Background: Recently, as production costs have been increasing owing to rising feed prices worldwide, shortening the age of slaughter has been recognized as a way to increase farm income. In Korea, the raising period for Hanwoo steers is over 31 months with the delay of weaning and castration stated...
Background: Recently, as production costs have been increasing owing to rising feed prices worldwide, shortening the age of slaughter has been recognized as a way to increase farm income. In Korea, the raising period for Hanwoo steers is over 31 months with the delay of weaning and castration stated as one of the reasons for the increase in the raising period. Thus far, studies on age of weaning and castration have been conducted individually, and there have been no studies on the combined effects of weaning and castration ages on the growth performance and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo steers. Methods: Weaning ages were calculated at 80 or 130 days of age, and castration ages were calculated at 90 days and 180 days of age. Calves were allocated to one of the four treatment groups: W80C90 (weaning at 80 days of age and castration at 90 days of age), W80C180, W130C90, and W130C180. Results: For the entire experimental period, weaning and castration ages did not significantly affect growth performance of Hanwoo steers. In addition, weaning and castration ages did not affect the overall yield and quality traits of carcass in Hanwoo steers. Conclusion: Weaning and castration ages had small effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo steers. Therefore, the early weaning and castration ages are recommended to reduce the slaughter age without any negative effects on meat quality grade.
Background: Recently, as production costs have been increasing owing to rising feed prices worldwide, shortening the age of slaughter has been recognized as a way to increase farm income. In Korea, the raising period for Hanwoo steers is over 31 months with the delay of weaning and castration stated as one of the reasons for the increase in the raising period. Thus far, studies on age of weaning and castration have been conducted individually, and there have been no studies on the combined effects of weaning and castration ages on the growth performance and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo steers. Methods: Weaning ages were calculated at 80 or 130 days of age, and castration ages were calculated at 90 days and 180 days of age. Calves were allocated to one of the four treatment groups: W80C90 (weaning at 80 days of age and castration at 90 days of age), W80C180, W130C90, and W130C180. Results: For the entire experimental period, weaning and castration ages did not significantly affect growth performance of Hanwoo steers. In addition, weaning and castration ages did not affect the overall yield and quality traits of carcass in Hanwoo steers. Conclusion: Weaning and castration ages had small effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo steers. Therefore, the early weaning and castration ages are recommended to reduce the slaughter age without any negative effects on meat quality grade.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
제안 방법
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of weaning and castration ages on the growth performance, blood metabolites, and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Additionally, the study was conducted to identify the optimal weaning and castration ages that can maintain meat quality while shortening the slaughter age by responding to the price decrease of high class meat or the increase of international grain prices.
Six calves were allocated per pen (5 × 10 m) with sawdust to a thickness of approximately 20 cm. Concentrate was fed three times daily (08:30, 13:00, and 17:00) using an automatic feeding system. Concentrate was restrictively fed at 1.
Statistical analysis In the present study, to estimate the environmental effects on body weight, ADG, and blood metabolite concentration based on weaning and castration ages, the following linear model was used for least squares analysis: yijkl = μ + TRTi + β1X1ij + β2X2ik + eijkl, where, μ = overall average, TRTi = effect of treatment (1–4), X1, X2 = covariation of castration age and measurement month, β1, β2 = regression coefficient, and eijkl = random error effect.
The statistically significant differences of feed intake, body weight, and concentration of blood metabolites between groups were analyzed following the generalized linear model: Yij = μ + TRTi + eij, where, μ = overall average, TRTi = effect of treatment (1–4), and eij = random error effect.
The least squares method was performed to estimate environmental effects on body weight, ADG, feed intake, FCR, and concentration of blood metabolites by combining the treatment groups (same weaning and castration ages): yij = μ + TRTi + eij, where, μ = overall average, TRTi = effect of treatment (1–4), and eij = random error effect.
EGK and JSS were participated in the feeding trial and discussed the results. BKP conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
대상 데이터
The present study was conducted using different weaning and castration ages over almost 3 years, from March 2015 to November 2017. Forty-eight Hanwoo calves were delivered sequentially from March to April 2015 for approximately 35 days at a farm in Anseong, Gyeonggi-do.
데이터처리
The linear model was analyzed using SAS 9.1 [29] software package and the variance analysis was performed using Type III squared fit for unbalanced data among the four squares presented in the SAS/generalized linear model analysis. The statistical significance differences for the treatments between the least squares averages were tested with the following null hypothesis at significance level of 5%: Ho: LSM(i) = LSM(j), where, LSM (i(j)) is the least squares average of the I (j) the effects (I ≠ j).
