초등학생의 일상적 신체활동 측정 도구 개발을 위한 예비조사 Developing an Instrument to Evaluate Habitual Physical Activity Level of Elementary School-aged Children in Large Populations: A Preliminary Study원문보기
목적: 본 연구는 초등학생의 신체활동 정도를 사정할 수 있는 도구를 개발하기 위한 탐색적 연구이다. 방법: 본 연구는 도구개발과정과 예비조사(preliminary study)로 구분되어 있다. 신체활동의 구성요인 규명, 초기문항 작성, 내용타당도 검증, 최종도구 고안, 문항분석, 신뢰도 및 타당도 분석을 통해 총 41문항의 자가 보고식 설문지를 개발하였다. 예비조사는 서울시 소재 국공립 초등학교에 재학중인 초등학생 총 28명을 대상으로 이루어졌고 만보계와 Borg's scale을 이용하여 동시타당도 검증을 실시하였다. 결과: 예비조사 결과, 개발된 도구는 높은 내적 일관성을 보였고(cronbach's alpha=.89), 준거타당도를 위한 준거지표와의 Spearman correlation coefficient analysis에서는 만보계에 의해 측정된 도보수 (r=.69, p<.001)와 주관적 운동강도를 측정한 Borg's scale 점수(r=.76, p<.001)와 각각 양의 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 본 연구에서 개발된 도구는 초등학생의 신체활동 종류, 빈도, 강도 및 시간을 측정할 수 있도록 구성된 자가보고식 형태로 초등학생의 일상적인 신체활동을 측정할 수 있는 도구로 평가되었다. 비록 신체활동을 객관적으로 측정한 도구는 아니지만 신체활동 정도를 파악하기 위해 대규모 대상자에게 적용할 수 있는 실용적인 도구가 될 수 있을 것이다.
목적: 본 연구는 초등학생의 신체활동 정도를 사정할 수 있는 도구를 개발하기 위한 탐색적 연구이다. 방법: 본 연구는 도구개발과정과 예비조사(preliminary study)로 구분되어 있다. 신체활동의 구성요인 규명, 초기문항 작성, 내용타당도 검증, 최종도구 고안, 문항분석, 신뢰도 및 타당도 분석을 통해 총 41문항의 자가 보고식 설문지를 개발하였다. 예비조사는 서울시 소재 국공립 초등학교에 재학중인 초등학생 총 28명을 대상으로 이루어졌고 만보계와 Borg's scale을 이용하여 동시타당도 검증을 실시하였다. 결과: 예비조사 결과, 개발된 도구는 높은 내적 일관성을 보였고(cronbach's alpha=.89), 준거타당도를 위한 준거지표와의 Spearman correlation coefficient analysis에서는 만보계에 의해 측정된 도보수 (r=.69, p<.001)와 주관적 운동강도를 측정한 Borg's scale 점수(r=.76, p<.001)와 각각 양의 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 본 연구에서 개발된 도구는 초등학생의 신체활동 종류, 빈도, 강도 및 시간을 측정할 수 있도록 구성된 자가보고식 형태로 초등학생의 일상적인 신체활동을 측정할 수 있는 도구로 평가되었다. 비록 신체활동을 객관적으로 측정한 도구는 아니지만 신체활동 정도를 파악하기 위해 대규모 대상자에게 적용할 수 있는 실용적인 도구가 될 수 있을 것이다.
Objectives: This study is an explorative study for developing an instrument to measure habitual physical activity level of school-aged children. Methods: HPAQ-S consists of 41 items and a self-reported 5-day recall instrument designed to assess habitual physical activity level for school-aged childr...
Objectives: This study is an explorative study for developing an instrument to measure habitual physical activity level of school-aged children. Methods: HPAQ-S consists of 41 items and a self-reported 5-day recall instrument designed to assess habitual physical activity level for school-aged children. For the validity and reliability test, a sample consisted of 28 children, aged 10-11 years old. Results: 41 question items showed an acceptable internal consistency (cronbach's alpha=.89). A significant positive correlation with the pedometer results (r=.69, p<.001) and with Borg's questionnaire (r=.76, p<.001) support the validity of HPAQ-S. Conclusion: HPAQ-S may be more useful for measuring habitual physical activity level of elementary school-aged children in large populations.
