Four Korean native steers ($511{\pm}17.2kg$; $2{\times}2$ replicated crossover design) fitted with duodenal cannulas were used to investigate the influence of oral administration of soluble whey protein (WP; 82.29% crude protein) on ruminal fermentation, gastrointestinal (GI) h...
Four Korean native steers ($511{\pm}17.2kg$; $2{\times}2$ replicated crossover design) fitted with duodenal cannulas were used to investigate the influence of oral administration of soluble whey protein (WP; 82.29% crude protein) on ruminal fermentation, gastrointestinal (GI) hormone secretion in the blood, pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity in the duodenum, and disappearance rate in each segment of the GI tract. Steers were orally fed the basal diet (control; TMR [total mixed ration] 9 kg/d) or the basal diet with enriched WP (400 g/d) for 14 days. The apparent crude protein disappearance rate in the rumen of the WP was higher than in control (p < 0.05). However, no difference between groups was observed in the apparent crude protein disappearance rate in the intestine and the apparent starch disappearance rates in the rumen, GI tract. The level of cholecystokinin, secretin, and ghrelin in serum and pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity in the duodenum of the WP also did not change. The changes in the level of blood urea nitrogen related to protein metabolism were higher in the WP than in the control (p < 0.05). However, the levels of total protein, lipid, carbohydrate and mineral metabolites did not change. Consequently, we suggest that the oral administration of WP in steers assisted in ruminal fermentation due to the population increase of microbes in the rumen but did not improve the starch digestion rate in the small intestine because GI hormone secretion in the blood and pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity did not change.
Four Korean native steers ($511{\pm}17.2kg$; $2{\times}2$ replicated crossover design) fitted with duodenal cannulas were used to investigate the influence of oral administration of soluble whey protein (WP; 82.29% crude protein) on ruminal fermentation, gastrointestinal (GI) hormone secretion in the blood, pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity in the duodenum, and disappearance rate in each segment of the GI tract. Steers were orally fed the basal diet (control; TMR [total mixed ration] 9 kg/d) or the basal diet with enriched WP (400 g/d) for 14 days. The apparent crude protein disappearance rate in the rumen of the WP was higher than in control (p < 0.05). However, no difference between groups was observed in the apparent crude protein disappearance rate in the intestine and the apparent starch disappearance rates in the rumen, GI tract. The level of cholecystokinin, secretin, and ghrelin in serum and pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity in the duodenum of the WP also did not change. The changes in the level of blood urea nitrogen related to protein metabolism were higher in the WP than in the control (p < 0.05). However, the levels of total protein, lipid, carbohydrate and mineral metabolites did not change. Consequently, we suggest that the oral administration of WP in steers assisted in ruminal fermentation due to the population increase of microbes in the rumen but did not improve the starch digestion rate in the small intestine because GI hormone secretion in the blood and pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity did not change.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
가설 설정
a,bMeans in each row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05).
제안 방법
, San Marcos, TX). After the pulverization, all samples collected regardless of the collection time for each period were mixed for analysis of DM, CP, Ash, Starch, and Cr.
Basal diet (500 g) was collected twice during each period, and then all the samples collected during the entire experimental period were mixed for application to the analysis. The samples were pulverized using a Wiley mill (Thomas Scientific Mode1 4, New Jersey, USA).
For analysis of α-amylase activity in the duodenal fluid, 50 mL of duodenal fluids was collected through the cannula installed at the duodenum at 8:30 (–30), 10:30 (90), 13:30 (270), and 16:30 (450) on day 14 of each period, and then frozen at –80℃ prior to the analysis.
For analysis of GI hormones and metabolites, blood samples were collected at 8:30 (–30), 10:30 (90), 13:30 (270), and 16:30 (450) on day 14, the last day of experimentation for each period.
For analysis of the starch digestion rate for each GI tract, 300 mL of rumen fluids was sampled at 8:30 (–30), 10:00 (60), 12:00 (180), and 14:00 (300) on day 14 of each period.