All results of the present study were analyzed by t-tests using the least significant difference procedure of the SAS package program (release. 9.1.3 version, 2005). The statistically significant differences of feed intake, body weight, and concentration of blood metabolites between groups were analyzed following the generalized linear model: Yij = μ + TRTi + eij, where, μ = overall average, TRTi = effect of treatment (1–4), and eij = random error effect.
이론/모형
Factors measured included glucose, total cholesterol, albumin, total protein, triglyceride, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), creatinine, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg). Chemical compositions of the experimental diets were analyzed based on the method described by AOAC [1] and Van Soest [33].
성능/효과
This result was probably due to the influence of calf management, feeding methods, and castration age. First, there was no difference in feed intake until 3 months of age as the amount of milk suckling was limited to two times per day from 1 month after birth. Second, there was no difference in the supply of nutrients (energy, protein, and so on) because feed intake (Tables 2, 3, and 4) was similar between the treatment groups due to restricted feeding of concentrates and fixed feeding of rice straw regardless of the treatment groups.
First, there was no difference in feed intake until 3 months of age as the amount of milk suckling was limited to two times per day from 1 month after birth. Second, there was no difference in the supply of nutrients (energy, protein, and so on) because feed intake (Tables 2, 3, and 4) was similar between the treatment groups due to restricted feeding of concentrates and fixed feeding of rice straw regardless of the treatment groups. Finally, the level of stress caused by castration was similar because calves were castrated before puberty, regardless of the treatment groups.
In general, early castration has been known to be disadvantageous to carcass weight [18], yet advantageous to marbling score [5, 9, 13]. Although there was no statistically significant difference, results of the present study showed a decrease in carcass weight and increase in marbling with early castration. These results are similar to previous studies.
Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that the weaning and castration ages have a small effect on ADG, feed intake, FCR, blood metabolism, and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. However, it is considered that early castration is advantageous when the slaughter age is shortened with marbling reduction (i.
참고문헌 (35)
1. Association of Official Analytical Chemists - A.O.A.C Official methods of analysis 1995 16 Washington, DC Association of Official Analytical Chemists
2. Arthaud VH Mandingo RW Koch RM Kotula AW Carcass composition, quality and palatability attributes of bulls and steers fed different energy levels and killed at four ages J Anim Sci 1977 44 53 64 10.2527/jas1977.44153x
3. Arthington JD Spears JW Mille DC The effect of early weaning on feedlot performance and measures of stress in beef calves J Anim Sci 2005 83 933 939 10.2527/2005.834933x 15753350
4. Cheong JK Oh YT Choi HN Lee CH Kim KH Kim KY Choy YH Kim HC Hwang JM Effects of geographic locations and year-seasons of birth on ultrasound scanned measures and carcass traits of Hanwoo steers J Anim Sci Technol. 2012 54 247 253 10.5187/JAST.2012.54.4.247
5. Cosgrove GP Knight TW Lambert MG Death AF Effects of post-pubertal castration and diet on growth rate and meat quality of bulls Proc N Z Soc Anim Prod 1996 56 390 393
7. Fisher AD Knight TW Cosgrove GP Death AF Anderson CB Duganzich DM Matthews LR Effects of surgical or banding castration on stress responses and behaviour of bulls Aust Vet J 2001 79 279 284 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb11981.x 11349415
9. Jago JG Matthews LR Bass JJ Knight TW. A comparison of two methods of castration of post-pubertal beef cattle and their effect on behavior, growth and ultimate pH Proc N Z Soc Anim Prod 1996 56 395 397
10. Jung KK Kim DG Sung KK Choi CB Kim SG Kim DY Choi BJ Yun YT Effect of castration on the carcass grade of Hanwoo and Holstein J Anim Sci Technol. 1996 38 249 260
11. Kim WY Lee SH Hwang JH Kim SK Lee SS Yeo JM Effects of concentrate feeding on rumen papillae development in Hanwoo calves before weaning J Anim Sci Technol 2012 54 355 359 10.5187/JAST.2012.54.5.355
12. King BD Cohen RDH Guenther CL Janzen ED The effect of age and method of castration on plasma cortisol in beef calves Can J Anim Sci 1991 71 257 263 10.4141/cjas91-033
13. Knight TW Cosgrove GP Death AF Anderson CB Effect of interval from castration of bulls to slaughter on carcass characteristics and meat quality New Zeal J Agr Res 1999 42 269 277 10.1080/00288233.1999.9513376
14. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA). Grade rule for cattle carcass in Korea. Korea Ministry of Government Legislation. 2017. http://www.law.go.kr/main.htm . Accessed 30 Nov 2017.
