이 연구의 목적은 대학생의 CIMT (목동맥 내막-중막 두께)와 흡연 습관, 음주 습관 및 두 가지 연관성을 조사하는 것이다. 이 연구는 CAGE (음주 관련: 절주, 비판에 대한 반감, 죄책감, 해장) 설문지, FTND (Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence) 설문지, 대학생들의 CIMT에 대하여 수행되었다. 세 군으로 분류 된 각 음주 수준에 따른 CIMT 결과 간에는 통계적으로 유의 한 차이가 없었다. FTND 흡연 분류에 따른 CIMT의 결과는 흡연 군이 비 흡연 군보다 높았다(P<0.01). 흡연과 음주는 좌우 CIMT 간에는 통계적으로 유의 한 차이가 있었다(P<0.01). 음주의 위험만 있는 군에서 왼쪽 CIMT (19.84 순위)는 낮은 순위를 보였다. 왼쪽(42.38 순위)과 오른쪽(42.81 순위)의 CIMT는 흡연 위험만 있는 집단에서 높은 순서를 보였다(P<0.01). 이 연구 결과 흡연자와 음주자 사이의 평균 CIMT, 특히 흡연 상태가 높은 사람들 사이에 뚜렷한 차이가 있음을 시사한다. 이 연구에는 몇 가지 제한 점이 있다. 첫째, 작은 연구 대상 두번째, 대상자가 어리고, 셋째, 흡연, 음주 및 CIMT에만 중점을 두었다. 결론적으로, 흡연은 젊은 성인에서 무증상 아테롬성 동맥 경화 위험인자에 대한 부작용과 CIMT를 현저하게 악화 시키며 젊은 성인에서 금연의 중요성이 강화되어야 한다.
이 연구의 목적은 대학생의 CIMT (목동맥 내막-중막 두께)와 흡연 습관, 음주 습관 및 두 가지 연관성을 조사하는 것이다. 이 연구는 CAGE (음주 관련: 절주, 비판에 대한 반감, 죄책감, 해장) 설문지, FTND (Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence) 설문지, 대학생들의 CIMT에 대하여 수행되었다. 세 군으로 분류 된 각 음주 수준에 따른 CIMT 결과 간에는 통계적으로 유의 한 차이가 없었다. FTND 흡연 분류에 따른 CIMT의 결과는 흡연 군이 비 흡연 군보다 높았다(P<0.01). 흡연과 음주는 좌우 CIMT 간에는 통계적으로 유의 한 차이가 있었다(P<0.01). 음주의 위험만 있는 군에서 왼쪽 CIMT (19.84 순위)는 낮은 순위를 보였다. 왼쪽(42.38 순위)과 오른쪽(42.81 순위)의 CIMT는 흡연 위험만 있는 집단에서 높은 순서를 보였다(P<0.01). 이 연구 결과 흡연자와 음주자 사이의 평균 CIMT, 특히 흡연 상태가 높은 사람들 사이에 뚜렷한 차이가 있음을 시사한다. 이 연구에는 몇 가지 제한 점이 있다. 첫째, 작은 연구 대상 두번째, 대상자가 어리고, 셋째, 흡연, 음주 및 CIMT에만 중점을 두었다. 결론적으로, 흡연은 젊은 성인에서 무증상 아테롬성 동맥 경화 위험인자에 대한 부작용과 CIMT를 현저하게 악화 시키며 젊은 성인에서 금연의 중요성이 강화되어야 한다.
This study examined the associations of smoking, alcohol drinking habits and both with the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in university students. This study was performed using a CAGE (test for alcohol: cutting down, annoyance by criticism, guilty feeling, and eye-openers) questionnaire, FTND...
This study examined the associations of smoking, alcohol drinking habits and both with the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in university students. This study was performed using a CAGE (test for alcohol: cutting down, annoyance by criticism, guilty feeling, and eye-openers) questionnaire, FTND (the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence) questionnaire, and CIMT of university students. No statistically significant differences were observed among the CIMT results according to each CAGE level classified into 3 groups. The results of CIMT according to the FTND smoking categorization showed that the smoking group was higher than nonsmoking group (P<0.01). A statistically significant difference was observed between the left and right CIMT regarding smoking and drinking (P<0.01). In the only drink risk group, the left CIMT (19.84 rank) showed a low-ranking. The CIMT on the left (42.38 rank) and right (42.81 rank) showed high scores in the group with only the risk of smoking (P<0.01). These results suggested that there are distinct differences in CIMT and relevant risk factors between smokers and drinkers, particularly among those with a high smoking status. This study had several limitations: the study population was small; the relatively young age of the study subjects; and limited of focus on smoking, drinking and CIMT. In conclusion, cigarette smoking significantly exacerbates the adverse effects and higher CIMT on the subclinical atherosclerosis risk in young adults, which underscores the importance of prevention and cessation of cigarette smoking in young adults.
This study examined the associations of smoking, alcohol drinking habits and both with the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in university students. This study was performed using a CAGE (test for alcohol: cutting down, annoyance by criticism, guilty feeling, and eye-openers) questionnaire, FTND (the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence) questionnaire, and CIMT of university students. No statistically significant differences were observed among the CIMT results according to each CAGE level classified into 3 groups. The results of CIMT according to the FTND smoking categorization showed that the smoking group was higher than nonsmoking group (P<0.01). A statistically significant difference was observed between the left and right CIMT regarding smoking and drinking (P<0.01). In the only drink risk group, the left CIMT (19.84 rank) showed a low-ranking. The CIMT on the left (42.38 rank) and right (42.81 rank) showed high scores in the group with only the risk of smoking (P<0.01). These results suggested that there are distinct differences in CIMT and relevant risk factors between smokers and drinkers, particularly among those with a high smoking status. This study had several limitations: the study population was small; the relatively young age of the study subjects; and limited of focus on smoking, drinking and CIMT. In conclusion, cigarette smoking significantly exacerbates the adverse effects and higher CIMT on the subclinical atherosclerosis risk in young adults, which underscores the importance of prevention and cessation of cigarette smoking in young adults.
