다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
NTIS 바로가기
韓國藥用作物學會誌 = Korean journal of medicinal crop science, v.21 no.5, 2013년, pp.401 - 414
남기열 (충남대학교 농업생명과학대학) , 최재을 (충남대학교 농업생명과학대학) , 박종대 ((재) 금산국제인삼약초연구소)
AI-Helper
Ginsenoside Rg3 (G-Rg3) contained only in red ginseng has been found to show various pharmacological effects such as an anticancer, antiangiogenetic, antimetastastic, liver protective, neuroprotective immunomodulating, vasorelaxative, antidiabetic, insulin secretion promoting and antioxidant activit...
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
| 핵심어 | 질문 | 논문에서 추출한 답변 |
|---|---|---|
| ginsenoside-Rg3는 어떤 prosapogenin인가? | 그러나 G-Rg3는 인삼 중 천연으로 존재하는 성분은 아니고 G-Rb1과 같은 Protopanaxadiol계 사포닌의 성분 변환에 의해 생성되는 prosapogenin으로 알려지고 있다 (Park, 1996). 따라서 G-Rg3는 다양한 약리활성을 나타내지만 수삼이나 백삼, 그리고 홍삼 중에는 거의 없거나 극히 미량으로 존재하기 때문에 다량의 G-Rg3를 생산할 수 있는 방법에 대해 많은 연구와 관심이 모아지고 있다. | |
| ginsenoside-Rg3의 약리효과는 무엇인가? | 특히 ginsenoside들 가운데 ginsenoside-Rg3 (G-Rg3)는 GRg1과 G-Rb1에 이어 가장 많이 연구된 성분으로서 종양억제 (Shinkai et al., 1996), 혈관신생억제 및 항종양전이 (Mochizuki et al., 1995; Liu et al., 2009), 항암 (Yun et al., 2001; Li et al., 2005), 간 보호 (Lee et al., 2005), 신경보호 (Tian et al., 2005), 면역조절 (Wang and Meng, 1999), 혈관이완 (Kim et al., 2003), 항당뇨 및 인슐린 분비 촉진 (Kang et al., 2010; Park et al, 2008), 항산화 활성 (Lee et al., 2008a) 등 다양한 약리효과가 보고되고 있다 (Cheng et al., 2008). | |
| Ginsenoside는 어떠한 효과를 가지고 있는가? | 인삼의 주요 유효성분은 ginsenoside (G)로 불리어 지는 triterpene glycoside 이다. Ginsenoside는 항피로 및 항스트레스 효과를 비롯한 면역조절, 항산화, 항염증, 신경세포 보호, 그리고 항종양 효과 등 다양한 효과를 가지고 있는 것으로 보고되었다 (Attele et al., 1999; Park et al. |
Akao T, Kida H, Kanaoka M, Hattori M and Kobashi K. (1998). Intestinal bacterial hydrolysis is required for the appearance of compound K in rat plasma after oral administration of ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng. Journal of Pharmacology. 50:1155-1160.
Andreea Neculai M, Ivanov D and Bernards MA. (2009). Partial purification and characterization of three ginsenosidemetabolizing beta-glucosidases from Pythium irregulare. Phytochemistry. 70:1948-1957
Anufriev VP, Malinovskaya GV, Denisenko VA, Uvarova NI, Elyakov, GB, Kim SI and Baek NI. (1997). Synthesis of ginsenoside Rg3, a minor constituent of Ginseng radix. Carbohydrate Research. 304:179-182.
Attele AS, Wu JA and Yuan CS. (1999). Ginseng pharmacology: Multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochemical Pharmacology. 58:1685-1693.
Bae EA, Park SY and Kim DH. (2000). Constitutive betaglucosidases hydrolyzing ginsenoside Rb1 and Rb2 from human intestinal bacteria. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 23:1481-1485.
Bae EA, Choo MK, Park EK, Park SY, Shin HY and Kim DH. (2002a). Metabolism of ginsenoside Rc by human intestinal bacteria and its related antiallergic activity. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 25:743-747.
Bae EA, Han MJ, Choo MK, Park SY and Kim DH. (2002b). Metabolism of 20(S)-and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 by human intestinal bacteria and its relation to in vitro biological activities. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 25:58-63.
