의복의 자아 근접성 개념을 기반으로 한 여러 연령층의 설문조사 결과를 바탕으로 하여 2004년에 Sontag과 Lee가 객관적 측정도구, 의복의 자아 근접성 척도(PCS Scale)를 개발하였다. Sontag과 Lee는 24-항목을 포함한 4-요인으로 구성된 PCS 척도를 청소년층을 대상으로 타당화 하였다. 본 연구는 그들 연구의 연계로 초기 6-요인으로 구성되었던 PCS 척도를 노년층에 적용하여 19-항목을 포함한 3-요인으로 구성된 PCS 척도를 타당화 한다. 65세 이상의 노인층이 본 연구의 표본집단으로 설정되었고 임의 표집방법을 이용, 미국 전역 1,700명의 노년 표본이 표본조사회사로부터 구입되었다. 2004년 11월 설문조사가 시작되어 2005년 2월에 총 250개의 이용 가능한 설문자료가 수집되었다(15.6%의 응답 비율). PCS 척도의 타당성을 검증하기 위하여 Sontag과 Lee의 연구에서 사용한 요인분석과 신뢰도분석을 동일하게 3단계 절차로 노인층을 대상으로 실시하였다. AMOS 5.0 을 사용한 3단계 신뢰도 분석 결과 19-항목을 포함한 3-요인으로 구성된 PCS척도의 타당성이 노인층을 대상으로 검증되었다. 노인층의 PCS척도는 다음의 3-요인으로 구성된다: 1) 의복이 자아 구성 과정에 미치는 영향(PCS 요인 1-2-3의 병합), 2) 의복이 평가적이고 정서적인 자존 형성과정에 미치는 영향(PCS 요인 4-5의 병합), 그리고 3) 의복이 신체상과 신체에 쏟는 정신 집중정도에 미치는 영향(PCS 요인 6). Sontag과 Lee가 초기적으로 가설한 6-요인 PCS 척도는 청소년층과 노인층을 대상으로 한 어느 연구에서도 검증되지 않았다. 더 나아가, 이들이 검증한 청소년층의 4-요인 PCS 척도도 노인층을 대상으로 한 연구에서 검증되지 않았다. 이는 노인들의 자아 구성 이젊은 층보다 더 통괄/복합적인 것에서 기인된다고 보인다. 이 글은 PCS 척도의 앞으로의 연구방향과 이용방향을 끝으로 마무리 지어 진다.
의복의 자아 근접성 개념을 기반으로 한 여러 연령층의 설문조사 결과를 바탕으로 하여 2004년에 Sontag과 Lee가 객관적 측정도구, 의복의 자아 근접성 척도(PCS Scale)를 개발하였다. Sontag과 Lee는 24-항목을 포함한 4-요인으로 구성된 PCS 척도를 청소년층을 대상으로 타당화 하였다. 본 연구는 그들 연구의 연계로 초기 6-요인으로 구성되었던 PCS 척도를 노년층에 적용하여 19-항목을 포함한 3-요인으로 구성된 PCS 척도를 타당화 한다. 65세 이상의 노인층이 본 연구의 표본집단으로 설정되었고 임의 표집방법을 이용, 미국 전역 1,700명의 노년 표본이 표본조사회사로부터 구입되었다. 2004년 11월 설문조사가 시작되어 2005년 2월에 총 250개의 이용 가능한 설문자료가 수집되었다(15.6%의 응답 비율). PCS 척도의 타당성을 검증하기 위하여 Sontag과 Lee의 연구에서 사용한 요인분석과 신뢰도분석을 동일하게 3단계 절차로 노인층을 대상으로 실시하였다. AMOS 5.0 을 사용한 3단계 신뢰도 분석 결과 19-항목을 포함한 3-요인으로 구성된 PCS척도의 타당성이 노인층을 대상으로 검증되었다. 노인층의 PCS척도는 다음의 3-요인으로 구성된다: 1) 의복이 자아 구성 과정에 미치는 영향(PCS 요인 1-2-3의 병합), 2) 의복이 평가적이고 정서적인 자존 형성과정에 미치는 영향(PCS 요인 4-5의 병합), 그리고 3) 의복이 신체상과 신체에 쏟는 정신 집중정도에 미치는 영향(PCS 요인 6). Sontag과 Lee가 초기적으로 가설한 6-요인 PCS 척도는 청소년층과 노인층을 대상으로 한 어느 연구에서도 검증되지 않았다. 더 나아가, 이들이 검증한 청소년층의 4-요인 PCS 척도도 노인층을 대상으로 한 연구에서 검증되지 않았다. 이는 노인들의 자아 구성 이젊은 층보다 더 통괄/복합적인 것에서 기인된다고 보인다. 이 글은 PCS 척도의 앞으로의 연구방향과 이용방향을 끝으로 마무리 지어 진다.