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문제 정의
The purpose of the study was to investigate the associations among smoking habits, alcohol drinking habits and both by the carotid intima–media thickness (IMT) in a university student.
This study was the research to investigate the association between CIMT and non-health behaviors including smoking and drinking in Korean young students from a one university. The principal finding of our study was that CIMT found difference with related to smoking and drinking.
가설 설정
4) Have you ever felt you needed a drink first thing in the morning (Eye-opener) to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover?
3) Which cigarette would you hate most to give up?
5) Do you smoke more frequently during the first hours after waking than the rest of the day?
6) Do you smoke if you are so ill that you are in bed most of the day?
01). The results of the CIMT according to the drinking and smoking classification are shown in Table 7. There was significantly difference between left and right CIMT regarding smoking and drinking. In the only drink risk group, the left CIMT (19.
제안 방법
All datas were from the questionnaire, an individual participant data analysis established to determine the incremental value of CIMT in finding smoking and drinking habits. This study was performed of CAGE (Cutting down, Annoyance by criticism, Guilty feeling and Eye-openers) questionnaire [19], FTND (The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence) questionnaire [20], CIMT and general characterizes of university students at Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
The questionnaire to assess was administered on students in class room setting. The purpose of this study was to explain the purpose of the study to all participants, to inform the participants about the research method, duration, side effects, risk factors, personal information and confidentiality. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants of this study.
The ultrasound machine (Medison Accuvix V20 Prestige 3D Live Ultrasound Scanner; MEDISON, South Korea) equipped with 7.5 MHz linear transducer was used to measure the CIMT. CIMT was measured by B mode ultrasound having an electric transducer on both the right and left extra cranial carotid arteries.
CIMT was measured by B mode ultrasound having an electric transducer on both the right and left extra cranial carotid arteries. Study subjects were facing the left side and laid down comfortably to set the probe around the central part of the sternocleidomastoid, which is below the thyroid cartilage. On a longitudinal, two-dimensional ultrasound image of the carotid artery, the anterior (near) and posterior (far) walls of the carotid artery are displayed as two bright white lines separated by a hypo echogenic space.
Smoking status and drinking were collected from self-reported questionnaires. For this study, CIMT was compared using a smoking dependence questionnaire and a drinking questionnaire. The CAGE questionnaire is a series of four questions that doctors can use to check for signs of possible alcohol dependency.
The FTND is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of physical addiction to nicotine. The test was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking [20].
대상 데이터
In this paper, by using the survey data were completed from 2015 to December 2016. The participants in this study were 127 (male: 40, female: 87) university students without the other disease. The questionnaire to assess was administered on students in class room setting.
데이터처리
A cross tabulation with Pearson (Chi) test was used to measure differences in two categorical variables between two groups for stressed group and stress free groups. Differences in baseline characteristics between general characteristics and personal variables were tested for significance using the t-test, ANOVA or chi-square test, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon rank sum test. In addition, the Spearman correlation analysis was performed according to the correlation.
Differences in baseline characteristics between general characteristics and personal variables were tested for significance using the t-test, ANOVA or chi-square test, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon rank sum test. In addition, the Spearman correlation analysis was performed according to the correlation. All statistical significance level was presented as proportions and mean with 95% confidence intervals (set as P＜0.
**P＜0.01, †P-values were calculated by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, ††P-values were calculated by t-test.
P-values were calculated by chi-square test.
P-values were calculated by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon test.
이론/모형
All datas were from the questionnaire, an individual participant data analysis established to determine the incremental value of CIMT in finding smoking and drinking habits. This study was performed of CAGE (Cutting down, Annoyance by criticism, Guilty feeling and Eye-openers) questionnaire [19], FTND (The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence) questionnaire [20], CIMT and general characterizes of university students at Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. In this paper, by using the survey data were completed from 2015 to December 2016.
We used the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test to evaluate normal distribution.
성능/효과
As a result, the right CIMT (0.051±0.051 cm) was higher than the left CIMT (0.046±0.045 cm) in the subject, and the male (left: 104.96 rank, Right: 100.05 rank) was higher in all CIMT side than the female (left: 52.65 rank, Right: 55.90 rank), and statistically significant (P＜0.01).
There was no statistically significant difference among CIMT results according to each CAGE level classified into 3 stages. The results of the CIMT according to the FTND classification are shown in Table 6. The results of CIMT according to FTND smoking categorization showed that smoking group was higher than none smoking group (P＜0.01). The results of the CIMT according to the drinking and smoking classification are shown in Table 7.
This study was the research to investigate the association between CIMT and non-health behaviors including smoking and drinking in Korean young students from a one university. The principal finding of our study was that CIMT found difference with related to smoking and drinking. This is consistent with previous researches[3, 4, 21].
63 rank). This study has currently shown cigarette smokers have higher CIMT than alcohol drinkers and also, shown smoker have higher CIMT than both smoking and drinking.
In conclusion, cigarette smoking significantly exacerbates the adverse effects and higher CIMT on subclinical atherosclerosis risk in young adults, which underscores the importance of prevention and cessation of cigarette smoking behavior in the young. Futures continuous studies should be conducted to variety experiment the influences of smoking and generalized drinking on CIMT when these are many continuous variables.
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