$\require{mediawiki-texvc}$

연합인증

연합인증 가입 기관의 연구자들은 소속기관의 인증정보(ID와 암호)를 이용해 다른 대학, 연구기관, 서비스 공급자의 다양한 온라인 자원과 연구 데이터를 이용할 수 있습니다.

이는 여행자가 자국에서 발행 받은 여권으로 세계 각국을 자유롭게 여행할 수 있는 것과 같습니다.

연합인증으로 이용이 가능한 서비스는 NTIS, DataON, Edison, Kafe, Webinar 등이 있습니다.

한번의 인증절차만으로 연합인증 가입 서비스에 추가 로그인 없이 이용이 가능합니다.

다만, 연합인증을 위해서는 최초 1회만 인증 절차가 필요합니다. (회원이 아닐 경우 회원 가입이 필요합니다.)

연합인증 절차는 다음과 같습니다.

최초이용시에는
ScienceON에 로그인 → 연합인증 서비스 접속 → 로그인 (본인 확인 또는 회원가입) → 서비스 이용

그 이후에는
ScienceON 로그인 → 연합인증 서비스 접속 → 서비스 이용

연합인증을 활용하시면 KISTI가 제공하는 다양한 서비스를 편리하게 이용하실 수 있습니다.

고준위 방사성 폐기물 지질처분을 위한 해외 선진국의 심부 지하수 환경 연구동향 분석 및 시사점 도출
Status and Implications of Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Deep Groundwater for Deep Geological Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Wastes in Developed Countries 원문보기

자원환경지질 = Economic and environmental geology, v.55 no.6, 2022년, pp.737 - 760  

최재훈 (고려대학교 지구환경과학과) ,  유순영 (한국지질자원연구원) ,  박선주 ((주)어쓰이엔지) ,  박정훈 ((주)어쓰이엔지) ,  윤성택 (고려대학교 지구환경과학과)

초록
AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

고준위 방사성 폐기물(High-level radioactive waste; HLW)의 지질처분을 위해서는 심부 지하 환경에 대한 이해가 선행되어야 하며, 이는 지질학적, 수리지질학적, 지구화학적, 지질공학적 조사를 통해 가능하다. 우리나라는 HLW의 지질처분을 계획하고 있으나, 심부 지하 환경의 지구화학적 특성에 관한 연구가 부족한 편이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 지질처분 부지 선정을 위한 지구화학적 조사를 중심으로 선진국의 심부 지하수 연구 동향을 살펴봄으로써 앞으로 국내 수리지구화학 분야의 연구 과제를 도출하는데 참고하고자 하였다. 해외 8개 국가(미국, 캐나다, 핀란드, 스웨덴, 프랑스, 독일, 일본, 스위스)의 심부 지하 환경 조사 방법 및 결과와 함께 지질처분 부지 결정 과정과 향후 연구 계획을 살펴본 결과, 해외 선진국에서는 심부 지하 환경의 지구화학적 특성화를 위해 지하수 및 난대수층 내 간극수의 수화학과 동위원소(예: SO42-의 34S, 18O, DIC의 13C, 14C, H2O의 2H, 18O), 균열 충전광물(fracture-filling minerals), 유기물, 콜로이드, 산화-환원 지시자(예: Eh, Fe2+/Fe3+, H2S/SO42-, NH4+/NO3-) 등을 조사하고 있으며, 이들 지구화학 자료의 통합 해석을 통해 해당 심부 환경이 지질처분에 적합한지를 평가하였다. 국내의 경우, 인공신경망을 이용한 Self-Organizing Map(자기조직화 지도), 다변량 통계 기반 M3 모델링(지하수 혼합 모델), 반응-경로 모델(reaction path model) 등을 이용하여 심부 지하수의 수화학적 유형 분류 및 진화 패턴 규명, 천부 지하수 혼합 영향, 균열 충전광물과 지하수화학 사이의 관계를 규명한 바 있다. 그러나 지질처분 부지를 선정하는데 있어 과학적 근거를 확보하기 위해 중요한 기타 지구화학 자료(예: 동위원소, 산화-환원 지시자, 용존유기물)가 매우 부족한 현실이며, 따라서 최적의 지질 처분지를 찾기 위해서는 지역별/유형별 심부 지하수에 대한 지구화학적 자료 구축이 요구된다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

For the geological disposal of high-level radioactive wastes (HLW), an understanding of deep subsurface environment is essential through geological, hydrogeological, geochemical, and geotechnical investigations. Although South Korea plans the geological disposal of HLW, only a few studies have been ...

