[논문]근거리 원격탐사 기법을 이용한 총일차생산량 추정 및 순생태계 CO2 교환량 배분의 정확도 평가에 관하여

박주한; 강민석; 조성식; 손승원; 김종호; 김수진; 임종환; 강민구; 심교문

doi:10.5532/kjafm.2021.23.4.251

[국내논문] 근거리 원격탐사 기법을 이용한 총일차생산량 추정 및 순생태계 CO2 교환량 배분의 정확도 평가에 관하여
On Using Near-surface Remote Sensing Observation for Evaluation Gross Primary Productivity and Net Ecosystem CO2 Partitioning 원문보기

한국농림기상학회지 = Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v.23 no.4, 2021년, pp.251 - 267

박주한 (국가농림기상센터) , 강민석 (국가농림기상센터) , 조성식 (국가농림기상센터) , 손승원 (국가농림기상센터) , 김종호 (국가농림기상센터) , 김수진 (국립산림과학원 산림생태연구과) , 임종환 (국립산림과학원 산림생태연구과) , 강민구 (국립농업과학원 기후변화평가과) , 심교문 (국립농업과학원 기후변화평가과)

초록
AI-Helper

원격 탐사 기반의 식생지수들은 광합성을 조절하는 식물생리적 특성과 경험적 상관관계를 보이며, 여러공간 규모에서의 총일차생산량(GPP) 추정에 활용되고 있다. 하지만 시간 해상도가 높아질수록 식생지수를 이용한 GPP 추정의 불확실성이 커지는 한계가 존재한다. 또한 식생지수 관련 분석에 주로 사용되는 에디공분산법을 이용하여 추정한 GPP 역시 실제 측정한 순생태계교환량(NEE)을 GPP와 생태계 호흡(RE)으로 배분하는 데 사용하는 방법에 따라 추정값이 달라지는 불확실성이 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 플럭스 타워가 설치된 네 곳의 농림생태계를 대상으로 근지표에서 관측한 식생의 분광 특성을 이용한 다양한 식생지수를 계산하였고, 이를 다양한 시간 해상도에서 GPP 추정에 적용가능한 지를 분석하였다. 동시에 이를 이용하여 NEE 배분 방법의 불확실성을 평가하였다. 비교에 사용한 정규식생지수, 개량식생지수, 적외반사식생지수(NIRv)에 비해 적외반사식생지수와 광합성유효광(PAR)을 결합한 NIRvP이 식생 및 지형 조건에 의한 공간 이질성으로 인해 관측지에 따라 약간의 차이가 나타났지만, 농경지와 산림에서 모두 30분과 일 단위 시간 해상도에서 GPP와 높은 상관성(r² = 0.63, 0.68)을 보였다. 또한 기존 KoFlux 표준 NEE 배분방법에 비해 기계학습 기반의 NEE 배분 방법을 적용할 경우, 산림에서 30분 단위의 GPP와 NIRvP 사이의 상관성이 향상되었지만, 일 단위에는 그 차이가 크지 않았다. 하지만 광조건 이외에 다른 요인에 의해 광합성이 제한되는 경우 NIRvP와 GPP 간의 상관성이 떨어져 NIRvP를 이용해 실제 배분 결과를 직접 평가하긴 어려웠으며, 주로 광 조건에 의해 광합성이 제한되는 흐린 날의 경우 NEE 배분 정확도를 평가할 수 있는 가능성이 존재하였다. 그러나 높은 시간해상도의 Vis 기반의 GPP 추정이 의미를 가지려면, VIs와 GPP간의 경험적 관계를 넘어서는 시스템 사고 및 자기-조직화와 관련된 복잡계 기반의 분석 방법이 요구된다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Remotely sensed vegetation indices (VIs) are empirically related with gross primary productivity (GPP) in various spatio-temporal scales. The uncertainties in GPP-VI relationship increase with temporal resolution. Uncertainty also exists in the eddy covariance (EC)-based estimation of GPP, arising from the partitioning of the measured net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) into GPP and ecosystem respiration (RE). For two forests and two agricultural sites, we correlated the EC-derived GPP in various time scales with three different near-surface remotely sensed VIs: (1) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), (2) enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and (3) near infrared reflectance from vegetation (NIRv) along with NIRvP (i.e., NIRv multiplied by photosynthetically active radiation, PAR). Among the compared VIs, NIRvP showed highest correlation with half-hourly and monthly GPP at all sites. The NIRvP was used to test the reliability of GPP derived by two different NEE partitioning methods: (1) original KoFlux methods (GPPOri) and (2) machine-learning based method (GPPANN). GPPANN showed higher correlation with NIRvP at half-hourly time scale, but there was no difference at daily time scale. The NIRvP-GPP correlation was lower under clear sky conditions due to co-limitation of GPP by other environmental conditions such as air temperature, vapor pressure deficit and soil moisture. However, under cloudy conditions when photosynthesis is mainly limited by radiation, the use of NIRvP was more promising to test the credibility of NEE partitioning methods. Despite the necessity of further analyses, the results suggest that NIRvP can be used as the proxy of GPP at high temporal-scale. However, for the VIs-based GPP estimation with high temporal resolution to be meaningful, complex systems-based analysis methods (related to systems thinking and self-organization that goes beyond the empirical VIs-GPP relationship) should be developed.

