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NTIS 바로가기韓國社會福祉學 = Korean journal of social welfare, v.69 no.1, 2017년, pp.103 - 123
김규찬 (울산대학교)
본 연구는 케어와 이민의 관련성에 관해 서구에서 이루어진 기존 연구들을 검토하고, 한국의 경험이 이러한 연구 성과들에 어떻게 기여할 수 있을지 탐색하려는 연구이다. 이 논문은 케어, 이민 그리고 그 둘의 결합, 이렇게 세 영역의 선행연구들을 검토했다. 케어는 다면적 개념이며 따라서 다양한 접근방법이 가능하다. 특히 케어를 사회적 재생산 노동으로 정의할 때, 케어는 개인과 가족 차원을 넘어 복지국가의 다양성과 진화의 경로를 분석하는 도구로 사용될 수 있다. 더 나아가 세계화와 국제이민의 맥락에서 케어 개념은 복지국가와 사회정책 연구에 있어 방법론적 국가주의를 극복할 수 있는 대안이 될 수 있다. 그간 축적된 증거들은 계급, 젠더 그리고 인종 등과 같은 사회적 실체들의 관계에 대해 초국가적 관점을 적용함으로써만 케어의 사회적 분배 역학을 제대로 파악할 수 있음을 보여준다. 또한 케어와 이민의 관계에 관한 기존의 연구들은 유럽 복지국가들에서 케어의 이민자화 경향의 광범위한 수렴을 발견했지만, 케어와 이민이 결합하는 구체적 방식은 제도적, 역사적 맥락을 반영하여 다양화될 수 있다는 것을 보여주었다. 케어-이민 결합 연구가 널리 알려진 복지국가(레짐)들의 사례들을 넘어서야 할 필요성이 바로 여기에 있다. 한국의 사례는 새로운 복지국가레짐 유형(소위 생산적/발전주의 복지국가)과 이민레짐 유형(동포이민과 결혼이민)을 기존의 케어-이민의 결합 연구에 포함시킴으로써, 이 연구의 지리적, 이론적 적용범위를 확대하는 데 기여를 할 수 있을 것이다.
This article examines the existing literature on the intersection of care and migration in Europe and the potential contributions of the Korean case. The paper reviews the three bodies of research: care, migration and their intersections. When defined as social reproductive labour, the concept of ca...
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핵심어 | 질문 | 논문에서 추출한 답변 |
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연구자들은 케어의 정의를 제한하기보다는 제한을 없애는 방향으로 케어 개념을 발전시켜왔다고 볼 수 있는 이유는? | 그러나 정확히 무엇이 케어노동에 해당하는지 아닌지는 논란의 대상이다. 케어 노동은 다양한 시․공간적 맥락에서 여러 형태를 취할 수 있기 때문에, 연구자들은 케어의 정의를 제한하기보다는 제한을 없애는 방향으로 케어 개념을 발전시켜왔다고 볼 수 있다(Rummery and Fine, 2012). Tronto(1993)는 예를 들어, 케어를 우리의 몸과 환경을 포함한 세상을 유지하고 고치고 지속시키기 위한 모든 활동으로 정의함으로써 케어 개념을 매우 확대했다. | |
사회적 재생산 노동이란? | 비슷한 맥락에서 케어는 종종 사회적‘재생산 노동(reproductive labour)’으로 정의되기도 한다 (Kofman, 2012; Yeates, 2012). 사회적 재생산 노동이란 사람을 일상적으로 혹은 세대 간에 걸쳐 유지시키는 일련의 활동과 관계로 정의되며, 그런 활동들에는 쇼핑, 요리, 청소 및 정비 등 일상적, 필수적 가사활동 뿐만 아니라, 자녀의 사회화, 성인들에 대한 부양 제공, 정서적 지지, 그리고 가족/공동체의 유대관계 유지를 위한 활동을 포함한다(Glenn, 1992). 여기서 주목할 점은 케어를 사회적 재생산 노동으로 개념화 할 때, 인간 존재 자체의 재생산, 즉 육체적 존재로서 사람의 생애주기에 따른 일련의 활동들을 포함한다는 점이다(Kofman, 2012). | |
전통적으로 국민 국가를 분석의 단위로 하고 국가 차원의 정치와 정책에 초점을 두는 소위 방법론적 국가주의 (methodological nationalism)의 한계(Wimmer and Glick Schiller, 2002)를 극복하고, 케어의 초국가적 속성(Williams, 2011; Yeates, 2011)을 인식하는 것이 필요하다고 본 이유는? | 위에서 살펴본 바와 같이 케어 연구자들은 케어개념을 복지국가(의 사회정책) 유형과 변화를 분석 하는 핵심적 도구로 부상시켰다. 그러나 여러 증거를 볼 때 세계화는 복지국가에서 젠더, 계급, 인종적 관계를 갈수록 복잡하게 만들어 왔으며 현재 케어의 수요와 공급을 둘러싼 사회적 관계는 국가 경계를 넘어서서 형성되고 있다(Yeates, 2005; Deacon, 2007; Orozco, 2009). 그러므로 전통적으로 국민 국가를 분석의 단위로 하고 국가 차원의 정치와 정책에 초점을 두는 소위 방법론적 국가주의 (methodological nationalism)의 한계(Wimmer and Glick Schiller, 2002)를 극복하고, 케어의 초국가적 속성(Williams, 2011; Yeates, 2011)을 인식하는 것이 필요하다. |
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