Burdock GA and Carabin IG. (2004). Generally recognized as safe (GRAS): history and description. Toxicology Letters. 150:3-18.
Chang KH, Jee HS, Lee NK, Park SH, Lee NW and Paik HD. (2009). Optimization of the enzymatic production of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 from white ginseng extract using response surface methodology. New Biotechnology. 26:181-186.
Chen G, Yang M, Lu Z, Zhang J, Huang H, Liang Y, Guan S, Song Y, Wu L and Guo DA. (2007) Microbial transformation of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol-type saponins by Absidia coerulea. Journal of Natural Prouducts. 70:1203-1206.
Chen GT, Yang M, Song Y, Lu ZQ, Zhang JQ, Huang HL, Wu LJ and Guo DA. (2008). Microbial transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 by Acremonium strictum. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 77:1345-1350.
Chen J, Peng H, Ou-Yang X and He X. (2008). Research on the antitumor effect of ginsenoside Rg3 in B16 melanoma cells. Melanoma Research. 18:322-329.
Chen JY, Chung TY, Li FY, Lin NH and Tzen JT. (2009). Effect of sugar positionsin ginsenosides and their inhibitory potency on $Na^{+}/K^{+}$ -ATPase activity. Acta Pharmacological Sinica. 30:61-69.
Cheng LQ, Kim MK, Lee JW, Lee YJ and Yang DC. (2006). Conversion of major ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenoside F2 by Caulobacter leidyia. Biotechnology Letters. 28:1121-1127.
Cheng LQ, Na JR, Bang MH, Kim MK and Yang DC. (2008). Conversion of major ginsenoside Rb1 to 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 by Microbacterium sp. GS514. Phytochemistry. 69:218-224.
Christensen LP. (2009). Ginsenosides chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. 55:1-99.
De Smet PA. (2002). Herbal remedies. The New England Journal of Medicine. 347:2046-2056.
Dong A, Ye M, Guo H, Zheng J and Guo D. (2003). Microbial transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 by Rhizopus stolonifer and Curvularia lunata. Biotechnology Letters. 25:339-344.
Dong H, Bai LP, Wong VK, Zhou H, Wang JR, Liu Y, Jiang ZH and Liu L. (2011). The in vitro structure-related anticancer activity of ginsenosides and their derivatives. Molecules and Cells. 16:10619-10630.
Fuzzati N. (2004). Analysis methods of ginsenosides. Journal of Chromatography B Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 812:119833.
Ha YW, Ahn KS, Lee JC, Kim SH, Chung BC and Choi MH. (2010). Validated quantification for selective cellular uptake of ginsenosides on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 396:3017-3025.
Haki GD and Rakshit SK. (2003). Developments in industrially important thermostable enzymes: A review. Bioresource Technology. 89:17-34.
Han Y, Sun B, Hu X, Zhang H, Jiang B, Spranger MI and Zhao Y. (2007). Transformation of bioactive compounds by Fusarium sacchari fungus isolated from the soil-cultivated ginseng. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 55:9373-9379.
Hasegawa H, Sung JH., Matsumiya S and Uchiyama M. (1996). Main ginseng saponin metabolites formed by intestinal bacteria. Planta Medica. 62:453-457.
Hasegawa H and Uchiyama M. (1998). Efficacy of orally administered ginsenoside Rb1 in dependence on intestinal bacterial hydrolyzing potential and significance of treatment with an active bacterial metabolite. Planta Medica. 649:696-700.
Kang KS, Kim HY, Baek SH, Yoo HH, Park JH and Yokozawa T. (2007). Study on the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity changes of ginseng and ginsenoside-Rb2 by heat processing. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 30:724-728.
Kang KS, Kim HY, Pyo JS and Yokozawa T. (2006). Increase in the free radical scavenging activity of ginseng by heatprocessing. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 29:750-754.
Kang KS, Kim HY, Yamabe N and Yokozawa T. (2006). Stereospecificity in hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of four ginsenosides produced by heat processing. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 16:5028-5031.
