The present study evaluated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of three cultivars of Actinidia arguta Planch. kiwi berries; cv. Mansoo (Mansoo), cv. Chiak (Chiak), and cv. Haeyeon (Haeyeon). In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of the three cu...
The present study evaluated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of three cultivars of Actinidia arguta Planch. kiwi berries; cv. Mansoo (Mansoo), cv. Chiak (Chiak), and cv. Haeyeon (Haeyeon). In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of the three cultivars of kiwi berries were investigated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Mansoo had the highest total phenolic content and TAC among the three cultivars, whereas Chiak had the highest total flavonoid content. The total antioxidant capacities of the kiwi berry extracts were more strongly correlated with total phenolic content than with total flavonoid content. The kiwi berry extracts suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The release of nitrite, an indirect indicator of nitric oxide, was also ameliorated by pre-treatment with the kiwi berry extracts in a dose-dependent manner. Cellular-based measurements of antioxidant capacity exhibited that the kiwi berry extracts had cellular antioxidant capacities. Such cellular antioxidant effects are possibly attributed to their direct antioxidant capacity or to the inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation via anti-inflammatory effects. Our findings suggest that kiwi berries are potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.
The present study evaluated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of three cultivars of Actinidia arguta Planch. kiwi berries; cv. Mansoo (Mansoo), cv. Chiak (Chiak), and cv. Haeyeon (Haeyeon). In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of the three cultivars of kiwi berries were investigated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Mansoo had the highest total phenolic content and TAC among the three cultivars, whereas Chiak had the highest total flavonoid content. The total antioxidant capacities of the kiwi berry extracts were more strongly correlated with total phenolic content than with total flavonoid content. The kiwi berry extracts suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The release of nitrite, an indirect indicator of nitric oxide, was also ameliorated by pre-treatment with the kiwi berry extracts in a dose-dependent manner. Cellular-based measurements of antioxidant capacity exhibited that the kiwi berry extracts had cellular antioxidant capacities. Such cellular antioxidant effects are possibly attributed to their direct antioxidant capacity or to the inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation via anti-inflammatory effects. Our findings suggest that kiwi berries are potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.
Three kiwi berry cultivars (A. arguta Planch.), Mansoo, Chiak, and Haeyeon, were provided by the Jeonnam Agricultural Research and Extension Services, South Korea in September 2014.
데이터처리
One-way ANOVA was performed using SAS software (ver. 8.
, USA). Significant differences were verified by Duncan’s multiple range test at a 95% confidence level.
이론/모형
Cell cytotoxicity by pre-treatment with kiwi berry extract was determined using the MTT assay. Briefly, RAW 264.
Intracellular antioxidant capacities of the kiwi berry extracts were determined using the DCFH-DA assay [39]. RAW 264.
The total flavonoid content of the kiwi berry extract was measured using a modified method of Kim et al. [20].
The total phenolic content of kiwi berries was measured using a colorimetric method with Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent [33]. Each extract (200 μl) was diluted by mixing with 2.
성능/효과
Non-fluorescent DCFH-DA crosses cell membranes and is hydrolyzed by intracellular esterase to non-fluorescent DCFH, which can be further oxidized to fluorescent DCF by hydroxyl radicals converted from hydrogen peroxide [12]. Based on our results, the kiwi berry extracts may have been absorbed into the cells and removed cellular hydroxyl radicals so that the production of fluorescent DCF was inhibited. Second, kiwi berry extract could prevent ROS generation through anti-inflammatory effects.
The intracellular antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory effects of the kiwi berries were also investigated. Each kiwi berry cultivar showed distinct total phenolic and flavonoid contents and total antioxidant capacities. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO production on LPS-simulated RAW 264.
Investigation of cytotoxic effects of extracts of Mansoo, Chiak, and Haeyeon cultivars on the viability of RAW 264.7 cells demonstrated that none of the kiwi berry extracts had any cytotoxicity at up to 500 μg/ml (Fig. 2).
Based on our results, the kiwi berry extracts may have been absorbed into the cells and removed cellular hydroxyl radicals so that the production of fluorescent DCF was inhibited. Second, kiwi berry extract could prevent ROS generation through anti-inflammatory effects. Kiwi berries have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects via suppressing pro-inflammatory TNF-α [22].
후속연구
These functional effects can be attributed to the phenolics present in kiwi berries. Further studies are needed to identify and quantify the phenolics of kiwi berries. In addition, further study is warranted to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the intercellular antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory effects of kiwi berries.
Further studies are needed to identify and quantify the phenolics of kiwi berries. In addition, further study is warranted to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the intercellular antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory effects of kiwi berries.
참고문헌 (40)
Bedard K, Krause KH. 2007. The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol. Rev. 87: 245-313.
Carocho M, Ferreira IC. 2013. A review on antioxidants, prooxidants and related controversy: natural and synthetic compounds, screening and analysis methodologies and future perspectives. Food Chem. Toxicol. 51: 15-25.
