Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic differences in back pike somersault in platform diving according to skill level and to apply the findings to improve performance. Method: Korean divers participating in this study were divided into a skilled group (age: $21.6{\pm...
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic differences in back pike somersault in platform diving according to skill level and to apply the findings to improve performance. Method: Korean divers participating in this study were divided into a skilled group (age: $21.6{\pm}4.16y$, height: $1.68{\pm}0.03m$, weight: $62.0{\pm}3.94kg$, career: $12.6{\pm}5.13y$) and a less-skilled group (age: $20.6{\pm}2.7y$, height: $1.72{\pm}0.05m$, weight: $64.8{\pm}6.76kg$, career: $12.2{\pm}2.49y$) and an independent t-test was performed to analyze differences between groups at the moment of takeoff. Results: The two groups showed significant differences in displacement and velocity of center of mass (COM), takeoff angle, hip joint angle, knee joint angular velocity, and hip joint angular velocity at the takeoff (p<.05), and significant differences in displacement of COM, hip joint, and ankle joint during flight (p<.05). Conclusion: For a successful back pike, the COM should rise quickly in the vertical direction and the hip joint angle and angular velocity should increase. To improve performance, the back pike turn should be practiced on the ground before an attempt on a 10-m platform, to stretch the ankle and knee joints and enable quick flexion of the hip joint when turning in flight.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic differences in back pike somersault in platform diving according to skill level and to apply the findings to improve performance. Method: Korean divers participating in this study were divided into a skilled group (age: $21.6{\pm}4.16y$, height: $1.68{\pm}0.03m$, weight: $62.0{\pm}3.94kg$, career: $12.6{\pm}5.13y$) and a less-skilled group (age: $20.6{\pm}2.7y$, height: $1.72{\pm}0.05m$, weight: $64.8{\pm}6.76kg$, career: $12.2{\pm}2.49y$) and an independent t-test was performed to analyze differences between groups at the moment of takeoff. Results: The two groups showed significant differences in displacement and velocity of center of mass (COM), takeoff angle, hip joint angle, knee joint angular velocity, and hip joint angular velocity at the takeoff (p<.05), and significant differences in displacement of COM, hip joint, and ankle joint during flight (p<.05). Conclusion: For a successful back pike, the COM should rise quickly in the vertical direction and the hip joint angle and angular velocity should increase. To improve performance, the back pike turn should be practiced on the ground before an attempt on a 10-m platform, to stretch the ankle and knee joints and enable quick flexion of the hip joint when turning in flight.
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문제 정의
In this context, this study aims to compare and analyze the back-pike somersault during ground training according to skill level in Korean athletes, ultimately to contribute to improvement of performance of low-tier athletes.
This study aimed to provide data to help less-skilled divers improve performance in the back-pike somersault. Ten current male professional divers with at least seven years of experience were divided into skilled and less-skilled groups to analyze differences in COM displacement and velocity, and in lower limb joint angle and angular velocity at takeoff, in the back-pike somersault.
This study analyzed the kinematic differences of the back-pike somersault in relation to skill level and suggested implications for repetitive ground training program. However, one limitation of this study is that it performed the analyses in the ground training setting; this should be addressed in future studies by investigating the actual movements on a 10m platform dive.
제안 방법
, head, trunk, pelvis, and left and right upper and lower limbs) (Figure 2). After the reflective markers were placed, the participants performed 15 trials of the back-pike somersault in an environment equivalent to that of ground training. All participants had one-minute breaks between trials to reduce fatigue.
This study analyzed the kinematic differences of the back-pike somersault in relation to skill level and suggested implications for repetitive ground training program. However, one limitation of this study is that it performed the analyses in the ground training setting; this should be addressed in future studies by investigating the actual movements on a 10m platform dive.
Two-dimensional data collected from seven infrared cameras were converted to three-dimensional coordinate values via the nonlinear transformation (NLT) technique. Visual 3D (C-motion, USA) was used to compute the variables used for this study, and data were processed with a 2nd Butterworth low-pass filter at a cutoff frequency of 10 Hz to reduce random errors during the experiment (Kwon, 2011). Variables for analysis were displacement of center of mass (COM) and velocity of COM at takeoff.
대상 데이터
Ten currently active male divers with at least seven years of experience were enrolled in this study. The participants were divided into two groups.
The skilled group (age: 21.6±4.16 y, height: 1.68.8±0.03 m, weight: 62.0±3.94 kg, career: 12.6±5.13 y) comprised five athletes who have been members of the national team and who are capable of successfully performing a back pike with DD of 3.2 or higher.
데이터처리
The differences in the displacement and velocity of the COM, lower limb joint angle, and angular velocity during the back-pike somersault according to skill level were verified using the independent t-test. Statistical significance was set at α=.
성능/효과
In this study, skilled athletes had 8.16% greater hip joint angle and 17.1% and 33.92% faster extension speed at the hip and knee, respectively, at takeoff, compared to the less-skilled athletes (p<.05, Figure 6-7).
The findings of this study showed that skilled athletes had 13.77% faster vertical velocity and 24.55% slower horizontal velocity at takeoff, compared to the less-skilled athletes (p<.05, Figure 5).
The findings of this study showed that the two groups did not significantly vary in COM displacement at E1, when the body's COM is at the lowest point; however, at E2, the moment of takeoff, skilled athletes displaced their COM 20% farther forward (toward the platform) compared to the less-skilled athletes (p<.05, Figure 4).
Although skills acquired through repeated training are reported to lead to improved performance (Pyun, 2010), skills learned in incorrect and ineffective postures would have relatively little contribution, further emphasizing the importance of correct posture during ground training. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, repetitive ground somersault training should focus on correcting athletes to increase their COM vertically and increase lower limb joint angle and angular velocity at takeoff and rapidly bend their hip while extending ankle and knee joints immediately after takeoff. Such training would contribute to improving diverse' performance in the back pike on a 10-m platform.
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