Objectives: This study is an explorative study for developing an instrument to measure habitual physical activity level of school-aged children. Methods: HPAQ-S consists of 41 items and a self-reported 5-day recall instrument designed to assess habitual physical activity level for school-aged children. For the validity and reliability test, a sample consisted of 28 children, aged 10-11 years old. Results: 41 question items showed an acceptable internal consistency (cronbach's alpha=.89). A significant positive correlation with the pedometer results (r=.69, p<.001) and with Borg's questionnaire (r=.76, p<.001) support the validity of HPAQ-S. Conclusion: HPAQ-S may be more useful for measuring habitual physical activity level of elementary school-aged children in large populations.
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문제 정의
, 2008). The researcher asked the students to fasten the pedometer to their waist belt because fastening the device to a firm elastic belt may improve stability and reduce undercounting in young people.
This study aims to investigate instrumental psychometric properties for developing a self-reported habitual physical activity questionnaire for school-aged children, age 8-12 yr (Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire for School-aged children, HPAQ-S).
제안 방법
Statements were then modified to increase the clarity of the statement. After discussion with experts and non-experts, this study concluded with a 41-item scale with 4 items for the morning period, 9 items for the school period, 17 items for the after-school period, and 11 items for the evening period. The HPAQ-S is a 41-item questionnaire on recall of weekdays.
1%. Considering the patterns of physical activity among school-aged children, if estimating the level of physical activity by using a questionnaire consisted only of moderate or high intensity activity, the measurement would likely under-evaluate the real level of physical activity. When measuring the level of physical activity among school-aged children, it is desirable to measure the frequency and time in a variety of intensities of physical activity based on METs.
First, duration and intensity should be measured at the same time by children’s perceived exertion level during each activity on the basis of high correlation between time-use and strength of physical activity.
A MET-weighed summary score was computed (∑ METk ⅹ each item score), where k is the kth question in the HPAQ-S. For each activity, children were asked to record how frequently they usually had engaged in the activity during the last 5 days, and frequency was ascertained by four categories (none, 1-2 days per week, 3-4 days per week, and 5 days per week). They were also asked how intensively they took part in the activity, and duration/intensity was ascertained by three categories (no exertion at all, somewhat hard, and very hard).
Their parents also were asked to list all activity of their children in which their children usually participated during the morning and evening time. For item construction, components in four sub-domains with physical activity type, frequency, duration, intensity were drawn from an extensive review of the literature, existing instruments and survey with elementary school-aged children and parents. Finally, the HPAQ-S was constructed of 41 items of habitual physical activity.
, 1993). In this study, intensity of physical activity was used to categorize activities and apply weight to each activity. As a result, the HPAQ-S can measure the type (various kinds of activities of an ordinary week) according to METs, frequency (number of days during the last week from Monday to Friday), and duration/intensity (perceived exertion level) of physical activities.
Individual focus group interviews (school-aged school students, parents, and teachers) and expert advice, together with a literature review of the physical activity assessment, were used to design the HPAQ-S. The 41 items were classified into four periods of time (morning, school, after-school, and evening) reviewed by researcher panels of 10 experts that included researchers in the field and professionals (researchers from nursing and physical education and teachers), and a focus group panel (school-aged children and parents).
During item selection, the unique characteristics of children’s physical activity should be considered when making decisions about the method of physical activity assessment should be considered. Items selection was done through a review of previous literatures and a survey for quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing the characteristics and patterns of physical activity among school-aged children. Survey was conducted for children and their parents.
The subjects were asked to evaluate the general rate of perceived exertion (respiratory/ overall perceived strength) during four periods of time: morning hours, school hours, after school hours, and evening hours. The RPE was a scale of 6-20 and was used for each period to rate the perceived exertion during the last week (Monday to Friday). The final RPE score was calculated by averaging the four periods.
The power analysis for this study focused on determining the minimal sample size that would yield a valid significance test for the Spearman correlations between the HPAQ-S scores and the number of steps by pedometer. Assuming that true correlations in the previous study that analyzed the Pearson correlation between self-reported walking and pedometer is appropriately 0.
The reliability test in this research was confirmed by distribution of scores, item descriptive statistics, corrected item-total correlations, and internal consistency. As a result of basic psychometric analysis for items and scale properties, the frequency and percentage of a total of 41 types of physical activity appropriately presented the patterns and characteristics of the ordinary physical activity in school-aged children.