Keyword

표/그림 (8)

그림 Fig. 1. Locations of study sites with photos of flux observation tower in each site.
표 Table 1. Description of the study sites
그림 Fig. 2. Time series of GPP (mg CO₂ m^-2 s^-1), NIRv, NIRvP (W m^-2), NDVI, EVI at two forested sites; Hongcheon mixed forest (HC, left column) and Pyoungchang broadleaved deciduous forest (PYC, right column). All data are at 30-min intervals from 0800 and 1800 KST.
그림 Fig. 3. Time s eries of GPP (mg CO₂ m^-2 s^-1), NIRv, NIRvP (W m^-2), NDVI, EVI at two agricultural sites; Gimje soybean site (GSK, left column) and Gimje rice paddy site (GRK, right column). All data are at 30-min intervals from 0800 and 1800 KST.
그림 Fig. 4. Coefficient of determination (R²) between GPP and vegetation indices (NIRv, NDVI, EVI, and NIRvP) for two forested sites (HC and PYC, top) and two agricultural sites (GSK and GRK, bottom) at different time scales (30-min, day and month).
그림 Fig. 5. Comparison of NIRvP with GPP estimated by original KoFlux NEE partitioning method (GPP_Ori) and GPP estimated by machine learning method (GPP_ANN) at (a) half-hourly time scale and (b) daily time scale from different sites (two forested sites - HC and PYC - and two agricultural sites - GSK and GRK). Each data point is half transparent and darker color indicates more data points.
그림 Fig. 6. Hysteresis of the gross primary production diurnal variation estimated by the KoFlux standardized partitioning method (GPP_Ori, black) and the artificial neural network based partitioning method (GPP_ANN, gray), and that of NIRvP diurnal variation (red) for the PYC site in June and the GRK site in July.
그림 Fig. 7. Comparison of relationship between GPP and NIRvP on clear (green) and cloudy (red) days.

참고문헌 (51)

Badgley, G., L. D. L. Anderegg, J. A. Berry, and C. B. Field, 2019: Terrestrial gross primary production: Using NIR V to scale from site to globe. Global Change Biology 25(11), 3731-3740.

상세보기
Badgley, G., C. B. Field, and J. A. Berry, 2017: Canopy near-infrared reflectance and terrestrial photosynthesis. Science advances 3(3), e1602244.

상세보기
Bandopadhyay, S., A. Rastogi, S. Cogliati, U. Rascher, M. Gabka, and R. Juszczak, 2021: Can vegetation indices serve as proxies for potential Sun-Induced Fluorescence (SIF)? A fuzzy simulation approach on airborne imaging spectroscopy data. Remote Sensing 13(13), 2545.

상세보기
Camps-Valls, G., M. Campos-Taberner, A. Moreno-Martinez, S. Walther, G. Duveiller, A. Cescatti, M. D. Mahecha, J. Munoz-Mari, F. J. Garcia-Haro, L. Guanter, M. Jung, J. A. Gamon, M. Reichstein, and S. W. Running, 2021: A unified vegetation index for quantifying the terrestrial biosphere. Science Advances 7(9), eabc7447.

상세보기
Cho, S., M. Kang, K. Ichii, J. Kim, J. H. Lim, J. H. Chun, C. W. Park, H. S. Kim, S. W. Choi, S. H. Lee, Y. M. Indrawati, and J. Kim, 2021: Evaluation of forest carbon uptake in South Korea using the national flux tower network, remote sensing, and data-driven technology. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 311, 108653.

