초록

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이 연구는 한국계 이민자 가정과 백인가정 사이의 부모의 행동적 심리적 통제와 아동의 정서적 행복감에 관한 차이를 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 미국 시애틀 지역의 8에서 9세 사이의 자녀를 둔 31한국계 가정과 31백인 가정이 연구에 참여하였다. 각 각의 부모들과 자녀들에게 질문지를 실시하여 그 결과를 비교하였다. Acceptance/rejection and control 질문지 결과는 한국계 이민자 가정의 아버지들이 백인 아버지들보다 자녀들에게 전반적으로 더 많은 통제와 공격적 양육태도를 보여주었다. Child Regulation Index결과, 한국계 어머니들도 자녀들에게 더 많은 행동조절 지시를 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 반해 아동들의 심리내적인 정서를 알아보기 위해 실시한 Reynolds child depression scale에서 한국계 이민자 가정 아동들이 백인 부모의 자녀들보다 자기 자신에 대해 덜 행복하게 느끼고 있음을 보고하였다. 특히 전체적으로 어머니들의 통제가 아동의 심리내적 정서와 관계가 있음이 확인되었고, 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 부모의 심리적 행동적 통제와 아동의 정서적 행복감에 대해 논의하였다.

이 연구는 한국계 이민자 가정과 백인가정 사이의 부모의 행동적 심리적 통제와 아동의 정서적 행복감에 관한 차이를 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 미국 시애틀 지역의 8에서 9세 사이의 자녀를 둔 31한국계 가정과 31백인 가정이 연구에 참여하였다. 각 각의 부모들과 자녀들에게 질문지를 실시하여 그 결과를 비교하였다. Acceptance/rejection and control 질문지 결과는 한국계 이민자 가정의 아버지들이 백인 아버지들보다 자녀들에게 전반적으로 더 많은 통제와 공격적 양육태도를 보여주었다. Child Regulation Index결과, 한국계 어머니들도 자녀들에게 더 많은 행동조절 지시를 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 반해 아동들의 심리내적인 정서를 알아보기 위해 실시한 Reynolds child depression scale에서 한국계 이민자 가정 아동들이 백인 부모의 자녀들보다 자기 자신에 대해 덜 행복하게 느끼고 있음을 보고하였다. 특히 전체적으로 어머니들의 통제가 아동의 심리내적 정서와 관계가 있음이 확인되었고, 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 부모의 심리적 행동적 통제와 아동의 정서적 행복감에 대해 논의하였다.

주제어

#비교문화연구   #한국계 미국인   #부모의 통제   #정서적 결과   #부모-자녀  

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• 연구 주제
• 연구 방법
• 연구 결과

문제 정의

• Future research could investigate low-income and other factors that could affect internal family dynamics. Also, this study focused on Korean American parents who were bom in Korea and did not look at second or third generation Korean Americans. Such parents might not display as many or as strong differences when compared to European American parents as first generation Korean American parents.
• Future research wo니d benefit from examining differences in acculturation levels over time and the possible resulting changes. Despite these aforementioned limitations, this exploratory study is one of the first to examine the cultural differences between a specific Korean minority population and the general Caucasian population in parenting practice and its relationship with child emotional well-being. The concept that ethnicity is an important factor in parent-child interactions was supported in the current study.
• This cross-c니tural study designed to examine how Korean American and European American parents differ in their parenting practice and how the differences are related to children's emotional well-being. As predicted, Korean American parents showed more parental control than European American parents in self-reports.
• , 1993; Greenfield, 1994; Makus & Kitayama, 1994). This study focuses on the potential differences in parenting behaviors and child emotional well-being in two cultures, Western (European Americans) and East Asian (Korean Americans). These cultural differences explored in this study using self reports questionnaires for each parent and child.

제안 방법

• Descrip tive data were expressed. Independent sample t-tests were examined to find out the differences in means for all parents and child variables (PARQ, CRI, and RCDS) in the study, since the current study aims to examine the cultural differences between Korean American and European American families. Correlations between parenting behaviors and child emotional outcomes (RCDS) were estimated by Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between child's emotional outcome and parenting behaviors.
• This study focuses on the potential differences in parenting behaviors and child emotional well-being in two cultures, Western (European Americans) and East Asian (Korean Americans). These cultural differences explored in this study using self reports questionnaires for each parent and child.
• This study only looked at the self-report of children for depression, but did not look at interpersonal relationships or social competence, which might give a more detailed account of child outcomes due to differing parenting styles across cultures. Korean American Children as minorities might have more stress for their school or peer relationships (Phinnry, 1990; William & Berry, 1991).

