본 연구는 2014년 10월 동안 인천항만에 기항하는 선박들의 온실가스 배출량을 추정하고자 시도되었다. 온실가스 배출량 추정을 위하여 AIS 데이터를 토대로 한 Bottom-up 방식을 활용하였으며 연료소비총량과 연료소비의 결과로서 발생한 이산화탄소 총량을 함께 분석하였다. 배출량 추정은 선박의 종류를 토대로 추정되었으며 각각 개별 선박의 날짜-시간 스템프 사이에서 그들의 움직임에 따라 계산되었다. 인천항에서 운항되는 최종 330 척(AIS-데이터)의 선박 샘플의 결과에 따르면 선박들의 총 이산화탄소 배출량은 164693.06 톤으로 추정되었으며, 연구기간동안 이들 선박의 총 연료소비량은 51953.64 톤에 이르는 것으로 나타났다. 선박의 종류에 따른 구체적 분석 결과를 살펴보면, 여객선이 배출량 81409.6톤으로 가장 오염이 심한 선박으로 나타났으며, 그 뒤를 이어 예인선 (37248.4톤), 화물선 (32154.6톤), 다른 활동에 사용된 선박 (9039.1톤), 화학 탱커 (4027.06톤) 그리고 어선 (814.048톤) 순으로 확인되었다.
본 연구는 2014년 10월 동안 인천항만에 기항하는 선박들의 온실가스 배출량을 추정하고자 시도되었다. 온실가스 배출량 추정을 위하여 AIS 데이터를 토대로 한 Bottom-up 방식을 활용하였으며 연료소비총량과 연료소비의 결과로서 발생한 이산화탄소 총량을 함께 분석하였다. 배출량 추정은 선박의 종류를 토대로 추정되었으며 각각 개별 선박의 날짜-시간 스템프 사이에서 그들의 움직임에 따라 계산되었다. 인천항에서 운항되는 최종 330 척(AIS-데이터)의 선박 샘플의 결과에 따르면 선박들의 총 이산화탄소 배출량은 164693.06 톤으로 추정되었으며, 연구기간동안 이들 선박의 총 연료소비량은 51953.64 톤에 이르는 것으로 나타났다. 선박의 종류에 따른 구체적 분석 결과를 살펴보면, 여객선이 배출량 81409.6톤으로 가장 오염이 심한 선박으로 나타났으며, 그 뒤를 이어 예인선 (37248.4톤), 화물선 (32154.6톤), 다른 활동에 사용된 선박 (9039.1톤), 화학 탱커 (4027.06톤) 그리고 어선 (814.048톤) 순으로 확인되었다.
This paper attempts to estimate GHG emissions, primarily $CO_2$ ship emissions, at the port of Incheon in October 2014. This study employed a bottom-up approach based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data to estimate the total amount of fuel consumption and the total amount of
This paper attempts to estimate GHG emissions, primarily $CO_2$ ship emissions, at the port of Incheon in October 2014. This study employed a bottom-up approach based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data to estimate the total amount of fuel consumption and the total amount of $CO_2$ emission produced as a result of fuel combustion. Using a sample of 330 ships operating at the port of Incheon in Korea, the total amount of $CO_2$ gases emitted from ships in October 2014 were estimated to be 164693.06 tons, with estimated total fuel consumption of 51953.64 tons. General cargo ships were most common type of ships, but they were less polluting compared to passenger ships. The detailed emission estimates by ship type revealed that passenger ships were the most polluting ships (81409.6 tons of emissions), followed by tugboats (37248.4 tons), cargo ships (32154.6 tons), ships used for other activities (9039.1 tons), chemical tankers (4027.06 tons), and fishing ships (814.048 tons), respectively.