상세보기
Dechant, B., Y. Ryu, G. Badgley, P. Kohler, U. Rascher, M. Migliavacca, Y. Zhang, G. Tagliabue, K. Guan, M. Rossini, Y. Goulas, Y. Zeng, C. Frankenberg, and J. A. Berry, 2022: NIRVP: A robust structural proxy for sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis across scales. Remote Sensing of Environment 268, 112763.

상세보기
Dechant, B., Y. Ryu, and M. Kang, 2019: Making full use of hyperspectral data for gross primary productivity estimation with multivariate regression: Mechanistic insights from observations and process-based simulations. Remote Sensing of Environment 234, 111435.

상세보기
Fratini, G., A. Ibrom, N. Arriga, G. Burba, and D. Papale, 2012: Relative humidity effects on water vapour fluxes measured with closed-path eddy-covariance systems with short sampling lines. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 165, 53-63.

상세보기
Gamon, J. A., C. B. Field, M. L. Goulden, K. L. Griffin, A. E. Hartley, G. Joel, J. Penuelas, and R. Valentini, 1995: Relationships Between NDVI, Canopy Structure, and Photosynthesis in Three Californian Vegetation Types. Ecological Applications 5(1), 28-41.

상세보기
Gu, L., J. Han, J. D. Wood, C. Y. Chang, and Y. Sun, 2019: Sun-induced Chl fluorescence and its importance for biophysical modeling of photosynthesis based on light reactions. New Phytol 223(3), 1179-1191.

상세보기
Gu, L. H., E. M. Falge, T. Boden, D. D. Baldocchi, T. A. Black, S. R. Saleska, T. Suni, S. B. Verma, T. Vesala, S. C. Wofsy, and L. K. Xu, 2005: Objective threshold determination for nighttime eddy flux filtering. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 128(3-4), 179-197.

상세보기
Horst, T. W., and D. H. Lenschow, 2009: Attenuation of Scalar Fluxes Measured with Spatially-displaced Sensors. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 130(2), 275-300.

상세보기
Huete, A., K. Didan, T. Miura, E. P. Rodriguez, X. Gao, and L. G. Ferreira, 2002: Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices. Remote Sensing of Environment 83(1-2), 195-213.

상세보기
Hur, J., K.-M. Shim, B. Lee, Y. Kim, and S. Jo, 2020: Estimation and Comparison of Carbon Uptake in Rice Paddy, Dry Cropland and Grove in South Korea using Eddy Covariance Flux Data. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 39(4), 334-342.

원문보기 상세보기
Ichii, K., M. Ueyama, M. Kondo, N. Saigusa, J. Kim, M. C. Alberto, J. Ardo, E. S. Euskirchen, M. Kang, T. Hirano, J. Joiner, H. Kobayashi, L. B. Marchesini, L. Merbold, A. Miyata, T. M. Saitoh, K. Takagi, A. Varlagin, M. S. Bret-Harte, K. Kitamura, Y. Kosugi, A. Kotani, K. Kumar, S. G. Li, T. Machimura, Y. Matsuura, Y. Mizoguchi, T. Ohta, S. Mukherjee, Y. Yanagi, Y. Yasuda, Y. P. Zhang, and F. H. Zhao, 2017: New data-driven estimation of terrestrial CO 2 fluxes in Asia using a standardized database of eddy covariance measurements, remote sensing data, and support vector regression. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences 122(4), 767-795.

상세보기
Jarvis, P. G., 1976: The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 273(927), 593-610.

상세보기
Jiang, Z. Y., A. R. Huete, K. Didan, and T. Miura, 2008: Development of a two-band enhanced vegetation index without a blue band. Remote Sensing of Environment 112(10), 3833-3845.

상세보기
Jung, M., M. Reichstein, H. A. Margolis, A. Cescatti, A. D. Richardson, M. A. Arain, A. Arneth, C. Bernhofer, D. Bonal, J. Q. Chen, D. Gianelle, N. Gobron, G. Kiely, W. Kutsch, G. Lasslop, B. E. Law, A. Lindroth, L. Merbold, L. Montagnani, E. J. Moors, D. Papale, M. Sottocornola, F. Vaccari, and C. Williams, 2011: Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences 116(G3).
Kang, M., J. Kim, S. H. Lee, J. Kim, J. H. Chun, and S. Cho, 2018: Changes and improvements of the standardized eddy covariance data processing in KoFlux. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 20(1), 5-17.

