[논문]가상현실을 활용한 중독치료의 동향과 전망을 위한 체계적 문헌고찰

김진수; 김나미

doi:10.9728/dcs.2017.18.8.1551

가상현실을 활용한 중독치료의 동향과 전망을 위한 체계적 문헌고찰
Trend and Future of Virtual Reality for Addiction Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review 원문보기

디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지 = Journal of Digital Contents Society, v.18 no.8, 2017년, pp.1551 - 1560

(삼육대학교 중독과학과 대학원) , 김진수 (삼육대학교 중독과학과 대학원) , 김나미 (삼육대학교 중독과학과 대학원)

초록
AI-Helper

본 논문의 목적은 가상현실을 활용한 중독치료의 동향 파악을 위해 중독의 종류와 물질사용장애에 대한 가상현실치료 방법을 분류하고 분석하는 것이다. 가상현실은 다양한 정신장애 및 심리문제를 치료하기 위한 새로운 패러다임으로 활용되어 왔다. 최근에는 많은 연구가 수행되어 중독치료, 특히 물질사용장애에 대한 가상현실치료의 효과를 입증하였다. 이러한 연구들의 경향을 파악하기 위하여, 이 논문은 학술문헌 데이터베이스인 ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, ProQuest 그리고 Embase에 등재된 논문들을 체계적으로 검토하였다. 그 결과 45편의 연구논문들이 검색되었는데, 이 연구들 중에서 니코틴/흡연에 관하여 가장 많은 연구 (73 %, n = 33)가 되었고, 알코올 (18 %, n = 8), 대마초/마리화나 (2 %, n = 1), 그리고 헤로인, 코카인, 메스암페타민 등 기타 약물(7 %, n = 3)에 대한 연구가 이루어졌다. 이 논문은 이러한 연구들의 결과를 분석하고, 장점뿐만 아니라 몇 가지 한계점을 발견했으며, 가상 현실기술을 이용한 중독치료에 대한 추가연구 방향을 제시하였다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

The aim of this review is to analyze the trend of using Virtual Reality (VR) in addiction treatment by categorizing the types of addictions and methods of Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT) for substance use disorders. VR has been utilized as a new paradigm for treating various mental and psychological problems. In recent years, a number of researches have been done to demonstrate the effectiveness of VRT for addiction treatment, specifically substance use disorders. In order to comprehend the tendency of these researches, the current study performed a systematic review of published book and journal articles using the following bibliographical databases: ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, ProQuest, and Embase. Forty-five (45) articles were retrieved; out of these researches, nicotine/smoking has garnered the highest number of studies (73%, n=33); alcohol (18%, n=8); cannabis/marijuana (2%, n=1); and other drugs such as heroin, cocaine and methamphetamine (7%, n=3). This paper analyzed the results of those studies, found some limitations as well as strengths, and made suggestions for further research on VRT for addiction treatment.

주제어

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper

* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.

문제 정의

The aim of the current paper was to review published studies, to analyze the research trend of addiction treatment using virtual reality, and to make recommendations for further researches. The present review indicated the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) for the treatment of substance use disorders along with some limitations.