Kang KS, Yamabe N, Kim HY, Park JH and Yokozawa T. (2010). Effects of heat-processed ginseng and its active component ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 on the progression of renal damage and dysfunction in type 2 diabetic otsuka long-evans tokushima fatty rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 33:1077-1081.
Kang DI, Lee JY, Yang JY, Jeong SM, Lee JH, Nah SY and Kim Y. (2005). Evidence that the tertiary structure of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg(3) with tight hydrophobic packing near the chiral center is important for $Na^{+}$ channel regulation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 333:1194-1201.
Kang KS, Yamabe N, Kim HY, Okamoto T, Sei Y and Yokozawa T. (2007). Increase in the free radical scavenging activities of American ginseng by heat processing and its safety evaluation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 113:225-232.
Kang, KS, Yokozawa T, Yamabe N, Kim HY and Park JH. (2007). ESR study on the structure and hydroxyl radicalscavenging activity relationships of ginsenosides isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 30:917-921.
Karikura M, Miyase T, Tanizawa H, Taniyama T and Takino Y. (1991). Studies on absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of ginseng saponins. VII. Comparison of the decomposition modes of ginsenoside-Rb1 and -Rb2 in the digestive tract of rats. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 39:2357-2361.
Kasai R, Besso H, Tanaka O, Saruwatari Y and Fuwa T. (1983). Saponins of red ginseng. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 31:2120-2125.
Keum YS, Park KK, Lee JM, Chun KS, Park JH, Lee SK, Kwon HJ and Surh YJ. (2000). Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng. Cancer Letters. 150:41-48.
Kim JH, Ahn SC, Choi SW, Hur NY, Kim BY and Baik MY. (2008). Changes in effective components of ginseng by puffing. Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry. 51:188-193
Kim MH, Hong HD, Kim YC, Rhee YK, Kim KT and Rho JH. (2010). Ginsenoside changes in red ginseng manufactured by acid impregnation treatment. Journal of Ginseng Research. 2:93-97.
Kim, ND, Kim EM, Kang KW, Cho MK, Choi SY and Kim SG. (2003). Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits phenylephrine-induced vascular contration through induction of nitric oxide synthase. British Journal of Pharmacology. 140:661-670.
Kim SM, Lee SY, Cho JS, Son SM, Choi SS, Yun YP, Yoo HS, Yoon do Y, Oh KW, Han SB and Hong JT. (2010). Combination of ginsenoside Rg3 with docetaxel enhances the susceptibility of prostate cancer cells via inhibition of NF-kappa B. European Journal of Pharmacology. 631:1-9.
Kim SW, Kwon HY, Chi DW, Shim JH, Park JD, Lee YH, Pyo S and Rhee DK. (2003). Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by ginsenoside Rg(3). Biochemical Pharmacology. 65:75-82.
Kim WY, Kim JM, Han SB, Lee SK, Kim ND, Park MK, Kim CK and Park JH. (2000). Steaming of ginseng at high temperature enhances biological activity. Journal of Natural Products. 63:1702-1704.
Kitagawa I, Taniyama T, Shibuya H, Noda T and Yoshikawa M. (1987). Chemical studies of crude drug precession V. On the constituents of ginseng radix rubra (2): Comparison of the constituents of white ginseng and red ginseng prepared from the same Panax ginseng root. Yakugaku Zasshi. 107:495-505.
Kitagawa I, Yoshikawa M, Yoshihara M, Hayashi T and Taniyama T. (1983). Chemical studies of crude drug precession(I). On the constituents of ginseng radix rubra (1). Yakugaku Zasshi. 103:612-622.
Kitts DD, Wijewickreme AN and Hu C. (2000). Antioxidant properties of a north American ginseng extract. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 203:1-10.
Ko SR, Suzuki Y, Suzuki K, Choi KJ and Cho BG. (2007). Marked production of ginsenosides Rd, F2, Rg3, and compound K by enzymatic method. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 55:1522-1527.