원문보기 상세보기
Kang, M., J. Kim, B. Malla Thakuri, J. Chun, and C. Cho, 2019: Modification of the moving point test method for nighttime eddy CO 2 flux filtering on hilly and complex terrains. MethodsX 6, 1207-1217.

상세보기
Kim, J., Y. Ryu, C. Jiang, and Y. Hwang, 2019: Continuous observation of vegetation canopy dynamics using an integrated low-cost, near-surface remote sensing system. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 264, 164-177.

상세보기
Kira, O., C. Y. Y. Chang, L. Gu, J. Wen, Z. Hong, and Y. Sun, 2021: Partitioning Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) of CO 2 Using Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF). Geophysical Research Letters 48(4), e2020GL091247.

상세보기
Li, Z. H., Q. Zhang, J. Li, X. Yang, Y. F. Wu, Z. Y. Zhang, S. H. Wang, H. Z. Wang, and Y. G. Zhang, 2020: Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and its link to canopy photosynthesis in maize from continuous ground measurements. Remote Sensing of Environment 236, 111420.

상세보기
Lin, C. J., P. Gentine, C. Frankenberg, S. Zhou, D. Kennedy, and X. Li, 2019: Evaluation and mechanism exploration of the diurnal hysteresis of ecosystem fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 278, 107642.

상세보기
Liu, L., X. Liu, J. Chen, S. Du, Y. Ma, X. Qian, S. Chen, and D. Peng, 2020: Estimating maize GPP using near-infrared radiance of vegetation. Science of Remote Sensing 2, 100009.

상세보기
Liu, X., L. Liu, J. Hu, and S. Du, 2017: Modeling the footprint and equivalent radiance transfer path length for tower-based hemispherical observations of chlorophyll fluorescence. Sensors (Basel) 17(5), 1131.

상세보기
Lloyd, J., and J. A. Taylor, 1994: On the temperature-dependence of soil respiration. Functional Ecology 8(3), 315-323.

상세보기
Magney, T. S., D. R. Bowling, B. A. Logan, K. Grossmann, J. Stutz, P. D. Blanken, S. P. Burns, R. Cheng, M. A. Garcia, P. Khler, S. Lopez, N. C. Parazoo, B. Raczka, D. Schimel, and C. Frankenberg, 2019: Mechanistic evidence for tracking the seasonality of photosynthesis with solar-induced fluorescence. Proceedings of the Nattional Academy of Sciences 116(24), 11640-11645.

상세보기
Malhi, Y., P. Meir, and S. Brown, 2002: Forests, carbon and global climate. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Math Physical and Engineering Sciences 360(1797), 1567-1591.

상세보기
Mauder, M., and T. Foken, 2006: Impact of post-field data processing on eddy covariance flux estimates and energy balance closure. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15(6), 597-609.

상세보기
McMillen, R. T., 1988: An eddy correlation technique with extended applicability to non-simple terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 43(3), 231-245.

상세보기
Moncrieff, J., R. Clement, J. Finnigan, and T. Meyers, 2004: Averaging, detrending, and filtering of eddy covariance time series. In Handbook of micrometeorology, Springer, Dordrecht, 7-31.
Norton, A. J., P. J. Rayner, E. N. Koffi, M. Scholze, J. D. Silver, and Y. P. Wang, 2019: Estimating global gross primary productivity using chlorophyll fluorescence and a data assimilation system with the BETHY-SCOPE model. Biogeosciences 16(15), 3069-3093.

상세보기
Oikawa, P. Y., G. D. Jenerette, S. H. Knox, C. Sturtevant, J. Verfaillie, I. Dronova, C. M. Poindexter, E. Eichelmann, and D. D. Baldocchi, 2017: Evaluation of a hierarchy of models reveals importance of substrate limitation for predicting carbon dioxide and methane exchange in restored wetlands. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences 122(1), 145-167.

상세보기
Papaioannou, G., N. Papanikolaou, and D. Retalis, 1993: Relationships of Photosynthetically Active Radiation and Shortwave Irradiance. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 48(1), 23-27.

상세보기
Papale, D., M. Reichstein, M. Aubinet, E. Canfora, C. Bernhofer, W. Kutsch, B. Longdoz, S. Rambal, R. Valentini, T. Vesala, and D. Yakir, 2006: Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation. Biogeosciences 3(4), 571-583.

상세보기
Peng, Y., and A. A. Gitelson, 2011: Application of chlorophyll-related vegetation indices for remote estimation of maize productivity. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151(9), 1267-1276.