For analysis of the starch digestion rate of each GI tract, 250 mL of the contents which flow into the duodenum through duodenal cannula was collected at 8:30 (–30), 12:00 (180), 15:00 (360), at 18:00 (540) on day 12 during each period and 8:30 (–30), 10:30 (90), 13:30 (270), and at 16:30 (450) on day 13 during each period, was freeze-dried at –20℃ (Bodiro Programmable Freeze dryer, Ilshin Lab. Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-do, Korea), and then was pulverized to 1 mm using the disc mill (Model BM-D 100, Disc mill, McCoy Corp., San Marcos, TX).
After the color development, the sample was quenched to room temperature, and the measurements were made with the spectrophotometer (630 nm). Prior to the measurement of all the samples, any one of them was diluted stepwise, and then compared with the standard solution to select the dilution ratio, which was then applied to all samples for analysis. The starch digestion rate was calculated by obtaining the D-glucose content in each digestive organ and then comparing it with Cr content.
The specimen animals were individually experimented on in the cattle shed with a fence of 3.0 × 3.2 m and a concrete floor where temperature and light are controlled (at 23℃, lights on for 16 h, lights out for 8 h), and water and a small amount of salt block were provided freely for the entire period.
2 m and a concrete floor where temperature and light are controlled (at 23℃, lights on for 16 h, lights out for 8 h), and water and a small amount of salt block were provided freely for the entire period. The weight of each animal was measured prior to the treatment period, and TMR (9 kg/d) was supplied as a basal feed twice a day at 9:00 AM and 5:30 PM. For the intake of metabolic energy, 1.
Therefore, the objective of this research on Korean native steers is to investigate the effect of the oral administration of WP, a soluble protein, on the ruminal fermentation and in-blood secretion of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones, which are related to starch digestion in the small intestine, and the activity of pancreatic α-amylase in the small intestine, and then confirm the relationship of starch digestion in the small intestine.
대상 데이터
The feed used in this research was WP (100% Any WP, optimum nutrition, USA) composed of 100% protein (protein: ≥ 85.7%; ash: ≤ 2.1%; moisture: ≤ 1.9%).
Basal diet (500 g) was collected twice during each period, and then all the samples collected during the entire experimental period were mixed for application to the analysis. The samples were pulverized using a Wiley mill (Thomas Scientific Mode1 4, New Jersey, USA). Only the samples passed through the 1 mm net were used to analyze the moisture, crude protein, and ash using the general methods of AOAC [18], and starch was analyzed using the previous method [19].
This research used four Korean native steers (average posted weight 511 ± 17.2 kg) fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulas.
데이터처리
3)p-values were calculated by paired t-test.
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) used SPSS 14.0K (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) for window, and the significance of the difference between the control group and the WP group was verified using the student t-test when ANOVA declared significant difference at p < 0.05.
이론/모형
The samples were pulverized using a Wiley mill (Thomas Scientific Mode1 4, New Jersey, USA). Only the samples passed through the 1 mm net were used to analyze the moisture, crude protein, and ash using the general methods of AOAC [18], and starch was analyzed using the previous method [19].
성능/효과
For GI hormones, the time change after the oral treatment also showed a similar trend to that of the control group, while for duodenal α-amylase activity, the WP group also did not show any significant difference from the control group (p > 0.05).
Meanwhile, according to the results for investigation of the change of metabolites in blood due to addition of WP (Fig. 2), BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) out of the protein metabolites increased more significantly in the WP group than in the control group (p< 0.01), but no difference was observed between the control group and the WP group for the other protein metabolites (total protein, albumin), lipid metabolites (triglyceride, total cholesterol), carbohydrate metabolites (glucose), and mineral metabolites (phosphorus, magnesium, calcium).