Kwok HH, Guo GL, Lau JK, Cheng YK, Wang JR, Jiang ZH, Keung MH, Mak NK, Yue PY and Wong RN. (2012). Stereoisomers ginsenosides-20(S)-Rg3 and -20(R)-Rg3 differentially induce angiogenesis through peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-gamma. Biochemical Pharmacology. 83:893-902
Lee BH, Lee JH, Yoon IS, Lee JH, Choi SH, Shin TJ, Pyo MK, Choi WS, Lee SM, Lim Y, Rhim H and Nah SY. (2007). Mutations of arginine 222 in pre-transmembrane domain I of mouse 5-HT(3A) receptor abolish 20(R)- but not 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg(3) inhibition of 5-HT-mediated ion currents. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 30:1721-6.
Lee HU, Bae EA, Han MJ and Kim DH. (2005). Hepatoprotective effect of 20(S)-ginsenosides Rg3 and its metabolite 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 on tert-butyl hydroperoxideinduced liver injury. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 28:19921994.
Lee J, Lee E, Kim DH, Lee J, Yoo J and Koh B. (2009a). Studies on absorption, distribution and metabolism of ginseng in humans after oral administration. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 122:143-148.
Lee JH, Shen GN, Kim EK, Shin HJ, Myung CS, Oh HJ, Kim DH, Roh SS, Cho W, Seo YB, Park YJ, Kang CW and Song GY. (2006). Preparation of black ginseng and its antitumor activity. Korean Oriental Physiology and Pathology. 20:951-956.
Lee KY, LeeYH, Kim SI, Park JH and Lee SK. (1997). Ginsenoside-Rg5 suppresses cyclin e-dependent protein kinase activity via up-regulating p21(Cip/WAF1) and down-regulating cyclinE in SK-HEP-1cells. Anticancer Research. 17:1067-1072.
Lee SM, Shon HJ, Choi CS, Hung TM, Min BS and Bae KH. (2009). Ginsenosides from heat processed ginseng. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 57:92-94.
Lee YJ, Kim HY, Kang KS, Lee JG, Yokozawa T and Park JH. (2008). The chemical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity changes of ginsenoside-Rb1 by heat processing. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 18:4515-4520.
Lee YJ, Kim HY, Kang KS, Lee JG, Yokozawa T and Park JH. (2008a). The chemical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity changes of ginsenoside-Rb-1 by heat processing. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 18:4515-4520.
Leung KW and Wong AS. (2010). Pharmacology of ginsenosides: A literature review. Chinese Medicine. 11:5-20.
Liang Y and Zhao S. (2008). Progress in understanding of ginsenoside biosynthesis. Plant Biology. 10:415-421.
Liu CX and Xiao PG. (1992). Recent advances on ginseng research in China. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 36:27-38.
Liu TG, Huang Y, Cui DD, Huang XB, Mao S H, Ji LL, Song HB and Yi C. (2009). Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with gemcitabine on angiogenesis and growth of lung cancer in mice. BMC Cancer. 9:250.
Li X, Han JS, Park YJ, Kang SJ, Kim JS, Nam KY, Lee KT and Choi JE. (2009). Extracting conditions for promoting ginsenoside contents and taste of rad ginseng water extract. Korean Journal of Medical Crop Science. 54:287-293.
Li X, Wang G, Sun J, Hao H, Xiong Y, Yan B, Zheng Y and Sheng L. (2007). Pharmacokinetic and absolute bioavailability study of total panax notoginsenoside, a typical multiple constituent traditional chinese medicine (TCM) in rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 30:847-51.
Matsuda H, Kubo T and Kubo M. (2000). Chemical changes of ginsenoside- Rbl in stomach and improving effects of product, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3 on a peripheral circulation disorder. The Ginseng Review. p.12-15.
Matsuura H, Kasai R, Tanaka O, Saruwatari Y, Kunihiro K and Fuwa T. (1984). Further studies on the dammaranesaponins of ginseng roots. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 32:1188-1192.
Mochizuki M, Yoo YC and Matsuzawa K. (1995). Inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3, of red ginseng. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 18:1197-1202.
Nag SA, Qin JJ, Wang W, Wang MH, Wang H and Zhang R. (2012). Ginsenosides as anticancer agents: In vitro and in vivo activities, structure-activity relationships, and molecular mechanisms of action. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 3:25.