주제어

#고준위 방사성폐기물   #심부 지질처분   #심부 지하수   #수리지구화학 특성화   #지하연구실  

참고문헌 (111)

  1. Aalto, P., Aaltonen, I. and Kemppainen, K. (2009) Programme for？repository host rock characterisation in the ONKALO (ReRoC).？https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_qRN:43066563 

  2. Ahlers, C.F., Finsterle, S. and Bodvarsson, G.S. (1999) Characterization？and prediction of subsurface pneumatic response at Yucca？Mountain, Nevada. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v.38,？p.47-68. doi: 10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00011-X 

    상세보기 crossref

  3. Aikin, A.M., Harrison, J.M. and Hare, F.K. (1977) The management？of Canada's nuclear wastes. https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_qRN:9399170 

  4. Alley, W.M. and Parker, B.L. (2014) Geologic Disposal of Spent？Nuclear Fuel: An Earth Science Perspective. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269994551 

  5. ANDRA (2020) The Cigeo Project France's Industrial Centre for？Geological Disposal of radioactive waste. 

  6. Andrews, J.N., Fontes, J.C., Fritz, P. and Nordstrom, K. (1988)？Hydrogeochemical Assessment of Crystalline Rock for Radioactive？Waste Disposal: The Stripa Experience. Technical Report, SKB. 

  7. Bath, A. (2002) Geochemical Parameters Required from the SKB Site？Characterisation Programme S i SKI Perspective Background. 

  8. BGE (2020) Sub-areas Interim Report pursuant to Section 13？StandAG. 

  9. Birkholzer, J., Houseworth, J. and Tsang, C.F. (2012) Geologic？disposal of high-level radioactive waste: status, key issues, and？trends. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, v.37,？p.79-106. doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-090611-143314 

    상세보기 crossref

  10. Bodvarsson, G.S., Boyle, W., Patterson, R. and Williams, D. (1999)？Overview of scientific investigations at Yucca Mountain - the？potential repository for high-level nuclear waste. Journal of？Contaminant Hydrology, v.38, p.3-24. doi: 10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00009-1 

    상세보기 crossref

  11. Bossart, P., Bernier, F., Birkholzer, J., Bruggeman, C., Connolly, P.,？Dewonck, S., Fukaya, M., Herfort, M., Jensen, M., Matray, J.-M., Mayor, J.C., Moeri, A., Oyama, T., Schuster, K., Shigeta, N.,？Vietor, T. and Wieczorek, K. (2017) Mont Terri rock laboratory,？20 years of research: introduction, site characteristics and？overview of experiments. Swiss Journal of Geosciences, v.110,？p.3-22. doi: 10.1007/s00015-016-0236-1 

    상세보기 crossref

  12. Bossart, P. and Thury, M. (2007) Research in the Mont Terri Rock？laboratory: Quo vadis? Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts？A/B/C, v.32, p.19-31. doi: 10.1016/J.PCE.2006.04.031 

    상세보기 crossref

  13. Bredehoeft, J.D. and Maini, T. (1981) Strategy for radioactive waste？disposal in crystalline rocks. Science, v.213, p.293-296 doi: 10.1126/science.213.4505.293 

    상세보기 crossref

  14. Brewitz, W. and Rothfuchs, T. (2007) Concepts and Technologies for？Radioactive Waste Disposal in Rock Salt. In Acta Montanistica？Slovaca Rocnik, v.12, p.67-74. 

  15. Brookins, D.G. (1984) Geochemical aspects of radioactive waste？disposal. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4613-8254-6 

    crossref

  16. Chae, G.T., Yun, S.T., Kim, K. and Mayer, B. (2006) Hydrogeochemistry？of sodium-bicarbonate type bedrock groundwater in the Pocheon？spa area, South Korea: water-rock interaction and hydrologic？mixing. Journal of Hydrology, v.321, p.326-343. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.08.006 

    상세보기 crossref

  17. Charlier, F. (2019) Comparative Survey of International Repository？Projects. Mining Report Glukauf, v.15, no.5, p.454-465. 

  18. Delay, J., Lebon, P. and Rebours, H. (2010) Meuse/Haute-Marne？centre: next steps towards a deep disposal facility. Journal of？Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, v.2, p.52-70.？doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1235.2010.00052 

    crossref

  19. Delay, J., Rebours, H., Vinsot, A. and Robin, P. (2007) Scientific？investigation in deep wells for nuclear waste disposal studies at？the Meuse/Haute Marne underground research laboratory,？Northeastern France. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts？A/B/C, v.32, p.42-57. doi: 10.1016/J.PCE.2005.11.004 

    상세보기 crossref

  20. Delay, J., Vinsot, A., Krieguer, J.M., Rebours, H. and Armand, G.？(2007) Making of the underground scientific experimental？programme at the Meuse/Haute-Marne underground research？laboratory, North Eastern France. Physics and Chemistry of the？Earth, Parts A/B/C, v.32, p.2-18. doi: 10.1016/J.PCE.2006.04.033 