The results of the investigation of the flow and digestion rate of protein for each area of the GI tract due to the addition of WP to the basal feed (Table 3) show that while significantly more digestion was conducted in the rumen of the WP group than the control group (p [ 0.05), no changes were observed in the small intestine (p ] 0.05). Galloway et al.
The results of the investigation of the flow and digestion rate of starch for each area of GI tract due to the addition of WP to the basal feed (Table 4) also showed no difference in the starch content flowing into the small intestine, the starch content in feces, and the digestion rate between the rumen and the duodenum (p> 0.05), but showed that the use of starch in the entire GI tract tended to be increased by the addition of WP to the basal feed (p = 0.094).
The results of the investigation of the relationship between GI hormones and α-amylase activity due to the oral treatment of WP (Fig. 1 and Table 5) show that the oral treatment of WP overall, was not closely related to ghrelin, CCK, and secretin, the GI hormones related to the secretion of enzymes, or the activity of α-amylase, an enzyme for decomposition of starch (p < 0.05).
The results showed no difference between the starch content for flow into the small intestine and the starch content in feces, and the digestion rate also showed no difference between the rumen and the duodenum (p > 0.05).
참고문헌 (35)
Harmon DL. Understanding starch utilization in the small intestine of cattle. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2009;22:915-22.
Harmon DL, Taylor CC. Factors influencing assimilation of dietary starch in beef and dairy cattle. In: Proceedings of the Southwest Nutrition Conference; Nebraska. 2005. p. 55-66.
Taniguchi K, Huntington GB, Glenn BP. Net nutrient flux by visceral tissues of beef steers given abomasal and ruminal infusions of casein and starch. J Anim Sci. 1995;73:236-49.
Richards CJ, Swanson KC, Paton SJ, Harmon DL, Huntington GB. Pancreatic exocrine secretion in steers infused postruminally with casein and cornstarch. J Anim Sci. 2003;81:1051-6.
Maiga HA, Schingoethe DJ, Ludens FC. Evaluation of diets containing supplemental fat with different sources of carbohydrates for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1995;78:1122-30.
Galloway DL Sr, Goetsch AL, Sun W, Forster LA Jr, Murphy GE, Grant EW, et al. Digestion, feed intake, and live weight gain by cattle consuming bermudagrass hay supplemented with whey. J Anim Sci. 1992;70:2533-41.
Mackie RI, Gilchrist FMC, Robberts AM, Hannah PE, Schwartz HM. Microbiological and chemical changes in the rumen during the stepwise adaptation of sheep to high concentrate diets. J Agric Sci (Camb.). 1978;90:241-54.
Chamberlain DG, Thomas PC, Wilson W, Newbold CJ, MacDonald JC. The effects of carbohydrate supplements on ruminal concentrations of ammonia in animals given diets of grass silage. J Agric Sci (Camb.). 1985;104:331-40.
Kudo H, Cheng KJ, Imai S, Han SS, Costerton JW. Effects of feed on the composition of the rumen ciliate protozoal population in cattle and its relationship to cellulolytic ciliate protozoa. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 1990;29:159-69.
Ushida K, Kaneko T, Kojima Y. Effect of presence of large entodiniomorphid protozoa on the rumen bacterial flora, fauna composition of small entodinia and in vitro cellulolysis and xylanolysis. Jpn J Zootech Sci (Japan). 1987;58:893-902.
Jouany JP, Demeyer DI, Grain J. Effect of defaunating the rumen. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 1988;21:229-65.
Kaneko T, Ushida K, Kojima Y. Effect of starch on cellulolysis by rumen microbial populations with or without protozoa. In: Nolan JV Leng RA, Demeyer DI, editors. The roles of protozoa and fungi in ruminant digestion. Armidale, Australia: Penambul Books; 1989. p. 313-5.
Maiga HA, Schingoethe DJ, Henson JE. Ruminal degradation, amino acid composition, and intestinal digestibility of the residual components of five protein supplements. J Dairy Sci. 1996;79:1647-53.