제안 방법

This review also indicated that researches on VRT for substance use disorders peaked with seven articles in 2011, but the number of studies has been decreased since then. Based upon the main findings and limitations of the previous studies, the current review makes some suggestions for further researches on VRT for addiction treatment as the following.
Studies for review were selected following a keyword search for the terms ‘virtual reality' in conjunction with ‘treatment’ OR ‘therapy,’ OR ‘substance use disorder,’ OR ‘alcohol,’ OR ‘smoking,’ OR ‘nicotine,’ OR ‘drugs,’ OR ‘cannabis,’ OR ‘marijuana,’ OR ‘heroin,’ OR ‘cocaine,’ OR ‘methamphetamine.
Wide-ranging literature searches were conducted in bibliographical databases including ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, ProQuest, and Embase. Studies were counted in this review if they were published between 1999 and 2016; written in English; enclosed original experimental findings; published in a peer-reviewed journal; and focused on the usefulness or effectiveness or procedure of VRT. Researches were excluded from the current review if not written in English; non-treatment studies; protocol studies and reviews.
Researches were excluded from the current review if not written in English; non-treatment studies; protocol studies and reviews. The current study grouped the data into four categories according to the following substances: (1) alcohol, (2) nicotine/smoking, (3) cannabis/marijuana, and (4) other drugs.
The purpose of the current review is to analyze the trend of using VR in addiction treatment by categorizing the types of addictions and methods of VR therapy for substance use disorders. This study begins with explaining the design of methods and the procedure of selection of published research articles.
This systematic review resulted in forty-five (45) articles which were published between 1999 and 2015. The results were grouped according to specific substances, on which treatments utilizing virtual reality (VR) had been provided: alcohol; nicotine/smoking; heroin/cocaine/methamphetamine; and cannabis. These studies met the inclusion criteria as above mentioned.
Second, future research necessitates more number of VR treatment sessions including follow-ups in order to examine the long-term effectiveness of VRT for addiction treatment. Third, the small sample of subjects and the lack of control group necessitate more randomized experiments for exploring the VR efficacy for addiction treatment and strengthening the statistical power of research results. Fourth, the integration of virtual reality cue exposure therapy (VR-CET) with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) including lifestyle skills training (LST) for the development of coping skills is needed for future researches.
This study begins with explaining the design of methods and the procedure of selection of published research articles. This review then analyzes the results of studies that utilized VRT for the treatment of substance use disorders, and looks into the research trend on specific substances, grouped as alcohol, nicotine/smoking, cannabis/marijuana, and other drugs such as heroin, cocaine and methamphetamine. After the analysis of the effectiveness of addiction treatment using VR, this study concludes with recommendations for further researches on VRT as a treatment tool for substance use disorders.

성능/효과

This review also considered the findings of above studies in light of some limitations. Results showed that most of the researches had small sample sizes (55% of researches was done with less than 20 subjects) and often lacked statistical power. Furthermore, the number of treatment sessions was inadequate, for example, 50% of studies on alcohol had less than four sessions; 49% of researches on smoking; and 100% on other drugs.

후속연구

This review then analyzes the results of studies that utilized VRT for the treatment of substance use disorders, and looks into the research trend on specific substances, grouped as alcohol, nicotine/smoking, cannabis/marijuana, and other drugs such as heroin, cocaine and methamphetamine. After the analysis of the effectiveness of addiction treatment using VR, this study concludes with recommendations for further researches on VRT as a treatment tool for substance use disorders.
Third, the small sample of subjects and the lack of control group necessitate more randomized experiments for exploring the VR efficacy for addiction treatment and strengthening the statistical power of research results. Fourth, the integration of virtual reality cue exposure therapy (VR-CET) with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) including lifestyle skills training (LST) for the development of coping skills is needed for future researches.
Furthermore, developing mobile applications with the use of VR gears can provide for clients to get easy access to treatment tools anytime and anywhere without the need to visit the clinic. In conclusion, this review recommends that more researches will be implemented to apply VR for the treatment of substance use disorders in diverse therapeutic scenes and for various types of clients with addiction issues in the future.

참고문헌 (56)

M. M. North, S. M. North, and J. R. Coble, Virtual Reality Therapy: An Innovative Paradigm, Colorado Springs, CO: IPI Press, 1996.
A Gorini and G. Riva, "Virtual reality in anxiety disorders: The past and the future," Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 215-233, 2008.

상세보기
C. Eichenberg and C. Wolters, Virtual realities in the treatment of mental disorders: A review of the current state of research in Virtual Reality in Psychological, Medical and Pedagogical Applications, New York, NY: InTech, ch. 2, pp. 35-64, 2012.
L. R. Valmaggia, L. Latif, M. J. Kempton, and, M. Rus-Calafell, "Virtual reality in the psychological treatment for mental health problems: A systematic review of recent evidence, Psychiatry Research, Vol. 236, pp. 189-195, January 2016.

상세보기
P. S. Bordnick, B. L. Carter, and A. C. Traylor, A. C. "What virtual reality research in addictions can tell us about the future of obesity assessment and treatment," Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 265-271, March 2011.

상세보기
I. Pericot-Valverde, L. J. Germeroth, S. T. Tiffany, "The use of virtual reality in the production of cue-specific craving for cigarettes: A meta-analysis," Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 538-546, May 2016.

