Ahn, Jun Sang
(Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA)
,
Shin, Jung Suh
(Dept. of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University)
,
Kim, Min Ji
(Dept. of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University)
,
Son, Gi Hwal
(Dept. of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University)
,
Kwon, Eung Gi
(Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA)
,
Shim, Jae Yoon
(Dept. of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University)
,
Kim, Il Young
(Dept. of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University)
,
Cho, Sung Myoun
(Dept. of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University)
,
Cho, Sang Rae
(Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA)
,
Park, Byung Ki
(Nonghyup Feed Co., Ltd.)
This study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature and retention time of the pressurized steam chamber on the ruminal fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability of corn flakes in three Korean native Hanwoo cows and three Holstein cows implanted with a ruminal fistula. Corn kerne...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature and retention time of the pressurized steam chamber on the ruminal fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability of corn flakes in three Korean native Hanwoo cows and three Holstein cows implanted with a ruminal fistula. Corn kernels were categorized into 13 groups based on the chamber temperature (range, $100^{\circ}C-116^{\circ}C$) and retention time (range, 700-950 s). The pH value was lowest in T1 regardless of breed. Propionate concentration was the highest in T2 (p < 0.05). Total-volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was slightly but not significantly greater in T2 than in other conditions. Dry matter (p < 0.05), starch, and crude protein (p < 0.05) degradability were the highest in T1. At different incubation times and with different breeds, dry matter, starch, and crude protein degradability of corn flakes were the highest in T1. Thus, the present results indicate that the optimal temperature and retention time of the pressurized steam chamber should be $100^{\circ}C-105^{\circ}C$ and 700-720 s.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature and retention time of the pressurized steam chamber on the ruminal fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability of corn flakes in three Korean native Hanwoo cows and three Holstein cows implanted with a ruminal fistula. Corn kernels were categorized into 13 groups based on the chamber temperature (range, $100^{\circ}C-116^{\circ}C$) and retention time (range, 700-950 s). The pH value was lowest in T1 regardless of breed. Propionate concentration was the highest in T2 (p < 0.05). Total-volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was slightly but not significantly greater in T2 than in other conditions. Dry matter (p < 0.05), starch, and crude protein (p < 0.05) degradability were the highest in T1. At different incubation times and with different breeds, dry matter, starch, and crude protein degradability of corn flakes were the highest in T1. Thus, the present results indicate that the optimal temperature and retention time of the pressurized steam chamber should be $100^{\circ}C-105^{\circ}C$ and 700-720 s.
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문제 정의
Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of different temperatures and retention times in corn flake production in the pressurized steam chamber on ruminal fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability. Furthermore, this study aimed to determine the optimal temperature and retention time for corn flake production using the pressurized steam chamber.
Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of different temperatures and retention times in corn flake production in the pressurized steam chamber on ruminal fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability. Furthermore, this study aimed to determine the optimal temperature and retention time for corn flake production using the pressurized steam chamber.
제안 방법
Corn kernels were categorized into 13 groups for corn flake production using the pressurized steam chamber (1.5 atmospheric pressure), based on different temperatures and retention times: T1 (100℃; 720 s), T2 (105℃; 700 s), T3 (105℃; 850 s), T4 (105℃; 950 s), T5 (110℃; 400 s), T6 (112℃; 700 s), T7 (112℃; 850 s), T8 (112℃; 950 s), T9 (113℃; 600 s), T10 (115℃; 500 s), T11 (116℃; 700 s), T12 (116℃; 850 s), and T13 (116℃; 950 s). The temperature of the pressurized steam chamber, retention time, and the chemical composition of the corn flakes are summarized in Table 1.
For in situ analysis, 5 g of sample was placed in a nylon bag (ANKOM 5 × 10 concentrate bags), and a nylon bag was placed in a mesh for each incubation 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h and inserted into the rumen via a fistula before feeding in the morning.
The corn flakes used in this study were dried in a forced dry oven (at 60℃, 48 h), ground using a Wiley mill (Thomas scientific, Model 4, Swedesboro, NJ, USA) and analyzed for moisture, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and crude ash in accordance with the procedures of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [16]. NDF and ADF levels were determined using a filter bag (Ankom F57, Ankom Technology, New York, NY, USA) in accordance with the method of Van Soest et al.
To investigate the effects of treatment on pH and ammonia, acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total-VFA concentration in in vitro incubation conditions, the following linear model was used for variance analysis.
대상 데이터
Three Hanwoo cows (mean body weight, 327 ± 41 kg) and three Holstein cows (mean body weight 421 ± 37 kg), each implanted with a ruminal fistula, were used.
This study was carried out for 7 months at an experimental farm at Kangwon National University. Three Hanwoo cows (mean body weight, 327 ± 41 kg) and three Holstein cows (mean body weight 421 ± 37 kg), each implanted with a ruminal fistula, were used.
데이터처리
Statistical analyses were performed using the GLM Procedure of SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, US). Analysis of variance was performed using the square sum of TYPE III, suitable for the unbalanced data among the four squares resulting from the SAS/GLM analysis.
, Cary, NC, US). Analysis of variance was performed using the square sum of TYPE III, suitable for the unbalanced data among the four squares resulting from the SAS/GLM analysis. For mean comparison, Duncan’s multiple range test was used to determine the effect of the treatment while the t-test was used to determine the effect of the breed.
이론/모형
For mean comparison, Duncan’s multiple range test was used to determine the effect of the treatment while the t-test was used to determine the effect of the breed.
The corn flakes used in this study were dried in a forced dry oven (at 60℃, 48 h), ground using a Wiley mill (Thomas scientific, Model 4, Swedesboro, NJ, USA) and analyzed for moisture, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and crude ash in accordance with the procedures of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [16]. NDF and ADF levels were determined using a filter bag (Ankom F57, Ankom Technology, New York, NY, USA) in accordance with the method of Van Soest et al. [17].
Starch contents were determined according to the standard feed analysis method of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs in Korea [18]. To determine the starch content of corn flakes, 0.
성능/효과
In this study, the concentrations of propionic acid and total-VFA were higher at 105℃–700 s, 113℃–600 s, and 115℃–500 s; however, concentrations of propionic acid and total-VFA tended to decrease as the chamber temperature or retention time increased.
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