대상 데이터

• Sixty-two families, all with children between the ages of 8 and 9 years, were recruited from the greater Seattle area to participate in this study. Twenty-four of the children were boys, and thirtyeight were girls.
• These families had been living in America for at least three years and included citizens, permanent residents, and sojourners (people living with working or student visas). The comparison group was composed of 31 European American families (10 boys and 21 girls). Demographic data indicates that European American families make up the majority of the population in the greater Seattle region.
• There were 31 Korean American families, with 14 boys and 17 girls, in the sample. These families had been living in America for at least three years and included citizens, permanent residents, and sojourners (people living with working or student visas).
• This measure is used to assess children between grades three and six, or the ages of eight and twelve. This report consists of thirty self-report items that are written at the second-grade reading level. In cases where children needed help filling out the self-report measure, research assistants read the questions aloud to the children and/or clarified the meaning of the items.

데이터처리

• Independent sample t-tests were examined to find out the differences in means for all parents and child variables (PARQ, CRI, and RCDS) in the study, since the current study aims to examine the cultural differences between Korean American and European American families. Correlations between parenting behaviors and child emotional outcomes (RCDS) were estimated by Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between child's emotional outcome and parenting behaviors. SPSS statistical software was used in the analyses.
• Cross-tabulation with Pearson chi-square tests was used to examine the differences between Korean American and European American parents in demographic characteristics (Table 1). Descrip tive data were expressed.
• Pearson's correlations were also conducted to examine between mothers' reports of CRI and children's reports of RCDS. There were no significant correlations between mothers' behavioral control and child emotional distress in both groups (Table 5).
• Pearson's correlations were conducted to examine between fathers, reports of PARQ and children's reports of RCDS to test the hypothesis that the fathers' perceptions of higher parental behavioral control would be positively related to greater children's depression scale score. There were no significant correlations between fathers' parenting behaviors and child's emotional distress in both groups (see Table 4).

성능/효과

• 1. Korean American fathers were expected to report higher levels of controlling behavior overall. 2.
• Korean American fathers were expected to report higher levels of controlling behavior overall. 2. Korean American mothers were expected to report higher levels of parenting practices focused on regulating their child's emotion related behavior. 3.
• Korean American mothers were expected to report higher levels of parenting practices focused on regulating their child's emotion related behavior. 3. Korean American children were expected to report being less happy than European American children as a possible result of differences in parenting styles.
• 4. Perceived parenting behaviors were expected to be related child emotional outcome.
• As hypothesized, European American parents for both mothers and fathers showed lower levels of parental behavioral and psychological control than Korean American parents. This could be attributed to the fact that the father plays the lead role in making decisions in the Korean family.
• American children. Even though the results of current study fail to show the direct relationship between parenting control and child emotional well-being cross culturally, it showed that overall mothers, controlling behaviors contributed children's distress across group. It could be from small sample size, thus in the future larger sample should be tested.
• 58 respectively). Results indicated that Korean American fathers reported themselves more hostile/ aggressive than European American fathers. In addition, Korean fathers showed more negative parenting behaviors that European fathers overall.
• Significant group differences were found in the areas of parental hostility/aggression in their parenting practices Q=5.56(60), pv, 001) and overall PARQ score 9=5.56(60), pv.01) between Korean American(M=10.19, SD=2.33; M=36.59, SD=5.35 respectively) and European American fathers (Af=7.48, SQ=L39; M=32.66, 57)=4.58 respectively). Results indicated that Korean American fathers reported themselves more hostile/ aggressive than European American fathers.

후속연구

• The sample used in the current study was limited; it included only parents with very high average ed니cation levels and those who were from heterosexual, married, middle class families with children of eight or nine years of age. Future research could investigate low-income and other factors that could affect internal family dynamics. Also, this study focused on Korean American parents who were bom in Korea and did not look at second or third generation Korean Americans.

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