상세보기
A. Hone-Blanchet, T. Wensing, and S. Fecteau, "The use of virtual reality in craving assessment and cue-exposure therapy in substance use disorders," Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol. 8, Article 844, pp. 1-15, October 2014.
J. M. Loomis, J. J. Blascovich, and A. C. Beall, "Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology," Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 557-564, December 1999.

상세보기
K. Nemire, J, Beil, and R. W. Swan, "Preventing teen smoking with virtual reality," Cyberpsychology & Behavior, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 35-47, 1999.

상세보기
I. Pericot-Valverde, R. Secades-Villa, J. Gutierrez-Maldonado, and O. Garcia-Rodriguez, "Effects of systematic cue exposure through virtual reality on cigarette craving," Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Vol. 16, No. 11, pp. 1470-1477, November 2014.

상세보기
C. S. Culbertson, S. Shulenberger, R. De La Garza, T. F. Newton, and A. L. Brody, "Virtual reality cue exposure therapy for the treatment of tobacco dependence," Journal of Cyber Therapy and Rehabilitation, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 57-64, Spirng 2012.
C. B. Park, J. S. Choi, S. M. Park, J. Y. Lee, H. Y. Jung, J. M. Seol,and, J. S. Kwon, "Comparison of the effectiveness of virtual cue exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for nicotine dependence," Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 262-267, April 2014.

상세보기
F. H. Montgomery, M. C. Leu, R. L. Montgomery, M. D, Nelson, and M. Sirdeshmukh, "Use of a virtual reality driving simulator as an alcohol abuse prevention approach with college students," Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 31-40, September 2006.
J. H. Lee, H. Kwon, J. Choi, and B. H. Yang, "Cue-exposure therapy to decrease alcohol craving in virtual environment," CyberPsychology & Behavior, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 617-623, October 2007.

상세보기
P. S. Bordnick, A. Traylor, H. L. Copp, K. M. Graap, B. Carter, M. Ferrer, and A. P. Walton, "Assessing reactivity to virtual reality alcohol based cues," Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 743-756, June 2008.

상세보기
S. Cho, J. Ku, J. Park, K. Han, H. Lee, Y. K. Choi, ... and S. I. Kim, "Development and verification of an alcohol craving-induction tool using virtual reality: Craving characteristics in social pressure situation," CyberPsychology & Behavior, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 302-309, June 2008.

상세보기
J. S. Lee, K. Namkoong, J. Ku, S. Cho, J. Y. Park, Y. K. Choi, ... and Y. C. Jung, "Social pressure-induced craving in patients with alcohol dependence: Application of virtual reality to coping skill training," Psychiatry Investigation, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 239-243, December 2008.

상세보기
S. H. Lee, D. H. Han, S. Oh, I. K. Lyoo, Y. S. Lee, P. F. Renshaw, and , S. E. Lukas, "Quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) correlates of craving during virtual reality therapy in alcohol-dependent patients," Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 393-397, January 2009.

상세보기
J. J. Ryan, D. S. Kreiner, M. D. Chapman, and K. Stark-Wroblewski, "Virtual reality cues for binge drinking in college students," Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 159-162, April 2010.

상세보기
J. H. Son, S. H. Lee, J. W. Seok, B. S. Kee, H. W. Lee, H. J. Kim, ... and D. H. Han, "Virtual reality therapy for the treatment of alcohol dependence: A preliminary investigation with positron emission tomography/computerized tomography," Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 620-627, June 2015.

상세보기
J. H. Lee, J. Ku, K. Kim, B. Kim, I. Y. Kim, B. H. Yang, ... and Y. Lim, "Experimental application of virtual reality for nicotine craving through cue exposure," CyberPsychology & Behavior, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 275-280, July 2004.
P. S. Bordnick, K. M. Graap, H. Copp, J. Brooks, M. Ferrer, and B. Logue, "Utilizing virtual reality to standardize nicotine craving research: A pilot study," Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 29, No. 9, pp. 1889-1894, December 2004.