상세보기
Porcar-Castell, A., E. Tyystjarvi, J. Atherton, C. van der Tol, J. Flexas, E. E. Pfundel, J. Moreno, C. Frankenberg, and J. A. Berry, 2014: Linking chlorophyll a fluorescence to photosynthesis for remote sensing applications: mechanisms and challenges. Journal of Experimental Botany 65(15), 4065-4095.

상세보기
R Core Team, 2021: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Rahman, M. M., D. W. Lamb, and J. N. Stanley, 2015: The impact of solar illumination angle when using active optical sensing of NDVI to infer fAPAR in a pasture canopy. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 202, 39-43.

상세보기
Reichstein, M., E. Falge, D. Baldocchi, D. Papale, M. Aubinet, P. Berbigier, C. Bernhofer, N. Buchmann, T. Gilmanov, A. Granier, T. Grunwald, K. Havrankova, H. Ilvesniemi, D. Janous, A. Knohl, T. Laurila, A. Lohila, D. Loustau, G. Matteucci, T. Meyers, F. Miglietta, J. M. Ourcival, J. Pumpanen, S. Rambal, E. Rotenberg, M. Sanz, J. Tenhunen, G. Seufert, F. Vaccari, T. Vesala, D. Yakir, and R. Valentini, 2005: On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm. Global Change Biology 11(9), 1424-1439.

상세보기
Ryu, Y., D. D. Baldocchi, H. Kobayashi, C. van Ingen, J. Li, T. A. Black, J. Beringer, E. van Gorsel, A. Knohl, B. E. Law, and O. Roupsard, 2011: Integration of MODIS land and atmosphere products with a coupled-process model to estimate gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration from 1 km to global scales. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 25(4).
Ryu, Y., J. A. Berry, and D. D. Baldocchi, 2019: What is global photosynthesis? History, uncertainties and opportunities. Remote Sensing of Environment 223, 95-114.

상세보기
Thum, T., S. Zaehle, P. Kohler, T. Aalto, M. Aurela, L. Guanter, P. Kolari, T. Laurila, A. Lohila, F. Magnani, C. Van der Tol, and T. Markkanen, 2017: Modelling sun-induced fluorescence and photosynthesis with a land surface model at local and regional scales in northern Europe. Biogeosciences 14(7), 1969-1987.

상세보기
Tramontana, G., M. Migliavacca, M. Jung, M. Reichstein, T. F. Keenan, G. Camps-Valls, J. Ogee, J. Verrelst, and D. Papale, 2020: Partitioning net carbon dioxide fluxes into photosynthesis and respiration using neural networks. Global Change Biology 26(9), 5235- 5253.

상세보기
Van Dijk, A., A. Moene, and H. De Bruin, 2004: The principles of surface flux physics: theory, practice and description of the ECPACK library. Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands 99, 525.
Webb, E. K., G. I. Pearman, and R. Leuning, 1980: Correction of Flux Measurements for Density Effects Due to Heat and Water-Vapor Transfer. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 106(447), 85-100.

상세보기
Wesely, M. L., G. W. Thurtell, and C. B. Tanner, 1970: Eddy Correlation Measurements of Sensible Heat Flux near the Earth's Surface. Journal of Applied Meteorology 9(1), 45-50.

상세보기
Wilczak, J. M., S. P. Oncley, and S. A. Stage, 2001: Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 99(1), 127-150.

상세보기
Wu, G. H., K. Y. Guan, C. Y. Jiang, B. Peng, H. Kimm, M. Chen, X. Yang, S. Wang, A. E. Suyker, C. J. Bernacchi, C. E. Moore, Y. L. Zeng, J. A. Berry, and M. P. Cendrero-Mateo, 2020: Radiance-based NIRv as a proxy for GPP of corn and soybean. Environmental Research Letters 15(3), 034009.

상세보기
Yuan, R. M., M. Kang, S. B. Park, J. Hong, D. Rhee, and J. Kim, 2007: The effect of coordinate rotation on the eddy covariance flux estimation in a Hilly KoFlux forest catchment. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 9(2), 100-108.

원문보기 상세보기

저자의 다른 논문 :

활용도 분석정보

상세보기

다운로드

내보내기

활용도 Top5 논문

해당 논문의 주제분야에서 활용도가 높은 상위 5개 콘텐츠를 보여줍니다.
더보기 버튼을 클릭하시면 더 많은 관련자료를 살펴볼 수 있습니다.

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증