermentations, lactobacillus and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus alimentarius, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum), were tested to increase saponin contents in ground C. lanceolata root. Fermentation with Bacillus subtilis increased 18% saponin content compared to control.
In summary, as the ideal extraction method of C. lanceolata, hot water extraction using an autoclave was the most effective. As a result of comparing the saponin content according to the extraction temperature, it was most effective at 90 or 100℃. In the case of UV-A, B, C treatment, when UV-C treatment was applied to in harvested C. lanceolata root or growing C. lanceolata plant, the effect of increasing saponin was increased in Bacillus subtilis in the case of fermentation with lactobacillus and yeast. Therefore, The saponin content in C. lanceolata root can be increased through fermenting with Bacillus subtilis after UV-C irradiation during growth and harvested root.
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