Namba T, Matsushige K, Morita T and Tanaka O. (1986). Saponins of plants of Panax species collected in central Nepal and their chemotaxonomical significance. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 34:730-738.
Ni JS, Xin Y, Wang XR, Shi B, Chen D, Tian K and Wu JX. (2005). Effect of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 combined with cytotoxic agents on sarcoma 180 of mice. Journal of Jilin University of Medicine Edition. 31:705-708.
Noh KH and Oh DK. (2009). Production of the rare ginsenosides compound K, compound Y, and compound Mc by a thermostable betaglycosidase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 32:1830-1835.
Noh KH, Son JW, Kim HJ and Oh DK. (2009). Ginsenoside compound K production from ginseng root extract by a thermostable betaglycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 73:316-321.
Park CS, Yoo MH, Noh KH and Oh DK. (2010). Biotransformation of ginsenosides by hydrolyzing the sugar moieties of ginsenosides using microbial glycosidases. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 87:9-19.
Park EK, Choo MK, Kim EJ, Han MJ and Kim DH. (2003). Antiallergic activity of ginsenoside Rh2. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 26:1581-1584.
Popovich DG and Kitts DD. (2004). Generation of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 from north American ginseng. Phytochemistry. 65:337-44.
Park IH, Piao LZ, Kwon SW, Lee YJ, Cho SY, Park MK and Park JH. (2002). Cytotoxic dammarane glycosides from processed ginseng. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 50:538-40.
Park JD. (1996). Recent studies on the chemical constituents of Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Journal of Ginseng Research. 20:389-415.
Park MW, Ha JH and Chung SH. (2008). 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and activates AMPK. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 31:748-751.
Popovich DG and Kitts DD. (2002). Structure-function relationship exists for ginsenosides in reducing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in the human leukemia(THP-1) cell line. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 406:1-8.
Qi LW, Wang CZ and Yuan CS. (2011). Ginsenosides from American ginseng: Chemical and pharmacological diversity. Phytochemistry. 72:689-99.
Qi LW, Wang CZ and Yuan CS. (2010b). American ginseng: Potential structure-function relationship in cancer chemoprevention. Biochemical Pharmacology. 80:947-54.
Qi LW, Wang CZ and Yuan CS. (2011). Isolation and analysis of ginseng: advances and challenges. Natural Product Reports. 28:467-95.
Qian TX, Cai ZW, Wong R N.S, Mak NK and Jiang ZH. (2005). In vivo rat metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies of ginsenoside Rg3. Journal of Chromatography B Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 25:223-32.
Quan LH, Min JW, Yang DU, Kim YJ and Yang DC. (2012). Enzymatic biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to 20(S)-Rg3 by recombinant ${\beta}$ -glucosidase from Microbacterium esteraromaticum. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 94:377-84.
Sanada S, Kondo N, Shoji J, Tanaka O and Shibata S. (1974). Studies on the saponin of ginseng. I. Structures of ginsenoside-Ro,-Rb1,-Rc, and -Rd. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 22:421-428.
Shibata S, Ando T and Tanaka O. (1966a). Chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs. XVII. The prosapogenin of the ginseng saponins(ginsenosides-Rb1, -Rb2, and -Rc). Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 14:1157-61.
Shibata S, Tanaka O, Ando T, Sado M, Tsushima S and Ohsawa T. (1966). Protopanaxadiol: a genuin sapogenin of ginseng saponins. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 14:595-600.
Shibata S, Tanaka O, Soma K, Iida Y, Ando T and Nakamura H. (1965). Studies on saponins and sapogenins of ginseng: The structure of panaxatriol. Tetrahedron Letters. 21:207-213.
Shibata S. (2001). Chemistry and cancer preventing activities of ginseng saponins and some related triterpenoid compounds. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 16:28-37.
Shibata S. Tanaka O, Sado M and Tsushima S. (1963) On genuine sapogenin of ginseng. Tetrahedron Letters. 19:795-800.
Shinkai K, Akedo H, Mukai M, Imamura F, Isoai A, Kobayashi M and Kitagawa I. (1996). Inhibition of in vitro tumor cell invasion by ginsenoside Rg3. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research. 87:357-362.
