[논문]시각적 피드백과 시각-청각적 피드백이 에코 드라이빙과 운전부하에 미치는 상대적 효과

이계훈; 임성준; 오세진

doi:10.12815/kits.2017.16.3.120

[국내논문] 시각적 피드백과 시각-청각적 피드백이 에코 드라이빙과 운전부하에 미치는 상대적 효과
Comparing the Effects of Visual and Visual-auditory Feedback on Eco-driving and Driving Workload 원문보기

韓國ITS學會論文誌 = The journal of the Korea Institute of Intelligent Transportation Systems, v.16 no.3, 2017년, pp.120 - 131

이계훈 (중앙대학교 심리서비스 대학원) , 임성준 (중앙대학교 심리학과) , 오세진 (중앙대학교 심리학과)

초록
AI-Helper

최근 차량 내 정보 제공 장비를 통한 에코 드라이빙의 향상이 연료 효율과 안전 운전을 증가시킬 수 있다는 연구들이 보고되고 있다. 그러나 정보의 제공으로 인하여 야기될 수 있는 인지적 부하에 대한 관심은 상대적으로 적은 편이다. 본 연구는 에코 드라이빙을 향상시킴과 동시에 운전자의 운전부하를 최소화 할 수 있는 차량 내 정보 제공 장비의 특성을 확인하기 위해 두(시각vs.시청각) 피드백의 상대적인 효과 차이와 운전 중 상황의 복잡성 수준에 따른 정보 제공방식의 차이가 운전 행동과 운전부하에 미치는 효과를 알아보았다. 본 실험에는 총 38명의 운전자가 참가하였다. 연구 결과, 시각-청각 피드백의 제공이 시각적 피드백을 제공하는 조건에 비하여 에코 드라이빙을 더 향상시키며, 운전부하를 최소화하였다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Recent studies have suggested that providing in-vehicle feedback on various driving behaviors promote eco-friendly driving behaviors. However, there was relatively little interest in cognitive overload that can be caused by the provision of information. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the relative effects of two types of feedback(visual feedback vs. visual-auditory feedback) to increase eco-driving performance while minimizing driving workload. Also, in this study, the complexity of the driving task was distinguished (secondary vs. tertiary task) in order to reflect the actual driving situation. The study adopted a counterbalancing design in which the two feedback types were delivered in a different order under the two different task conditions. Results showed that providing the visual-auditory feedback was more effective than the visual only feedback in both promoting eco-friendly driving behaviors and minimizing driving workload under both task conditions.

주제어

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper

* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.

문제 정의

Another limitation of this study is length of driving time to fully demonstrate drivers’ workload while driving.

가설 설정

From a behavioral psychological perspective, eco-IVIS has several advantages in effectively changing driving behaviors. First, the feedback provided by eco-IVIS is immediate. Considering that the effectiveness of feedback is much greater when it is delivered immediately after the behavior rather than delayed(Daniels and Daniels, 2004), eco-IVIS could have a large impact on driving behaviors.