상세보기
J. Lee, Y. Lim, S. J. Graham, G. Kim, B. K. Wiederhold, M. D. Wiederhold, ... and S. I. Kim, "Nicotine craving and cue exposure therapy by using virtual environments," CyberPsychology & Behavior, Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 705-713, February 2005.
P. S. Bordnick, A. C. Traylor, K. M. Graap, H. L. Copp, and J. Brooks, "Virtual reality cue reactivity assessment: A case study in a teen smoker," Applied psychophysiology and Biofeedback, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 187-193, September 2005.

상세보기
P. S. Bordnick, K. M. Graap, H. L. Copp, J. Brooks, and M. Ferrer, "Virtual reality cue reactivity assessment in cigarette smokers," CyberPsychology & Behavior, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 487-492, October 2005.

상세보기
J. H. Lee, Y Lim, B. K. Wiederhold, and S. J. Graham, "A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of cue-induced smoking craving in virtual environments," Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 195-204, September 2005.

상세보기
S. B. Baumann and M. A. Sayette, "Smoking cues in a virtual world provoke craving in cigarette smokers," Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 484-489, 2006.

상세보기
S. I. Woodruff, T. L. Conway, C. C. Edwards, S. P. Elliott, and J. Crittenden, "Evaluation of an Internet virtual world chat room for adolescent smoking cessation," Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 32, No. 9, pp. 1769-1786, September 2007.

상세보기
A. C. Traylor, P. S. Bordnick, and B. L. Carter, "Assessing craving in young adult smokers using virtual reality," American Journal on Addictions, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 436-440, September 2008.

상세보기
B. L. Carter, P. Bordnick, A. Traylor, S. X. Day, and M. Paris, "Location and longing: The nicotine craving experience in virtual reality," Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 95, No. 1-2, pp. 73-80, May 2008.

상세보기
B. Girard, V. Turcotte, S. Bouchard, and B. Girard, "Crushing virtual cigarettes reduces tobacco addiction and treatment discontinuation," CyberPsychology & Behavior, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 477-483, October 2009.

상세보기
J. Moon and , J. H. Lee, "Cue exposure treatment in a virtual environment to reduce nicotine craving: A functional MRI study," CyberPsychology & Behavior, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 43-45, February 2009.

상세보기
A. C. Traylor, P. S. Bordnick, and B. L. Carter, "Using virtual reality to assess young adult smokers' attention to cues," CyberPsychology & Behavior, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 373-378, July 2009.

상세보기
M. Ferrer-Garcia, O. Garcia-Rodriguez, J. Gutierrez-Maldonado, I. Pericot-Valverde, and R. Secades-Villa, "Efficacy of virtual reality in triggering the craving to smoke: Its relation to level of presence and nicotine dependence," Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine, Vol. 8, pp. 123-127, 2010.
J. S. Choi, S. Park, J. Y. Lee, H. Y. Jung, H. W. Lee, C. H. Jin and D. H. Kang, "The effect of repeated virtual nicotine cue exposure therapy on the psychophysiological responses: A preliminary study," Psychiatry Investigation, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 155-160, June 2011.

상세보기
P. Gamito, J. Oliveira, A. Baptista, E. Pereira, D. Morais, T. Saraiva,...and F. Soares, "Virtual reality exposure on nicotine craving,".Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine, Vol. 9, pp. 50-53, 2011.
O. Garcia-Rodriguez, M. Ferrer-Garcia, I. Pericot-Valverde, J. Gutierrez-Maldonado, R. Secades-Villa, and J. L. Carballo, "Identifying specific cues and contexts related to smoking craving for the development of effective virtual environments," Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 91-97, March 2011.

상세보기
E. Kaganoff, P. S. Bordnick, and B. L. Carter, "Feasibility of using virtual reality to assess nicotine cue reactivity during treatment," Research on Social Work Practice, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 159-165. March 2012.

상세보기
I. Pericot-Valverde, O. Garcia-Rodriguez, J. Gutierrez-Maldonado, M. Ferrer-Garcia, and R. Secades-Villa, "Evolution of smoking urge during exposure through virtual reality," Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine, Vol. 9, pp. 58-61, 2011.
M. M. Paris, B. L. Carter, A. C. Traylor, P. S. Bordnick, S. X. Day, M. W. Armsworth, P. M. Cinciripini, "Cue reactivity in virtual reality: The role of context," Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 696-699, July 2011.

