오늘날 대부분의 국가는 기후변화 문제에 직면해 있으며, 특히 군소도서개발국들(SIDS: Small Island Developing States)은 기후변화의 영향에 가장 취약하다. 이들은 전력생산 및 교통부문에 있어 수입된 석유와 화석 연료에 크게 의존하고 있으므로 유가 변동에 따라 경제적으로 매우 영향을 받는다. 군소도서개발국들(SIDS)이 디젤 연료에 의존하는 이유 중 하나는 외딴 섬에 인구가 분산되어 있어서 계통연결을 통한 전력공급이 어렵기 때문이다. 군소도서개발국들 중 피지(Fiji)는 기후변화의 심각성을 인식하고 기후 변화의 영향을 줄이기 위한 '국가계획'을 통해 신재생에너지 사용을 적극 장려하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 피지의 마부바 섬(Mavuva Island)을 대상으로 HOMER 프로그램을 사용하여 태양광, 에너지저장장치 및 디젤 발전의 조합을 통하여 최적의 에너지 시스템을 시뮬레이션하고 분석한다. 태양광과 디젤 발전을 합친 하이브리드 에너지시스템이 이 지역의 실행가능성 및 가격 측면에서 가장 효과적이고, 온실가스 감축효과도 큰 것으로 파악되었다.
오늘날 대부분의 국가는 기후변화 문제에 직면해 있으며, 특히 군소도서개발국들(SIDS: Small Island Developing States)은 기후변화의 영향에 가장 취약하다. 이들은 전력생산 및 교통부문에 있어 수입된 석유와 화석 연료에 크게 의존하고 있으므로 유가 변동에 따라 경제적으로 매우 영향을 받는다. 군소도서개발국들(SIDS)이 디젤 연료에 의존하는 이유 중 하나는 외딴 섬에 인구가 분산되어 있어서 계통연결을 통한 전력공급이 어렵기 때문이다. 군소도서개발국들 중 피지(Fiji)는 기후변화의 심각성을 인식하고 기후 변화의 영향을 줄이기 위한 '국가계획'을 통해 신재생에너지 사용을 적극 장려하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 피지의 마부바 섬(Mavuva Island)을 대상으로 HOMER 프로그램을 사용하여 태양광, 에너지저장장치 및 디젤 발전의 조합을 통하여 최적의 에너지 시스템을 시뮬레이션하고 분석한다. 태양광과 디젤 발전을 합친 하이브리드 에너지시스템이 이 지역의 실행가능성 및 가격 측면에서 가장 효과적이고, 온실가스 감축효과도 큰 것으로 파악되었다.
Although the effects of climate change are universal, Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are considered to be most vulnerable. SIDS heavily rely on imported oil and fossil fuels for electricity generation and transportation, which makes them economically vulnerable and exposed to fluctuating oil ...
Although the effects of climate change are universal, Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are considered to be most vulnerable. SIDS heavily rely on imported oil and fossil fuels for electricity generation and transportation, which makes them economically vulnerable and exposed to fluctuating oil price. Among the reasons SIDS highly depend on diesel fuel is due to the dispersed population living in remote islands which means, providing electricity through on on-grid system is difficult. Fiji as one of the SIDS, has actively promoted renewable sourced energy through a national plan to mitigate the impacts of climate change. In order to determine how feasible implementing a renewable energy (RE) system will be in Fiji, this study chose a remote island called Mavuva Island to test application of a hybrid RE system using HOMER. A combination of energy storage system (ESS), solar photovoltaic (PV) and diesel generator turns out to be the most cost effective and optimal configuration, resulting in effective greenhouse gas reduction for the given region.
Although the effects of climate change are universal, Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are considered to be most vulnerable. SIDS heavily rely on imported oil and fossil fuels for electricity generation and transportation, which makes them economically vulnerable and exposed to fluctuating oil price. Among the reasons SIDS highly depend on diesel fuel is due to the dispersed population living in remote islands which means, providing electricity through on on-grid system is difficult. Fiji as one of the SIDS, has actively promoted renewable sourced energy through a national plan to mitigate the impacts of climate change. In order to determine how feasible implementing a renewable energy (RE) system will be in Fiji, this study chose a remote island called Mavuva Island to test application of a hybrid RE system using HOMER. A combination of energy storage system (ESS), solar photovoltaic (PV) and diesel generator turns out to be the most cost effective and optimal configuration, resulting in effective greenhouse gas reduction for the given region.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
문제 정의
The main objective of this study is to identify the most cost-effective energy system among various system configurations with solar energy sources. In order to find how feasible implementing a RE system is, a remote island in Fiji called Mavuva Island is selected and HOMER is used to test application of a RE system with relevant economic parameters and reduction of green-house gas (GHG) emissions.
제안 방법
The main objective of this study is to identify the most cost-effective energy system among various system configurations with solar energy sources. In order to find how feasible implementing a RE system is, a remote island in Fiji called Mavuva Island is selected and HOMER is used to test application of a RE system with relevant economic parameters and reduction of green-house gas (GHG) emissions.
In this study, to verify the most cost-effective hybrid energy system for Mavuva island, economic analysis included sensitivity analysis of uncertainty in the financial discount rate and carbon price, which accounts for the social price of CO2 emissions. In the following sections, HOMER’s analysis methods, Mavuva’s energy demand assumptions, power system costs will be explained and tested.