This paper attempts to estimate GHG emissions, primarily $CO_2$ ship emissions, at the port of Incheon in October 2014. This study employed a bottom-up approach based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data to estimate the total amount of fuel consumption and the total amount of $CO_2$ emission produced as a result of fuel combustion. Using a sample of 330 ships operating at the port of Incheon in Korea, the total amount of $CO_2$ gases emitted from ships in October 2014 were estimated to be 164693.06 tons, with estimated total fuel consumption of 51953.64 tons. General cargo ships were most common type of ships, but they were less polluting compared to passenger ships. The detailed emission estimates by ship type revealed that passenger ships were the most polluting ships (81409.6 tons of emissions), followed by tugboats (37248.4 tons), cargo ships (32154.6 tons), ships used for other activities (9039.1 tons), chemical tankers (4027.06 tons), and fishing ships (814.048 tons), respectively.
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문제 정의
The objective of this study is to measure GHG particularly CO2 emissions from ships at the port of Incheon.
제안 방법
Ugur Kesgin and Nurten Vardar (2001) conducted a study on exhaust gas emissions from ships in Turkish Straits, namely Bosphorus and Canakkale in Istanbul. In this paper, the general characteristics, the main engine systems, the fuel types, cruising times and speeds of all ships were taken into account for calculating fuel consumption. The results show that the transit ships caused more than half the total amount of emissions from ships on the Bosphorus, as calculated NOx emissions on the Bosphorus were 2720 t from domestic passenger ships and 4357 t from transit ships.
The final sample AIS data consisted of 330 ships and AIS-based bottom up approach was employed to estimate the total amount of fuel consumed and its resulting CO2 emissions. The detailed date time stamp information and speed on ground (operating speed) obtained from AIS data for each ship were thoroughly investigated and were used to calculate exact time spent (hour) and the distance covered (NM) by individual ship. The total amount CO2 emitted from ships were estimated to be 164693.
This study used AIS- based bottom up approach taking into consideration the type of ship along with its specification. The detailed date, time stamp information and speed on ground (operating speed) obtained from AIS data for each ship were thoroughly investigated and were used to calculate exact time spent (hours) and the distance1) covered (NM) by individual ship.
emissions from ships at the port of Incheon for the period of Oct, 2014. The final sample AIS data consisted of 330 ships and AIS-based bottom up approach was employed to estimate the total amount of fuel consumed and its resulting CO2 emissions. The detailed date time stamp information and speed on ground (operating speed) obtained from AIS data for each ship were thoroughly investigated and were used to calculate exact time spent (hour) and the distance covered (NM) by individual ship.
Apollonia Miola and Biagio Ciuffo1 (2011) analyzed several studies on grounds of different approaches and different data sources that were used, for the purpose of modeling. The finding reveals that estimation of emission based on fuel statistics leads to underestimation, and also there is a degree of uncertainty among the results due to different methodologies and different data sources were used, so further investigation was required using a detailed bottom-up approach. This study also emphasized on use AIS data and also presented a systematic approach for using different data sources for both domestic as well as international shipping to obtain accurate results.
Ching-Chih Chang and Chih-Min Wan (2012) estimated emissions to analyze the effectiveness of green port policies and appraised different strategies for Kaohsiung harbor in Taiwan used for reducing pollutants. The studies suggested a strategy of decreasing ship speed to 12knots, in order to reduce fuel consumption and their resulting emissions. Also using land based power for ship for their onboard activities could reduce CO2 by 57 % whereas PM up to 39%.
Cengiz Deniz and Alper Kilic (2009) examined exhaust gas emissions from ships in one of the main ports in Marmara Sea , Ambarl ı port, Turkey, for the base year of 2005. The study estimated total emissions consisting of different pollutants from ships in the port area and a model program was used to estimate the dispersions of those emissions, with the real topographic and meteorological conditions. The results suggested that emissions contributed 100 µgm-3 NOx and 55 µgm-3 SO2 to ambient air concentrations in range of 2 km from the port.
This research has originality and contributions to the literature in that using bottom up approach based on the AIS data at the Port of Incheon as previous studies employed mostly top-down approach or non-AIS based bottom-up approach. Summary of comparisons among existing works can be seen in Appendix.