Sontag and Lee (2004) recently developed an objectively measurable instrument, the Proximity of Clothing to Self(PCS) Scale, which measured the psychological closeness of clothing to self. They validated a 4-factor, 24-item PCS Scale for use with adolescents and identified the need for confirmation ...
Sontag and Lee (2004) recently developed an objectively measurable instrument, the Proximity of Clothing to Self(PCS) Scale, which measured the psychological closeness of clothing to self. They validated a 4-factor, 24-item PCS Scale for use with adolescents and identified the need for confirmation of the factor structure with other age groups. This paper extends the work of Sontag and Lee by employing the PCS Scale with older persons, age 65 and over, and reports the validation of a 3-factor, 19-item PCS Scale for older persons. A mail survey was sent to a national random sample of 1,700 older Persons by means of a list purchased from a U.S. survey sampling company in late November 2004. Total usuable number of respondents was 250 with an adjusted response rate of 15.6 percent. Three analytical rounds of confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) to test the construct validity of the PCS Scale were conducted by using AMOS 5.0(Analysis of Moment Structures), one of several structural equation modeling(SEM) programs. Completion of three rounds of the CFA resulted in a 3-factor, 19-item PCS Scale with demonstrated construct validity and reliability for older persons. The three PCS dimensions are clothing in relation to 1) self as structure-process(PCS Dimension 1-2-3 combined), 2) self-esteem-evaluative and affective processes(PCS Dimension 4-5 combined), and 3) body image and body cathexis(PCS Dimension 6). The initially hypothesized 6-factor scale(Sontag & Lee, 2004) was not confirmed for adolescents in their study nor with older persons in this study. In addition, the 4-factor solution for the adolescent group did not hold for older persons. It appears that the self-system of older persons is more integrated than may be true for younger individuals. Recommendations for future testing of construct validity of the PCS Scale are made.
Sontag and Lee (2004) recently developed an objectively measurable instrument, the Proximity of Clothing to Self(PCS) Scale, which measured the psychological closeness of clothing to self. They validated a 4-factor, 24-item PCS Scale for use with adolescents and identified the need for confirmation of the factor structure with other age groups. This paper extends the work of Sontag and Lee by employing the PCS Scale with older persons, age 65 and over, and reports the validation of a 3-factor, 19-item PCS Scale for older persons. A mail survey was sent to a national random sample of 1,700 older Persons by means of a list purchased from a U.S. survey sampling company in late November 2004. Total usuable number of respondents was 250 with an adjusted response rate of 15.6 percent. Three analytical rounds of confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) to test the construct validity of the PCS Scale were conducted by using AMOS 5.0(Analysis of Moment Structures), one of several structural equation modeling(SEM) programs. Completion of three rounds of the CFA resulted in a 3-factor, 19-item PCS Scale with demonstrated construct validity and reliability for older persons. The three PCS dimensions are clothing in relation to 1) self as structure-process(PCS Dimension 1-2-3 combined), 2) self-esteem-evaluative and affective processes(PCS Dimension 4-5 combined), and 3) body image and body cathexis(PCS Dimension 6). The initially hypothesized 6-factor scale(Sontag & Lee, 2004) was not confirmed for adolescents in their study nor with older persons in this study. In addition, the 4-factor solution for the adolescent group did not hold for older persons. It appears that the self-system of older persons is more integrated than may be true for younger individuals. Recommendations for future testing of construct validity of the PCS Scale are made.
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문제 정의
Developing a PCS Scale effective for studying the change in the importance of clothing to selfimage, selfesteem, body image, and body cathexis as people make transitions in space and time will allow for comparative and longitudinal studies and contribute to greater, in-depth understanding of clothing to self Therefore, the objective of this research is to refine a standardized, valid, and reliable measurement instrument of PCS for use with older persons.
제안 방법
a time for those that theoretically were expected to correlate substantially was tested. Finally, in round three a full factor measurement model for correlations among factors was tested, and a higher-order factor model was tested to examine the relationship between PCS (second-order factor) and each of the PCS dimen-sions(first-order factors). <Fig.