This study specifically compared the current most used energy system, the diesel-based system type 1 and the most optimal energy system, the hybrid system type 4 to stress the different economic and environmental effects. The hybrid PV-Diesel-ESS system is less expensive than the diesel powered system and technically stable with the PV system at a sufficient level and the ESS having enough capacity to handle common variations of insolation and usage.
To test the technical and economic feasibility of different configurations of power systems applicable to Mavuva Island, HOMER simulation program was used for analysis. Developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, HOMER aims to identify an optimal energy system by simulating different configurations of renewable and non-renewable energy sources and technologies and finding the optimal system based on cost efficiency.
성능/효과
Based on the results calculated by HOMER, between the hybrid RE-diesel system (ST4) and the most traditional option of diesel-only generation (ST1), ST4 is the most economically feasible for off-grid electrification in Mavuva Island given an IRR of 9% and the relatively short payback period of less than 9 years. Table 7 summarizes the economic analysis results.
Simulation results of the two load patterns did not show much of a difference in LCOE, NPC, and renewable fraction. Thus for the purposes of this study load pattern 2 will solely be used as it most closely reflects the assumed use pattern of Mavuva Island as well as the specific condition of Fiji’s location (Lal 2012).
An economic analysis was examined with different discount rates, feed-in tariff (FIT) rates to calculate the benefit-cost ratio, NPC, and internal rate of return (IRR). The study outlined that the hybrid solar PV-Diesel-ESS system is economically efficient for the Maldivian government given that the benefit cost ratio increases along with NPC and IRR over the project lifetime. Their result proves the financial feasibility of the hybrid renewable system given a 9% IRR in 20 years.
HOMER was used for optimal configuration, net present cost (NPC), and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The study results show that 100% renewable energy system consisting of PV, wind turbines with battery storage is feasible with the flexibility of a 10% capacity shortage. Lal (2012) found that without allowing for 10% annual capacity shortage the optimal configuration is a hybrid system of PV-Diesel.
참고문헌 (19)
Adkins L, Garbaccio R, Ho M, Moore E, Morgenstern R. 2012. Carbon Pricing with Output-Based Subsidies: Impacts on U.S. Industries over Multiple Time frames. National Center for Environmental Economics.
Ajal K, Krishna N. 2013. Wind Power Potential at Benau, Savusavu, Vanua Levu, Fiji. International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications. 4(1): 51-62.
Charan V. 2014. Feasibility Analysis Design of a PV Grid Connected System for a Rural Electrification in Ba, Fiji. International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications; 2014 Oct 19-22; Milwaukee (USA).
Dornan M, Jotzo F. 2011. Electricity generation in Fiji: Assessing the Impact of Renewable Technologies on Costs and Financial Risk. Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society 55th Annual National Conference; 2011 Feb 8-11; Melbourne (Australia).
Dornan M. 2011. Solar-based Rural Electrification Policy Design: The Renewable Energy Service Company (RESCO) Model in Fiji. Renewable Energy Journal 36: 797-803.
Diesel Price [Internet]. 2017. The German Agency for International Cooperation. [Cited 2017 July 07]. Available at: https://www.giz.de/expertise/html/4317.html
EIA. 2009. Energy Market and Economic Impacts of H.R. 2454, the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009. SR-OIAF/2005-05. Washington, DC: EIA.
Global Petroleum Prices. [Cited 2017 May 14]. Available at: http://www.globalpetrolprices.com/Fiji/diesel_prices/
HOMER(R) Pro Version 3.7. Manual. 2016. HOMER(R) Energy.
Jung TY, Kim YT, Hyun JH. 2017. An Economic Analysis of a Hybrid Solar PV-Diesel-ESS System for Kumundhoo, Maldives. Korea and the World Economy. 18(S1): 109-134.
Lal S, Raturi A. 2012. Techno-economic Analysis of a Hybrid Mini-grid System for Fiji Islands. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering. 3(10): 1-10.
Lambert T, Gilman P, Lilienthal P. 2006. Micropower system modeling with HOMER. Integration of alternative sources of energy. 1(15): 379-418.
Luckow P, Stanton E, Fields S, Biewald B, Jackson S, Fisher J, Wilson R. 2015. 2015 Carbon Dioxide Price Forecast. Synapse Energy Economics, Inc. [Cited 2017 May 15]. Available at http://www.synapse-energy.com/sites/default/files/2015%20Carbon%20Dioxide%20Price%20Report.pdf
Mavuva Island: Great Sea Reef Fiji [Internet]. [Cited 2017 May 01]. Available at: http://www.mavuvaisland.com/vanua-levu.php.
Markets Insider [Internet]. $CO_2$ European Emissions Allowances. [Cited 2017 July 07]. Available at http://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/co2-emissionsrechte
Nand R, Raturi A. 2013. Feasibility Study of a Grid Connected Photovoltaic System for the Central Region of Fiji. Applied Solar Energy. 49(2): 110-115.
Palit D, Chaurey A. 2011. Off-grid Rural Electrification Experiences from South Asia: Status and Best Practices. Energy for Sustainable Development. 15: 266-276.
Sureshkumar U, Manoharan PS, Ramalakshmi APS. 2012. Economic Cost Analysis of Hybrid Renewable Energy System using HOMER. ICAESM. 2012 Mar 30-31. Tamil Nadu (India).
UNDP. 2014. Integrated Sustainable Rural Development: Renewable Energy Electrification and Rural Productivity Zones. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.