Susmel P, Spanghero M, Mills CR, Stefanon B. Rumen fermentation characteristics and digestibility of cattle diets containing different whey:maize ratios. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 1995;53:81-9.
Miron J, Ben-Ghedalia D, Yokoyama MT, Lamed R. Some aspects of cellobiose effect on bacterial cell surface structures involved in lucerne cell walls utilization by fresh isolates of rumen bacteria. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 1990;30:107-20.
KFSE Council. Korean feeding standard for Korean cattle (Hanwoo). Wanju, Korea: National Livestock Research Institute; 2007. http://www.nias.go.kr. Accessed 20 Feb 2007.
AOAC. Official methods of analysis. 13th ed. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 1980.
McCready RM, Guggolz J, Silviera V, Owens HS. Determination of starch and amylose in vegetables. Anal Chem. 1950;22:1156-8.
Lee SB, Choi CW, Jin YC, Wang T, Lee KH, Ku MB, et al. Effect of oral administration of intact casein on gastrointestinal hormone secretion and pancreatic ${\alpha}$ -amylase activity in Korean native steer. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2013;26:654-60.
Lee KH, Lee JS, Wang T, Oh JJ, Roh S, Lee HG. Role of ghrelin in the pancreatic exocrine secretion via mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in rats. J Anim Sci Technol. 2017;59:16.
Lee KH, Wang T, Jin YC, Lee SB, Oh JJ, Hwang JH, et al. Identification of proteins involved in the pancreatic exocrine by exogenous ghrelin administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Anim Sci Technol. 2014;56:6.
Roe JH. The determination of sugar in blood and spinal fluid with anthrone reagent. J Biol Chem. 1955;212:335-43.
Ludden PA, Wechter TL, Hess BW. Effects of oscillating dietary protein on ruminal fermentation and site and extent of nutrient digestion in sheep. J Anim Sci. 2002;80:3336-46.
Ipharraguerre IR, Clark JH, Freeman DE. Varying protein and starch in the diet of dairy cows. I. Effects on ruminal fermentation and intestinal supply of nutrients. J Dairy Sci. 2005;88:2537-55.
Gorosito AR, Russell JB, Van Soest PJ. Effect of carbon-4 and carbon-5 volatile fatty acids on digestion of plant cell wall in vitro. J Dairy Sci. 1985;68:840-7.
Bohnert DW, Larson BT, Bauer ML, Branco AF, McLeod KR, Harmon DL, et al. Nutritional evaluation of poultry by-product meal as a protein source for ruminants: Effects on performance and nutrient flow and disappearance in steers. J Anim Sci. 1998;76:2474-84.
Cummins KA, Papas AH. Effect of isocarbon-4 and isocarbon-5 volatile fatty acids on microbial protein synthesis and dry matter digestibility in vitro. J Dairy Sci. 1985;68:2588-95.
Langlois A, Corring T, Cuber JC, Gueugneau AM, Levenez F, Chayvialle JA. Effects of pancreatic polypeptide on the pancreatic exocrine secretion stimulated by secretin and cholecystokinin in the conscious pig. Regul Pept. 1989;24:55-65.
Hara H, Ohyama S, Hira T. Luminal dietary protein, not amino acids, induces pancreatic protease via CCK in pancreaticobiliary-diverted rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2000;278:G937-45.
Bethard GL, James RE, McGilliard ML. Effect of rumen-undegradable protein and energy on growth and feed efficiency of growing Holstein heifers. J Dairy Sci. 1997;80:2149-55.
Hashimoto N, Hara H. Dietary branched-chain amino acids suppress the expression of pancreatic amylase mRNA in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004;68:1067-72.
Sosa I, Leyton L, Corea E, Elizondo-Salazar J. Correlation between milk and blood urea nitrogen in high and low yielding dairy cows. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization; 2010. p. 79-82.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.