Using SEM, a researcher could begin by testing the 6-factor model as originally proposed. If the 6-factor model does not hold, then the researcher should proceed with testing 5-, 4-, and 3-factor models to determine the best structure for these groups. Sontag and Lee(2004) made additional recommendations for further studies that are still relevant based on the findings reported here.
as a resuIt of Round 2. In terms of the factor structure, Round 2 led the researchers to combine PCS Dimensions 1, 2, and 3 into a single dimension named Clothing in Relation to Self as Structure-Process and PCS Dimensions 4 and 5 into a single dimension named Clothing in Relation to Selfesteem-Evaluative and Affective Processes. PCS Dimension 6 was not paired in this round and therefore entered as a single dimension, Clothing in Relation to Body Image and Body Cathexis.
In the next test of the 3-factor, second-order structural model, the first-order endogenous factors(PCS dimensions) were modeled as linear combinations of the second-order exogenous factor(PCS) and a unique variable for each first-order factor. The 19 endogenous observed variables(PCS items) were linear combinations of the first-order factors and a residual or error variable.
The objective for Round 2 was to examine the degree of collinearity that might exist between certain related pairs of dimensions and to eliminate any items that cross-loaded on dimensions other than that for which they were designed. As in the original study by Sontag and Lee(2004), PCS Dimensions 1 and 2 had a high degree of collinearity(correlation =.
, the Bollen-Stine bootstrappedp(Bollen & Stine, 1993) for the fitting function statistic, the discrepancy function. The researcher also compared the results of various estimators such as the asymptotically distribution-free(ADF), maximum likelihood(ML), generalized least square(GLS), and unweighted least squares(ULS) to identify appropriate estimators along with an application of bootstrapping to correct for nonnormality.
The researcher carefully examined the normality of the forty items of the PCS Scale. Mardia's test for multivariate kurtosis was used in this study(Arbuckle & Wbthke, 1999; Mardia & Foster, 1983).
Given these results, PCS Dimensions 1, 2, and 3 were combined into a single factor which we have named Clothing in Relation to Self as Structure-Process. To determine the best set of variables to measure this combined dimension, we began with a single factor CFA using a full set of 17 variables(the original 6 items from PCS Dimension 1, 7 items from PCS Dimension 2, and 4 items from PCS Dimension 3). Using elimination criteria previouoly specified for Round 1, a set of seven variables were retained(PCSD 108, PCSD111, PCSD 207, PCSD208, PCSD212, PCSD302, andPCSD313).
대상 데이터
Survey respondents were from 45 states among the 50 states in the United States plus the District of Columbia. Their age range was from 65 to 94 years old with a mean age of 76.
six dimensions of PCS. Thirty seven of the forty items were retained at the conclusion of the Round 1. Decisions to delete the three items were made on the basis of the size of the standardized factor loading (<.
이론/모형
Mail survey design was applied in this study and followed the guidelines of Salant and Dillman's (1994) total design method throughout the data collection.
the forty items of the PCS Scale. Mardia's test for multivariate kurtosis was used in this study(Arbuckle & Wbthke, 1999; Mardia & Foster, 1983). The data violated the distributional assumption of multivariate normality.
성능/효과
Completion of three rounds of the CFA using SEM resulted in a 3-factor, 19-item PCS Scale with demonstrated construct validity and reliability for older persons, age 65 and over. The initially hypothesized 6-factor scale(Sontag & Lee, 2004) was not confirmed for adolescents in their study nor with older persons in this study.
Because of budget constraints it was not feasible to mail a question-naire to the entire remaining sample of non-respondents. Within two weeks, another 55 older persons completed and returned the questionnaire bringing the total number of respondents to 253 with a combined adjusted response rate of 15.6 percent. The lower than expected response rate might be attributed to the conduct of the survey over a holiday season and a lengthy survey instrument.
후속연구
However, there are a few recommendations for future refinement and use of the PCS Scale. Although the 3-factor, 19-item PCS Scale resulted from a national random sample of older persons, another independent test of the scale would be beneficial to be made on a similar age group. If the 3-factor model is confirmed again, then the 19-item PCS Scale could be used with considerable confidence in its validity and reliability with older persons.
Further, it would be advantageous to test the factor structure on samples of older persons covering narrower age ranges than that used in this study because the high correlation achieved among the PCS dimensions may be due in part to the wide age range of this study's participants. In addition, the factor structure needs to be confirmed with other age groups such as young adults(i.
Although instruments are being developed in this field, few have been recognized, adopted, and used in other scholarly fields of study. One aim for this research is to continue refining the Proximity of Clothing to Self(PCS) Scale that the previous resear-chers have initiated and extend and introduce this useful concept to other fields such as gerontology, social psychology, human development, social work, and so on.
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