제안 방법

Furthermore, considering the recent increase in the use of HMI4)(e.g., navigation, entertainment system, safety guidance) systems in vehicles(Rouzikhah et al., 2013), the study also attempted to investigate the effects of using an in-vehicle HMI system in addition to the eco-IVIS.
All of the participants drove the same driving course. Immediately after completing the baseline drive, the participants completed the DALI questionnaire.
For the type of feedback, visual feedback and visual-auditory feedback were compared; specifically, the sole difference was whether feedback information on driving performance was given only visually, or both visually and aurally. In addition, the study attempted to compare the relative effects of the two driving task conditions, secondary task and tertiary task conditions, on the driving workload. In the secondary task condition, the car was equipped with the eco-IVIS only, whereas in the tertiary task condition, it was equipped with both the navigation system and the eco-IVIS.
In order to control the external environment that can directly influence the dependent variables of the study(see 2.2. dependent variables and measurement), the experiment took place during non-rush hours between 10am and 4pm on the same driving course of total 20.7km only on non-rainy (or non-snowy) days. Also, we did not carry out experiments on days when there were unusually more vehicles on the road due to accidents, breakdowns, and construction work.
All other experimental procedures were the same as in the baseline. The participants completed the DALI questionnaire upon completing the driving task.
In the secondary task condition, the car was equipped with the eco-IVIS only, whereas in the tertiary task condition, it was equipped with both the navigation system and the eco-IVIS. The study adopted an ABC/ACB counterbalancing design whereby a within-group factor was feedback type and a between-groups factor was task condition. Thus, after the baseline, the participants who were assigned to the secondary task condition completed the driving with visual feedback, followed by visual-auditory feedback.
However, most prior studies on eco-driving have merely focused on improving the participants’ driving performance, paying little attention to the different types of feedback that can enhance performance without significantly increasing workload. Therefore, the present study examines the relative effects of two in-vehicle feedback types, visual and visual-auditory, on eco-driving and workload. Furthermore, considering the recent increase in the use of HMI⁴⁾(e.
The dependent variables included objective eco-driving behaviors and subjective ratings of workload. Three types of driving performance were assessed for this study: the mean fuel efficiency, the frequency of excessive RPM episodes, and the percentage of speeding time. Mean fuel efficiency was defined as the average kilometers driven per one liter of gas.
While the method of scoring and the anchors of the survey items remained the same as in the NASA-TLX, the content of the DALI is more specific to the driving task and measures six factors: effort of attention, visual demand, auditory demand, temporal demand, interference, and situational stress. To determine the overall DALI score, each participant performed a total of fifteen pair-wise comparisons between the six factors to assign a weight to each factor. Next, they rated the perceived magnitude of the workload for each factor on a scale from 0 to 100 after completing a given driving task.
DALI is a revised version of the NASA-TLX6), which measures mental workload generally. While the method of scoring and the anchors of the survey items remained the same as in the NASA-TLX, the content of the DALI is more specific to the driving task and measures six factors: effort of attention, visual demand, auditory demand, temporal demand, interference, and situational stress. To determine the overall DALI score, each participant performed a total of fifteen pair-wise comparisons between the six factors to assign a weight to each factor.

대상 데이터

4). A Chevrolet Spark 2005 was used in the study, with an official fuel efficiency of 13.3 km/l. During the study, the participants drove on the roads and highways of the capital city of South Korea, for a total of 20.
3 km/l. During the study, the participants drove on the roads and highways of the capital city of South Korea, for a total of 20.7km and an average driving time of 32(SD=4) minutes.
Thirty-eight adults(26 males, 12 females) participated in the study. Their mean age was 27(SD=2.

성능/효과

In this study, the average driving distance for each participant was 20.7km to complete driving course in average which might not sufficient to demonstrate changing of drivers’ workload.
The ANOVA results showed a significant in the secondary task condition(F(2,36)=10.50, P<0.001), and a moderate main effect in the tertiary task condition(F(2,36)=2.95, P<0.10).
The mean baseline DALI score in the tertiary task condition was significantly higher than that in the secondary task condition(t(36)=-2.06, P<0.05).
05) conditions. The pair-wise comparisons for the percentage of speeding time revealed that providing both types of feedback resulted in significantly less speeding behavior in both task conditions, with an exception where visual-auditory feedback provided in the tertiary task condition did not result in a significant decrease of speeding. On the other hand, between the feedback types, there were no significant differences in the percentage of speeding time in both task conditions.
(2011), decreasing excessive RPM episodes is critical in decreasing fuel consumption. The results clearly showed that the visual-auditory feedback was more effective than the visual feedback in decreasing excessive RPM episodes. More importantly, the present study also demonstrated that the clear advantage of the visual-auditory feedback over the visual feedback in increasing fuel efficiency, which can be a more direct contributing factor to fuel saving.

참고문헌 (21)

Alavosius M. P. and SulzerAzaroff B.(1990), "Acquisition and maintenance of healthcare routines as a function of feedback density," Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, vol. 23, no. 1, pp.151-162.