Shoji J. (1990). Recent advances in ginseng studies. Hirokawa Publishing. Tokyo, Japan. p.11-31.
Su JH, Xu JH, Lu WY and Lin GQ. (2006). Enzymatic transformation of ginsenoside Rg3 to Rh2 using newly isolated Fusarium proliferatum ECU2042. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B:Enzymatic. 38:113-118.
Sun CP, Gao WP, Zhao BZ and Cheng LQ. (2012). Conversion of protopanaxadiol type saponins to ginsenoside Rg3 by lemon. Natural Product Communications. 7:1155-6.
Sun S, Qi LW, Du GJ, Mehendale SR, Wang CZ and Yuan CS. (2011). Red notoginseng: higher ginsenoside content and stronger anticancer potential than Asian and American ginseng. Food Chemistry. 125:1299-1305.
Tansakul P, Shibuya M, Kushiro T and Ebizuka Y. (2006). Dammarenediol-II synthase, the first dedicated enzyme for ginsenoside biosynthesis, in Panax ginseng. FEBS Letters. 580:5143-5149.
Tawab MA, Bahr U, Karas M, Wurglics M and Schubert-Zsilavecz M. (2003). Degradation of ginsenosides in humans after oral administration. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 31:1065-1071.
Tian JW, Fu FH, Geng MY, Jiang YT, Yang JX, Jiang WL, Wang CY and Liu K. (2005). Neuroprotective effect of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 on cerebral ischemia in rats. Neuroscience Letters. 374:92-97.
Toh DF, Patel DN, Chan EC, Teo A, Neo SY and Koh HL. (2011). Anti-proliferative effects of raw and steamed extracts of Panax notoginseng and its ginsenoside constituents on human liver cancer cells. Chinese Medicine. 24:6-14.
Wakabayashi C, Murakami K, Hasegawa H, Murata J and Saiki I. (1998). An intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginseng protopanaxadiol saponins has the ability to induce apoptosis in tumor cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 246:725-730.
Wang CZ, Aung HH, Ni M, Wu JA, Tong R, Wicks S, He TC and Yuan CS. (2007a). Red American ginseng : Ginsenoside constituents and antiproliferative activities of heat-processed Panax quinquefolius roots. Planta Medica. 73:669-674.
Wang CZ, Aung HH, Zhang B, Sun S, Li XL,He H, Xie JT, He TC, Du W and Yuan CS. (2008). Chemopreventive effects of heat-processed Panax quinquefolius root on human breast cancer cells. Anticancer Research. 28:2545-2552.
Wang CZ, Li XL, Wang Q F, Mehendale SR, Fishbein AB, Han AH, Sun S and Yuan CS. (2009a). The mitochondrial pathway is involved in American ginseng-induced apoptosis of SW-480 colon cancer cells. Oncology Reports. 21:577-584.
Wang P, Bi XL, Guo YM, Cao JQ, Zhang SJ, Yuan HN, Piao HR and Zhao YQ. (2012). Semi-synthesis and anti-tumor evaluation of novel 25-hydroxyprotopanaxadiol derivatives. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 55:137-45.
Wang W, Rayburn ER, Hao M, Zhao Y, Hill DL, Zhang R and Wang H. (2008a). Experimental therapy of prostate cancer with novel natural product anti-cancer ginsenosides. The Prostate. 68:809-819.
Wang W, Rayburn ER, Hang J, Zhao Y, Wang H and Zhang R. (2009b). Anti-lung cancer effects of novel ginsenoside 25-OCH(3)-PPD. Lung Cancer. 65:306-331.
Wang W, Wang H, Rayburn ER, ZhaoY, Hill DL and Zhang R. (2008b). 20(S)-25- methoxyl-dammarane-3beta,12beta, 20-triol, a novel natural product for prostate cancer therapy: activity in vitro and in vivo and mechanisms of action. British Journal of Cancer. 98:792-802.
Wang W, Zhao Y, Rayburn ER, Hill DL, Wang H and Zhang R. (2007b). In vitro anti-cancer activity and structure-activity relationships of natural products isolated from fruits of Panax ginseng. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 59:589-601.
