Biological Characteristics of the Ginseng Stem Fungus Gnat (Phytosciara procera) and Its Environmental-friendly Control Using Modified Topping of Ginseng Peduncles원문보기
This study examined the biological characteristics of the insect and examined potential cultural controls using peduncle topping methods. Ginseng stem fungus gnat eggs hatched after 5 days; ecdysis lasted 3-4 weeks, and after 5 days pupation, adults emerged. Adults deposited eggs 1-2 days after emer...
This study examined the biological characteristics of the insect and examined potential cultural controls using peduncle topping methods. Ginseng stem fungus gnat eggs hatched after 5 days; ecdysis lasted 3-4 weeks, and after 5 days pupation, adults emerged. Adults deposited eggs 1-2 days after emerging, and the entire life cycle lasted 32-40 days. The fungus gnats laid eggs $327\times220{\mu}m$ in size on cut planes of stems, but not on intact stem parts that had not been topped or wounded. Analyses of major weather data for the experimental areas and weather data for the past 30 years acquired from the Korea Meteorological Administration revealed that fungus gnat dispersion was prevalent under highly humid conditions and in areas with thick and frequent fogging. Among the topping times examined, fungus gnat damage to ginseng was lowest when topping occurred in late May. Among the five different topping methods evaluated on experimental ginseng farms, the cumulative fungus gnat damage to ginseng was low (0.8%) under partial peduncle topping (removal of peduncle with lateral fruit remaining) and removal of only flower buds (0.6%), with fungus gnat control effects of 82% and 86%, respectively, compared to conventional topping (removal of peduncle about 5 cm above its base). No fungus gnat damage to ginseng was observed under the no-topping treatment. These results suggest that partial topping of peduncles, while letting lateral fruits remain, is a potentially environmentally friendly method of controlling the ginseng stem fungus gnat.
This study examined the biological characteristics of the insect and examined potential cultural controls using peduncle topping methods. Ginseng stem fungus gnat eggs hatched after 5 days; ecdysis lasted 3-4 weeks, and after 5 days pupation, adults emerged. Adults deposited eggs 1-2 days after emerging, and the entire life cycle lasted 32-40 days. The fungus gnats laid eggs $327\times220{\mu}m$ in size on cut planes of stems, but not on intact stem parts that had not been topped or wounded. Analyses of major weather data for the experimental areas and weather data for the past 30 years acquired from the Korea Meteorological Administration revealed that fungus gnat dispersion was prevalent under highly humid conditions and in areas with thick and frequent fogging. Among the topping times examined, fungus gnat damage to ginseng was lowest when topping occurred in late May. Among the five different topping methods evaluated on experimental ginseng farms, the cumulative fungus gnat damage to ginseng was low (0.8%) under partial peduncle topping (removal of peduncle with lateral fruit remaining) and removal of only flower buds (0.6%), with fungus gnat control effects of 82% and 86%, respectively, compared to conventional topping (removal of peduncle about 5 cm above its base). No fungus gnat damage to ginseng was observed under the no-topping treatment. These results suggest that partial topping of peduncles, while letting lateral fruits remain, is a potentially environmentally friendly method of controlling the ginseng stem fungus gnat.
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문제 정의
The larvae of the stem fungus gnat develop inside the peduncles or stems, which makes it difficult to detect the initial damage and even to control the insect using chemical pesticides after detection. Therefore, the goals of this study were to examine the growth, development, and reproduction of the ginseng stem fungus gnat in relation to environmental conditions and to identify a potentially environmentally friendly cultural control method by optimizing the timing and method of peduncle topping.
5 times longer than nationwide averages (Table 1). These findings further support the results of our experiment that the occurrence of fungus gnat damage to ginseng is more prevalent in areas with high humidity and thick and frequent fogging.
제안 방법
7. Effects of the various peduncle topping methods on the cumulative ginseng damage caused by the ginseng stem fungus gnat, based on observations at 5-year-old (Yeongwol) and 6-year-old (Cheolwon) ginseng farms. CON: conventional topping, TC: complete topping, CB: main fruit topping, RB: partial topping (lateral fruit remaining), NC: no topping.
1. The five methods of topping ginseng peduncles: conventional topping (removal of peduncle about 5 cm above its base) (A, B), complete topping (removal of the entire peduncle) (C), main fruit topping (removal of the main fruit with the rest of the peduncle remaining) (D), partial topping (removal of peduncle with lateral fruit remaining) (E), and no topping (no peduncle removal).
To study the fungus gnat life cycle, ginseng stems infested with fungus gnat larvae were collected from the experimental plots and placed in polyethylene containers incubated at 25 ± 1℃ and a relative humidity of 75 ± 1% under 12-h light and 12-h dark conditions.
Yellow sticky flat traps of 25 × 15 cm (Green Agro Tech, Ltd., Kyungsan-Si, Kyungbuk, Korea) were established at the ginseng farms, and the number of adult fungus gnats attracted to the traps was examined at 10-day intervals from late May to mid-September.
대상 데이터
Five- and 6-year-old ginseng fields in Yeongwol and Cheolwon, South Korea, respectively, were selected as experimental farms. Ginseng stem fungus gnats had been found in the fields in the previous year (2007) and larvae at the stage just before emergence were found on the basal stems of ginseng plants in April 2008.
To examine the effect of peduncle topping at different peduncle growth stages on fungus gnat oviposition, samples of the lower, middle, and upper portions of peduncles were collected at 10-day intervals from early May through early June from three different ginseng varieties (Jakyeong, Cheonpoong, and Yeonpoong) grown in experimental ginseng fields at the KT&G Central Research Institute in Suwon, South Korea.
성능/효과
Examination of the peduncles of the three ginseng varieties revealed that hardness levels were 3.2, 1.9, and 2.6 times higher in early June than in early May in varieties Jakyeong, Yeonpoong, and Cheonpoong, respectively. In early June, the hardness of the upper, middle, and lower parts of the peduncles was 401, 456, and 487 kg cm-2 in var.
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