Epe B, Ballmaier D, Roussyn I, Briviba K, Sies H. 1996. DNA damage by peroxynitrite characterized with DNA repair enzymes. Nucleic Acids Res. 24: 4105-4110.
Ferguson AR. 1999. New temperate fruits: Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia deliciosa, pp. 342-347. Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses. ASHS Press Alexandria, VA, USA.
Ferguson AR. 2013. Kiwifruit: the wild and the cultivated plants. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 68: 15-32.
Genkinger JM, Platz EA, Hoffman SC, Comstock GW, Helzlsouer KJ. 2004. Fruit, vegetable, and antioxidant intake and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality in a community-dwelling population in Washington County, Maryland. Am. J. Epidemiol. 160: 1223-1233.
Girard-Lalancette K, Pichette A, Legault J. 2009. Sensitive cell-based assay using DCFH oxidation for the determination of pro- and antioxidant properties of compounds and mixtures: analysis of fruit and vegetable juices. Food Chem. 115: 720-726.
Huang D, Ou B, Hampsch-Woodill M, Flanagan JA, Prior RL. 2002. High-throughput assay of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) using a multichannel liquid handling system coupled with a microplate fluorescence reader in 96-well format. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 4437-4444.
Kalt W, Forney CF, Martin A, Prior RL. 1999. Antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, phenolics, and anthocyanins after fresh storage of small fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 4638-4644.
Kim D-O, Lee KW, Lee HJ, Lee CY. 2002. Vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of phenolic phytochemicals. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 3713-3717.
Kim H-Y, Hwang KW, Park S-Y. 2014. Extracts of Actinidia arguta stems inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory responses through nuclear factor–κB pathway in RAW 264.7 cells. Nutr. Res. 34: 1008-1016.
Kim JG, Beppu K, Kataoka I. 2009. Varietal differences in phenolic content and astringency in skin and flesh of hardy kiwifruit resources in Japan. Sci. Hortic. 120: 551-554.
Latocha P, Krupa T, Wolosiak R, Worobiej E, Wilczak J. 2010. Antioxidant activity and chemical difference in fruit of different Actinidia sp. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 61: 381-394.
Lee I, Im S, Jin C-R, Heo HJ, Cho Y-S, Baik M-Y, Kim D-O. 2015. Effect of maturity stage at harvest on antioxidant capacity and total phenolics in kiwifruits (Actinidia spp.) grown in Korea. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 56: 841-848.
Leontowicz H, Leontowicz M, Latocha P, Jesion I, Park YS, Katrich E, et al. 2016. Bioactivity and nutritional properties of hardy kiwi fruit Actinidia arguta in comparison with Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward' and Actinidia eriantha 'Bidan'. Food Chem. 196: 281-291.
Liao JC, Deng JS, Chiu CS, Huang SS, Hou WC, Lin WC, Huang GJ. 2012. Chemical compositions, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and radical-scavenging activities of Actinidia callosa var. ephippioides. Am. J. Chin. Med. 40: 1047-1062.
Lim YJ, Oh C-S, Park Y-D, Kim D-O, Kim U-J, Cho Y-S, Eom SH. 2014. Physiological components of kiwifruits with in vitro antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 23: 943-949.
Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA. 1989. Biosynthesis of nitric oxide from ʟ-arginine: a pathway for the regulation of cell function and communication. Biochem. Pharmacol. 38: 1709-1715.
Rao YK, Fang S-H, Tzeng Y-M. 2005. Inhibitory effects of the flavonoids isolated from Waltheria indica on the production of NO, TNF-α and IL-12 in activated macrophages. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28: 912-915.
Singleton VL, Rossi JA Jr. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 16: 144-158.
Sittisart P, Chitsomboon B. 2014. Intracellular ROS scavenging activity and downregulation of inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 macrophage by fresh leaf extracts of Pseuderanthemum palatiferum. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2014: 309095.
Syed Hussein SS, Kamarudin MNA, Kadir HA. 2015. (+)- Catechin attenuates NF-κB activation through regulation of Akt, MAPK, and AMPK signaling pathways in LPS-induced BV-2 microglial cells. Am. J. Chin. Med. 43: 927-952.
Wang Y, Yang M, Lee SG, Davis CG, Kenny A, Koo SI, Chun OK. 2012. Plasma total antioxidant capacity is associated with dietary intake and plasma level of antioxidants in postmenopausal women. J. Nutr. Biochem. 23: 1725-1731.
Wang Y, Yang M, Lee SG, Davis CG, Koo SI, Chun OK. 2012. Dietary total antioxidant capacity is associated with diet and plasma antioxidant status in healthy young adults. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 112: 1626-1635.
Yen G-C, Duh P-D, Huang D-W, Hsu C-L, Fu TY-C. 2008. Protective effect of pine (Pinus morrisonicola Hay.) needle on LDL oxidation and its anti-inflammatory action by modulation of iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46: 175-185.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.