Ryu, Ji-Seon
(Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Lifetime Sport of Korea National Sport University)
,
Yoon, Suk-Hoon
(Department of Community Sports, College of Lifetime Sport of Korea National Sport University)
,
Park, Sang-Kyoon
(Department of Physical Education, College of Sport Science of Korea National Sport University)
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the interrelationship between ranges of motion of the knee and ankle joints on the sagittal plane and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock at high frequency (9~20 Hz) in the support phase during downhill running. Method: Fifteen male heel-to...
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the interrelationship between ranges of motion of the knee and ankle joints on the sagittal plane and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock at high frequency (9~20 Hz) in the support phase during downhill running. Method: Fifteen male heel-toe runners with no history of lower extremity injuries were recruited for this study (age, $25.07{\pm}5.35years$; height, $175.4{\pm}4.6cm$; mass, $75.8{\pm}.70kg$). Two uniaxial accelerometers were mounted to the tuberosity of tibia and sacrum, respectively, to measure acceleration signals. The participants were asked to run at their preferred running speed on a treadmill set at $0^{\circ}$, $7^{\circ}$, and $15^{\circ}$ downhill. Six optical cameras were placed around the treadmill to capture the coordinates of the joints of the lower extremities. The power spectrum densities of the two acceleration signals were analyzed and used in the transfer function describing the gain and attenuation of impact shock between the tibia and the sacrum. Angles of the knee and ankle joints on the sagittal plane and their angle ranges were calculated. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between two variables, the magnitude of impact shock, and the range of joint angle under three downhill conditions. The alpha level was set at .05. Results: Close correlations were observed between the knee joint range of motion and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock regardless of running slopes (p<.05), and positive correlations were found between the ranges of motion of the knee and ankle joints and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock in $15^{\circ}$ downhill running (p<.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, increased knee flexion might be required to attenuate impact shock during downhill and level running through change in stride or cadence while maintaining stability, and strong and flexible ankle joints are also needed in steeper downhill running.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the interrelationship between ranges of motion of the knee and ankle joints on the sagittal plane and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock at high frequency (9~20 Hz) in the support phase during downhill running. Method: Fifteen male heel-toe runners with no history of lower extremity injuries were recruited for this study (age, $25.07{\pm}5.35years$; height, $175.4{\pm}4.6cm$; mass, $75.8{\pm}.70kg$). Two uniaxial accelerometers were mounted to the tuberosity of tibia and sacrum, respectively, to measure acceleration signals. The participants were asked to run at their preferred running speed on a treadmill set at $0^{\circ}$, $7^{\circ}$, and $15^{\circ}$ downhill. Six optical cameras were placed around the treadmill to capture the coordinates of the joints of the lower extremities. The power spectrum densities of the two acceleration signals were analyzed and used in the transfer function describing the gain and attenuation of impact shock between the tibia and the sacrum. Angles of the knee and ankle joints on the sagittal plane and their angle ranges were calculated. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between two variables, the magnitude of impact shock, and the range of joint angle under three downhill conditions. The alpha level was set at .05. Results: Close correlations were observed between the knee joint range of motion and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock regardless of running slopes (p<.05), and positive correlations were found between the ranges of motion of the knee and ankle joints and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock in $15^{\circ}$ downhill running (p<.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, increased knee flexion might be required to attenuate impact shock during downhill and level running through change in stride or cadence while maintaining stability, and strong and flexible ankle joints are also needed in steeper downhill running.
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제안 방법
Accelerometer and kinematic data were collected while the participants were running on the treadmill at their preferred speed under level (no slope), 7° downhillslope, and 15° downhillslope conditions, in random order.
1 km/h) was used as the running speed in the test. Data were collected relative to the right foot; and before running, each participant attached two lightweight (4.5 g) miniature accelerometers (Kistler PiezoBeam, type 8634B50, Kistler, Winterthur, Switzerland) on the protruding areas of the sacrum and tibial tuberosity by using an elastic belt. These accelerometers were fixed toward the long axes of the tibia and spine to acquire the vertical axis component in order to obtain the impact shock transmitted from the long axes of the tibia and spine (Ryu, 2005b; Verbitsky et al.