상세보기
Azzi S., Reymond G., Merienne F. and Kemeny A.(2011), "Eco-driving performance assessment with in-car visual and haptic feedback assistance," Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, vol. 11, no. 4, pp.181-190.
Beusen B., Broekx S., Denys T., Beckx C., Degraeuwe B., Gijsbers M., Scheepers K., Govaerts L., Torfs R. and Panis L. I.(2009), "Using on-board logging devices to study the longer-term impact of an eco-driving course," Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 14, no. 7, pp.514-520.

상세보기
Birrell S. A. and Young M. S.(2011), "The impact of smart driving aids on driving performance and driver distraction," Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, vol. 14, no. 6, pp.484-493.

상세보기
Boriboonsomsin K., Vu A. and Barth M.(2010), Eco-driving: Pilot evaluation of driving behavior changes among US drivers, University of California Transportation Center. pp.1-18.
Daniels A. C. and Daniels J. E.(2004), Performance management: Changing behavior that drives organizational effectiveness (4th ed.). GA: Aubrey Daniels International(Atlanta), pp.157-170.
Jamson A. H., Hibberd D. L. and Merat N.(2015), "Interface design considerations for an in-vehicle eco-driving assistance system," Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, vol. 58, pp.642-656.

상세보기
Jeong J. H. and Lee S. K.(2013), "Estimating the Effect of VMS on Drivers' Legibility and Perception," The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, vol. 13, no. 11, pp.944-956.

원문보기 상세보기
Joo Y. K. and Lee J. E. R.(2014), "Can "The Voices in the Car" Persuade Drivers to Go Green?: Effects of Benefit Appeals from In-Vehicle Voice Agents and the Role of Drivers' Affective States on Eco-Driving," Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, vol. 17, no. 4, pp.255-261.

상세보기
Klauer S. G., Dingus T. A., Neale V. L., Sudweeks J. D. and Ramsey D. J.(2006), The impact of driver inattention on near-crash/crash risk: An analysis using the 100-car naturalistic driving study data, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(Washington, DC), pp.25-127.
Lee K. H., Choi S. J., Choi I. S. and Oah S. Z.(2011), "The Effects of Self-management Technique on Eco-driving Behaviors," Korean Journal of Psychological and Social Issues, vol. 17, no. 4, pp.381-393.
Liu Y. C.(2001), "Comparative study of the effects of auditory, visual and multimodality displays on drivers' performance in advanced traveller information systems," Ergonomics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp.425-442.

상세보기
Ministry of Environment(2017), Business plan reporting, pp.1-30.
Pauzie A.(2008), "A method to assess the driver mental workload: The driving activity load index (DALI)," IET Intelligent Transport Systems, vol. 2, no. 4, pp.315-322.

상세보기
Rouzikhah H., King M. and Rakotonirainy A.(2013), "Examining the effects of an eco-driving message on driver distraction," Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 50, pp.975-983.

상세보기
Taniguchi M.(2008), "Eco-driving and fuel economy of passenger cars," In Proc. of Annual Meeting of IEE Japan S, vol. 21, pp.5-8.
The Korea Transport Institute(2009), Review of Eco-driving Policy in Advanced Countries and Its Implication. pp.1-85.
US Department of Energy Energy Information Administration: U. EIA(2012), Annual energy review 2011. pp.303-319.
Wickens C. D.(2002), "Multiple resources and performance prediction," Theoretical Issues In Ergonomics Science, vol. 3, no. 2, pp.159-177.

상세보기
Young M. S., Birrell S. A. and Stanton N. A.(2011), "Safe driving in a green world: A review of driver performance benchmarks and technologies to support 'smart'driving," Applied Ergonomics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp.533-539.

상세보기
Zeitlin L. R.(1995), "Estimates of driver mental workload: A long-term field trial of two subsidiary tasks," Human Factors, vol. 37, no. 3, pp.611-621.

상세보기

저자의 다른 논문 :

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증