The researcher emphasized to the students that they must record their pedometer’s daily score for 5 days (from Monday to Friday).
In Borg’s RPE, each unit of perceived intensity is intended to correspond to a 10 beats/min increase in heart rate. The subjects were asked to evaluate the general rate of perceived exertion (respiratory/ overall perceived strength) during four periods of time: morning hours, school hours, after school hours, and evening hours. The RPE was a scale of 6-20 and was used for each period to rate the perceived exertion during the last week (Monday to Friday).
In school-aged children, objective measurements are very difficult because of their short recall. The ultimate purpose of this study is developing a checklist for physical activities consisting of subjectively perceived time, frequency, and intensity as a self-reported questionnaire to measure physical activity and to estimate the level of physical activity by summing the checklist scores. The HPAQ-S consists of items such as “go around back and forth in class, studying or doing homework at home, sitting down and talking on the phone” with moderate intensity (3 METs) or less.
대상 데이터
Survey was conducted for children and their parents. For survey, a total of 12 children (2 children per elementary school grade from 1 to 6) were recruited. Children were asked to list all activities (both physical and sedentary) in which they usually participated during the school and after-school time.
For the reliability and validity test of the HPAQ-S, a convenience sample consisted of 28 children (boys, n=12; girls, n=16) in range of age 10-11 years old from one elementary school of Seoul in South Korea. Participants were given information by verbal and written materials and written consent was obtained from their parents.
05. In this study, sample consisted of over 25 with consideration for the omission of data.
Individual focus group interviews (school-aged school students, parents, and teachers) and expert advice, together with a literature review of the physical activity assessment, were used to design the HPAQ-S. The 41 items were classified into four periods of time (morning, school, after-school, and evening) reviewed by researcher panels of 10 experts that included researchers in the field and professionals (researchers from nursing and physical education and teachers), and a focus group panel (school-aged children and parents). Each panel evaluated the clarity of the syntax of the questionnaire items and the relevance of the statement for measuring physical activity.
The HPAQ-S developed for the purpose of assessing the level of school-aged children’s physical activity in the present study was supplied to the participants for preliminary testing. The questionnaire used in this study contained 41 activities. The HPAQ-S was designed to recall all physical activities performed during the previous 5 days (this week except Saturday and Sunday).
We developed a self-report instrument for measuring Habitual Physical Activity in School-aged children (HPAQ-S) and investigated its psychometric properties. Through a methodological instrument development process, a total of 41 items in the final instrument were developed. This instrument is a selfadministered 5-day recall questionnaire intended to assess habitual physical activity level from waking up in the morning to bedtime in school-aged school students during a school term.
이론/모형
The researcher emphasized to the students that they must record their pedometer’s daily score for 5 days (from Monday to Friday). Height and weight were measured on an automatic height/weight measurement system (JENIX, Korea) and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The characteristics of the participants are presented Table 1.
Pedometers and Borg’s scale were used criterion indicators for validity test of the HPAQ-S in this study.
성능/효과
An activity score, such as outcome variables, is an appropriate result of a self-reported questionnaire to evaluate the quality and quantity of physical activity in children. In this study, a total physical activity HPAQ-S score (HPAQ-S summary score) was estimated for the 41 physical activities performed in the last week (from Monday to Friday). The frequency was applied as a code: 0 for the response “none,” 1 for the response “1-2 days per week,” 2 for the response “3-4 days per week,” and 3 for the response “5 days per week.
, 1985). In this study, physical activity is comprised of playing, exercise and sports in which the ratio of work metabolic rate to a standard resting metabolic rate (MET) is more than 1. Activities are listed in the HPAQ-S as multiplies of the resting MET level and range from 1.
Second, duration of physical activity is not likely to measure children’s activities accurately because their cognitive skills may not be sufficient to accurately complete self-reports.
This study found that the HPAQ-S was significantly to associate with other physical activity measures such as a pedometer and Borg’s RPE.
후속연구
This instrument is a selfadministered 5-day recall questionnaire intended to assess habitual physical activity level from waking up in the morning to bedtime in school-aged school students during a school term. But this study ultimately aimed to explore the psychometric analysis of the HPAQ-S for further validity study of the HPAQ-S. For this reason, we analyzed the items of the tool qualitatively and discussed on the appropriation of the items for the content validity.
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