15. Kwon EG Cho YM Park BK Choi CW Kim YG Paek BH Effect of calving season on growth performance, feed intake and disease occurrence of Hanwoo calves J Anim Sci Technol. 2007 49 59 66 10.5187/JAST.2007.49.1.059
16. Lee CW Lee CM Lee SJ Song YH Lee JK Kim JB Effects of raising farm on genetic evaluation for carcass traits in Hanwoo cows J Anim Sci Technol. 2011 53 325 332 10.5187/JAST.2011.53.4.325
17. Lusby K Wettemann R Effects of early weaning calves from first calf heifers on calf and heifer performance Anim Sci Res 1980 107 55 58
18. Mach N Bach A Realini CE Fonti Furnols M Velarde A Devant M Burdizzo pre-pubertal castration effects on performance, behavior, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets Meat Sci 2009 81 329 334 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.08.007 22064171
19. Makarechian MH Kubisch M Price MA Effects of date of weaning on subsequent performance of beef cows and their female calves Can J Anim Sci 1988 68 1035 1040 10.4141/cjas88-118
20. Mark DR Schroeder TC Jones R Identifying economic risk in cattle feeding J Agribus 2000 18 331 344
21. Meyer DL Kerley MS Walker EL Keisler DH Pierce VL Schmidt TB Stahl CA Linville ML Berg EP Growth rate, body composition, and meat tenderness in early vs traditionally weaned beef calves J Anim Sci 2005 83 2752 2761 10.2527/2005.83122752x 16282613
22. Myers SE Faulkner DB Ireland FA Parrett DF Comparison of three weaning ages on cow-calf performance and steer carcass traits J Anim Sci 1999 77 323 329 10.2527/1999.772323x 10100659
23. National Institute of Animal Science. Korean feeding standard for Hanwoo. 2017. pp. 44–50.
24. Park BH Park YI Adjustment of weaning weight to an age-constant basis in Hanwoo J Anim Sci Technol. 2000 42 745 750
25. Peterson GA Turner TB Irvin KM Davis ME Newland HW Harvey WR Cow and calf performance and economic considerations of early weaning of fall-born beef calves J Anim Sci 1987 64 15 22 10.2527/jas1987.64115x
26. Purchas RW An assessment of the role of pH differences in determining the relative tenderness of meat from bulls and steers Meat Sci 1990 27 129 140 10.1016/0309-1740(90)90061-A 22055226
27. Pyatt NA Berger LL Faulkner DB Walker PM Rodriguez-Zas SL Factors affecting carcass values and profitability in early-weaned Simmental steers: II. Days on feed endpoints and sorting strategies J Anim Sci 2005 83 2926 2937 10.2527/2005.83122926x 16282633
28. Roh SH Kim CY Won YS Park CJ Lee SS Lee JG Studies on genetic parameter estimation and sire selection to ultrasound measurement traits of Hanwoo J Anim Sci Technol. 2010 52 1 8 10.5187/JAST.2010.52.1.001
29. SAS. SAS/STAT Software for PC. Release 9.1.3 version Edition. Cary, NC: SAS instititute; 1999.
30. Seideman SC Cross HR Oltjen RR Schanbacher BD Utilization of the intact male for red meat production: a review J Anim Sci 1982 55 826 840 10.2527/jas1982.554826x
31. Short RE Grings EE MacNeil MD Heitschrnidt RK Williams CB Bennett GL Effects of sire growth potential, growing-finishing strategy, and time on performance, composition and efficiency of steers J Anim Sci 1999 77 2406 2417 10.2527/1999.7792406x 10492447
32. Story CE Rasby RJ Clark RT Milton CT Age of calf at weaning of spring-calving beef cows and the effect on cow and calf performance and production economics J Anim Sci 2000 78 1403 1413 10.2527/2000.7861403x 10875620
33. Van Soest PJ Roberts JB Lewis BA Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition J Dairy Sci 1991 74 3583 3597 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 1660498
34. Vanderwert W Berger LL McKeith FK Baker AM Gonyou HW Bechtel PJ Influence of zeranol implants on growth, behavior and carcass traits in Angus and Limousin bulls and steers J Anim Sci 1985 61 310 319 10.2527/jas1985.612310x 4044429
35. Worrell MA Clanton DC Calkins CR Effect of weight at castration on steer performance in the feedlot J Anim Sci 1987 64 343 347 10.2527/jas1987.642343x
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.