The degree of relationship between the high-frequency attenuation magnitude of impact shock and knee and ankle flexion-extension according to downhill running slope was analyzed by using the afore- mentioned procedure and data analysis, the results of which are shown in (Figures 2~7). According to the results, in level running, the increase in knee flexion-extension ROM was correlated with a greater magnitude of impact shock attenuation.
The magnitude of high-frequency attenuation of impact shock be- ween the tibia and sacrum was derived as the mean integral value of high-frequency range of transfer function (9~20 Hz) in relation to 3 heel strike moments selected for analysis of each participant. Ankle and knee ranges of motion (ROM) were also derived as the mean value of 3 heel strike moments.
However, as mentioned earlier, few studies have examined the degree of relationship between shock attenuation and kinematic functions of the joints through frequency analysis of impact shock during downhill running, which has greater injury potential due to greater eccentric muscle activities of the lower extremities. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the degree of relationship between highfrequency attenuation of impact shock and flexion-extension motion of the lower extremity joints during level and downhill running.
대상 데이터
The participants in the present study consisted of 15 men, aged 20~ 30 years (mean, 25.07 ± 5.35 years), who were rear-foot strikers during running.
Non-coplanar triangular reflective markers for calculating the flexionextension angles of the knee and ankle joints were attached between the femur and the lower leg segment, cap of the shoes, and the dorsal and distal parts of 5 foot joints (Ryu, 2005b). To acquire the coordinates for these markers, 6 high-speed digital cameras (Qualisys ProReflex system) were set up near the treadmill. To establish a global coordinate system, an L-shaped frame with 4 markers of known lengths was placed at the back of the treadmill.
데이터처리
Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was performed to investigate the degree of relationship between the attenuation magnitude of these high frequencies and lower extremities' ROM at strike moment.
이론/모형
Knee and ankle joint flexion-extension angles were calculated by using the joint coordinate system method suggested by Areblad et al. (1990) to derive at three-dimensional angles (Ryu, 2005b). After which, only the flexion-extension angles were used.
After which, only the flexion-extension angles were used. Prior to calculating the flexionextension angles, three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate values for the segment markers were calculated in relation to each time recording by using a nonlinear transformation (NLT) method. These coordinate values were filtered by using the same method as used on the acceleration signals (Stergiou et al.
성능/효과
The degree of relationship between the high-frequency attenuation magnitude of impact shock and knee and ankle flexion-extension according to downhill running slope was analyzed by using the afore- mentioned procedure and data analysis, the results of which are shown in (Figures 2~7). According to the results, in level running, the increase in knee flexion-extension ROM was correlated with a greater magnitude of impact shock attenuation. The correlation between these two variables appeared high at r=.
In consideration of such theoretical claim, knee and ankle joint flexion-extension ROM in 15° downhill running appeared to be involved more in impact shock attenuation through more-excessive movements than under two other running conditions.
However, the magnitude of impact shock attenuation and ankle flexion-extension ROM were not highly correlated at level and 7° downhill slope running, but their correlation was high at 15° downhill slope running. The findings in the present study showed that with the smaller downhill slope during running, greater ankle flexion-extension ROM resulted in greater high-frequency attenuation of impact shock. By contrast, the downhill slope being less steep had the characteristics of showing a lower degree of relationship between knee flexion-extension ROM and the magnitude of highfrequency attenuation of impact shock.
In 15° downhillslope running, a steep slope condition, appearance of such phenomenon can be attributed to an effort to reduce impact by reducing the magnitude of ground reaction force, which is relatively smaller than that in level running, through kinematic changes in ankle flexion when touching the ground (Gerritsen, van den Bogert, & Nigg, 1995). The results of the present study suggest that to facilitate impact shock attenuation during running, level running and running under steep slope conditions, the knee flexion ROM should be increased while maintaining stability. For downhill running under steep slope conditions, a strategy for effective impact shock attenuation would need to involve smooth movement of not only the knees but the ankles as well.
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