The finding reveals that estimation of emission based on fuel statistics leads to underestimation, and also there is a degree of uncertainty among the results due to different methodologies and different data sources were used, so further investigation was required using a detailed bottom-up approach. This study also emphasized on use AIS data and also presented a systematic approach for using different data sources for both domestic as well as international shipping to obtain accurate results.
This study used AIS- based bottom up approach taking into consideration the type of ship along with its specification. The detailed date, time stamp information and speed on ground (operating speed) obtained from AIS data for each ship were thoroughly investigated and were used to calculate exact time spent (hours) and the distance1) covered (NM) by individual ship.
This study was conducted to estimate GHG emissions, mainly CO2 emissions from ships at the port of Incheon for the period of Oct, 2014. The final sample AIS data consisted of 330 ships and AIS-based bottom up approach was employed to estimate the total amount of fuel consumed and its resulting CO2 emissions.
대상 데이터
(2013) investigated the contribution of ships emissions that resulted in fine particulate in community surrounding at the port of Hong Kong for the period of Aug 2009 to Mar 2010. Samples of PM were selected from both residential as well as from the port area and PMF analysis was used to identify eight potential sources. The proportion of ships emissions to PM2.
This study employed AIS data and the sample consisted of 330 ships out of total 602 ships which operated at the port of Incheon during the period of October, 2014. The data was collected in cooperation with the Incheon Port Authority and the Korea Maritime Institute. In total 272 ships were excluded due to missing data, in which 3 were hazard goods ship and 4 were pilot boats and other 263 were excluded due to the lack of information on gross tonnage; engine load factor; its design and operating speed.
This study could use only 330 ships excluding 272 ships due to missing data, which is one limitation. Future study should find a more proper way to mitigate this common issue of missing data pertinent to AIS studies.
Different methodologies and data sources can be used to estimate fuel consumption and their resulting emissions as outlined previously in literature review. This study employed AIS data and the sample consisted of 330 ships out of total 602 ships which operated at the port of Incheon during the period of October, 2014. The data was collected in cooperation with the Incheon Port Authority and the Korea Maritime Institute.
성능/효과
The result finding suggest annual average increase rate of 2.85% from ships emissions which were estimated to be 12.9MT with externalities of 3.1€ billion Euros.
The PM concentrations were measured using UCICIT model for the year 2002 and simulated forecast was generated till 2020. The results revealed that controlling ships emissions reduced air pollution and forecasted impact areas were along the coast and as well as inland locations.
The results show PM levels contributed from 1 to 8% while the PAH’s contribution was up to 10% in gaseous state.
In this paper, the general characteristics, the main engine systems, the fuel types, cruising times and speeds of all ships were taken into account for calculating fuel consumption. The results show that the transit ships caused more than half the total amount of emissions from ships on the Bosphorus, as calculated NOx emissions on the Bosphorus were 2720 t from domestic passenger ships and 4357 t from transit ships.
The results shows 331MT of CO2 Equivalent emissions, 50% of which were assigned to ships movement at sea while remaining half were ascribed to land based emissions.
The results suggested that emissions contributed 100 µgm-3 NOx and 55 µgm-3 SO2 to ambient air concentrations in range of 2 km from the port.
1%. The study found 66% reductions in SO2 emissions on daily basis for the 3 harbours except Barcelona harbour.
후속연구
Future study should find a more proper way to mitigate this common issue of missing data pertinent to AIS studies. Estimation of the amount of GHG and some other pollutants is just the initial step, and further research work is required in this field ensuing GHG studies. Investigating the movement of the emissions and their impact on human population can be one of future research topics including monetization of these impacts.
This study could use only 330 ships excluding 272 ships due to missing data, which is one limitation. Future study should find a more proper way to mitigate this common issue of missing data pertinent to AIS studies. Estimation of the amount of GHG and some other pollutants is just the initial step, and further research work is required in this field ensuing GHG studies.
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