Wei X, Chen J, Su F, Su X, Hu T and Hu S. (2012). Stereospecificity of ginsenoside Rg3 in promotion of the immune response to ovalbumin in mice. International Immunology. 24:465-71.
Wei X, Su F, Su X, Hu T and Hu S. (2012). Stereospecific antioxidant effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on oxidative stress induced by cyclophosphamide in mice. Fitoterapia. 83:636-642.
Xie HT, Wang GJ, Sun JG, Tucker I, Zhao Xc, Xie YY, Li H, Jiang XL, Xu MJ and Wang W. (2005). High performance liquid chromatographic- mass spectrometric determination of ginsenoside Rg3 and its metabolite in rat plama using solidphase extration for pharmacokinetic studies. Journal of Chromatography B Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 818:167-173.
Xu TM, Xin Y, Cui MH, Jiang X and Gu LP. (2007). Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with cyclophosphamide on growth and angiogenesis of ovarian cancer. Chinese Medical Journal. 120:584-8.
Yan Q, Zhou W, Li X, Feng M and Zhou P. (2008a). Purification method improvement and characterization of a novel ginsenosidehydrolyzing beta-glucosidase from Paecilomyces bainier sp. 229. bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 72:352-359.
Yang LQ, Wang B, Gan H, Fu ST, Zhu XX, Wu ZN, Zhan DW, Gu RL, Dou GF and Meng ZY. (2012). Enhanced oral bioavailability and anti-tumour effect of paclitaxel by 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 in vivo. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition. 33:425-36.
Yang SJ, Jeong KS, Yoo JS, Kang TS, Noh YH, Lee JS and Jeong HS. (2006). Change of Korean ginseng components with high temperature and pressure treatment. Korean Society of Food Science and Technology. 38:521-525.
Yokozawa T, Kang KS, Yamabe N and Kim HY. (2007). Therapeutic potential of heat-processed Panax ginseng with respect to oxidative tissue damage. Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics. 1:30-44.
Yoo MH, Yeom SJ, Park CS, Lee KW and Oh DK. (2011). Production of aglycon protopanaxadiol via compound K by a thermostable ${\beta}$ -glycosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 89:1019-1028.
Yu H, Zhang C, Lu M, Sun F, Fu Y and Jin F. (2007). Purification and characterization of new special ginsenosidase hydrolyzing multiglycisides of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, ginsenosidase type I. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 55:231-23.
Yu Y, Zhou Q, Hang Y, Bu X and Jia W. (2007a). Antiestrogenic effect of 20S- protopanaxadiol and its synergy with tamoxifen on breast cancer cells. Cancer. 109:2374-2382.
Yue CJ and Zhong JJ. (2005). Purification and characterization of UDPG: Ginsenoside Rd glucosyltransferase from suspended cells of Panax notoginseng. Process Biochemistry. 40:3742-3748.
Yue CJ, Zhou X and Zhong JJ. (2008). Protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase and its role in regulating the ginsenoside heterogeneity in Panax notoginseng cells. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 100:933-940.
Yue PY, Mak NK, Cheng YK, Leung KW, Ng TB, Fan DT, Yeung HW and Wong RN. (2007). Pharmacogenomics and the Yin/Yang actions of ginseng: Anti-tumor, angiomodulating and steroid-like activities of ginsenosides. Chinese Medicine. 15:2-6.
Yue PY, Wong DY, Wu PK, Leung PY, Mak NK, Yeung HW, Liu L, Cai Z, Jiang ZH, Fan TP and Wong RN. (2006). The angiosuppressive effects of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg(3). Biochemical Pharmacology. 72:437-445.
Yun TK, Lee YS, Lee YH, Kim SI and Yun HY. (2001). Anticarcinogenic effect of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and identification of active compounds. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 16:6-18.
Zhou W, Yan Q, Li JY, Zhang XC and Zhou P. (2008). Biotransformation of Panax notoginseng saponins into ginsenoside compound K production by Paecilomyces bainier sp. 229. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 104:699-706.
*원문 PDF 파일 및 링크정보가 존재하지 않을 경우 KISTI DDS 시스템에서 제공하는 원문복사서비스를 사용할 수 있습니다.
Copyright KISTI. All Rights Reserved.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.