상세보기
A. C. Traylor, D. E., Parrish, H. L. Copp, and P. S. Bordnick, "Using virtual reality to investigate complex and contextual cue reactivity in nicotine dependent problem drinkers," Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 36, No. 11, pp. 1068-1075, November 2011.

상세보기
P. S. Bordnick, A. C. Traylor, B. L. Carter, and K. M. Graap, "A feasibility study of virtual reality-based coping skills training for nicotine dependence," Research on Social Work Practice, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 293-300, May 2012.

상세보기
M. Ferrer-Garcia, O. Garcia-Rodriguez, I. Pericot-Valverde, J. H. Yoon, R. Secades-Villa, and J. Gutierrez-Maldonado, "Predictors of smoking craving during virtual reality exposure," Presence, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 423-434, November 2012.

상세보기
O. Garcia-Rodriguez, I. Pericot-Valverde, J. Gutierrez-Maldonado, M. Ferrer-Garcia, and R. Secades-Villa, "Validation of smoking-related virtual environments for cue exposure therapy," Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 703-708, June 2012.

상세보기
I. Pericot-Valverde, O. Garcia-Rodriguez, M. Ferrer-Garcia, R. Secades-Villa, and J. Gutierrez-Maldonado, "Virtual reality for smoking cessation: A case report," Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine, Vol. 10, pp. 292-296, 2012.
J. Acker and J. MacKillop, "Behavioral economic analysis of cue-elicited craving for tobacco: A virtual reality study," Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Vol. 15, No. 8, pp. 1409-1416, August 2013.

상세보기
P. S. Bordnick, J. H. Yoon, E. Kaganoff, and B. Carter, "Virtual Reality cue reactivity assessment: A comparison of treatment- vs. nontreatment-seeking smokers," Research on Social Work Practice, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 419-425, July 2013.

상세보기
O. Garcia-Rodriguez, S. Weidberg, J. Gutierrez-Maldonado, and & R. Secades-Villa, "Smoking a virtual cigarette increases craving among smokers," Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 38, No. 10, pp. 2551-2554, October 2013.

상세보기
D. G. Thompson-Lake, K. N. Cooper, J. J. Mahoney III, P. S. Bordnick, R. Salas, T. R. Kosten, ... and R. De La Garza, "Withdrawal symptoms and nicotine dependence severity predict virtual reality craving in cigarette-deprived smokers," Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 796-802, July 2015.

상세보기
M. F. Kuntze, R. Stoermer, R. Mager, A. Roessler, F. Mueller-Spahn, and A. H. Bullinger, "Immersive virtual environments in cue exposure," CyberPsychology & Behavior, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 497-501, 2001.

상세보기
M. E. Saladin, K. T. Brady, K. Graap, and B. O. Rothbaum, "A preliminary report on the use of virtual reality technology to elicit craving and cue reactivity in cocaine dependent individuals," Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 31, No. 10, pp. 1881-1894, October 2006.

상세보기
C. Culbertson, S. Nicolas, I. Zaharovits, E. D. London, R. De La Garza, A. L. Brody, and T. F. Newton, "Methamphetamine craving induced in an online virtual reality environment," Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 96, No. 4, pp. 454-460, October 2010.

상세보기
P. S. Bordnick, H. L. Copp, A. Traylor, K. M. Graap, B. L. Carter, A. Walton, and M. Ferrer, "Reactivity to cannabis cues in virtual reality environments," Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 105-112, 2009.

상세보기
G. Riva, R. M. Banos, C. Botella, F. Mantovani, A. Gaggioli, "Transforming experience: The potential of augmented reality and virtual reality for enhancing personal and clinical change," Frontiers in Psychiatry, Vol. 7, Article 164, pp. 1-14, September 2016.
I. A. Chicchi Giglioli, F. Pallavicini, E. Pedroli, S. Serino, and G. Riva, "Augmented reality: A brand new challenge for the assessment and treatment of psychological disorders," Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, Vol. 2015, Article 862942, pp. 1-12, February 2015.
E. J. Song and A. L. Jung, "A study for reducing of cyber sickness on virtual reality," Journal of Digital Contents Society, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 429-434, June 2017.

저자의 다른 논문 :

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증