    상세보기 crossref

  21. Dideriksen, K., Christiansen, B.C., Baker, J.A., Frandsen, C., Balic-Zunic, T., Tullborg, E., Morup, S. and Stipp, S.L.S. (2007) Feoxide fracture fillings as a paleo-redox indicator: structure,？crystal form and Fe isotope composition. Chemical Geology,？v.244, p.330-343. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.06.027 

    상세보기 crossref

  22. Doughty, C. (1999a) Investigation of conceptual and numerical？approaches for evaluating moisture, gas, chemical, and heat？transport in fractured unsaturated rock. Journal of Contaminant？Hydrology, v.38, p.69-106. doi: 10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00012-1 

    상세보기 crossref

  23. Doughty, C. (1999b) Investigation of conceptual and numerical？approaches for evaluating moisture, gas, chemical, and heat？transport in fractured unsaturated rock. Journal of Contaminant？Hydrology, v.38, p.69-106. doi: 10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00012-1 

    상세보기 crossref

  24. Eichinger, F., Hammerli, J., Waber, H.N., Diamond, L.W. and？Smellie, J.A.T. (2013) Chemistry and Dissolved Gases of Matrix？Pore Water and Fluid Inclusions in Olkiluoto Bedrock From？Drillhole ONK-PH9. IAEA Working Report 2011-63. 

  25. Fairhurst, C., Gera, F., Gnirk, P., Gray, M. and Stillborg, B. (1993)？The International Stripa Project: an overview. Tunnelling and？Underground Space Technology, v.8, p.315-343. doi: 10.1016/0886-7798(93)90018-Q 

    상세보기 crossref

  26. Garcia-Gutierrez, M., Cormenzana, J.L., Missana, T., Mingarro, M.,？Alonso, U., Samper, J., Yang, Q. and Yi, S. (2008) Diffusion？experiments in Callovo-Oxfordian clay from the Meuse/Haute-Marne URL, France. Experimental setup and data analyses.？Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, v.33(SUPPL.？1), p.S125-S130. doi: 10.1016/J.PCE.2008.10.019 

    상세보기 crossref

  27. Gaucher, E., Robelin, C., Matray, J.M., Negrel, G., Gros, Y., Heitz,？J.F., Vinsot, A., Rebours, H., Cassagnabere, A. and Bouchet, A.？(2004) ANDRA underground research laboratory: interpretation？of the mineralogical and geochemical data acquired in the？Callovian-Oxfordian formation by investigative drilling. Physics？and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, v.29, p.55-77. doi: 10.1016/J.PCE.2003.11.006 

    상세보기 crossref

  28. Gimeno, M.J., Auque, L.F., Acero, P. and Gomez, J.B. (2014)？Hydrogeochemical characterisation and modelling of groundwaters？in a potential geological repository for spent nuclear fuel in？crystalline rocks (Laxemar, Sweden). Applied Geochemistry,？v.45, p.50-71. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.03.003 

    상세보기 crossref

  29. Gimmi, T. and Waber, H.N. (2004) Modeling of Tracer Profiles in？Pore Water of Argillaceous Rocks in the Benken Borehole:？Stable Water Isotopes, Chloride, and Chlorine Isotopes. Technical？Report 04-05, NAGRA. 

  30. Gomez, J.B., Gimeno, M.J., Auque, L.F. and Acero, P. (2014)？Characterisation and modelling of mixing processes in groundwaters？of a potential geological repository for nuclear wastes in？crystalline rocks of Sweden. Science of the Total Environment,？v.468-469, p.791-803. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.007 

    상세보기 crossref

  31. Grambow, B. (2016) Geological disposal of radioactive waste in Clay.？Elements, v.12, p.239-245. doi: 10.2113/gselements.12.4.239 

    상세보기 crossref

  32. Grauer, R. (1994) Bentonite as a Backfill Material in a High-Level？Waste Repository. MRS Bulletin, v.19, p.43-46. doi: 10.1557/S0883769400048697 

    상세보기 crossref

  33. Hall, D.S., Behazin, M., Jeffrey, B.W. and Keech, P.G. (2021) An？evaluation of corrosion processes affecting copper-coated nuclear？waste containers in a deep geological repository. Progress in Materials？Science, v.118, p.100766. doi: 10.1016/J.PMATSCI.2020.100766 

    상세보기 crossref

  34. Hansen, F.D., Hardin, E.L., Rechard, R.P., Freeze, G.A., Sassani,？D.C., Brady, P.V., Stone, C.M., Martinez, M.J., Holland, J.F.,？Dewers, T., Gaither, K.N., Sobolik, S.R. and Cygan, R.T. (2010)？Shale Disposal of U.S. High-Level Radioactive Waste. doi: 10.2172/992338 

  35. Haukwa, C.B., Wu, Y.S. and Bodvarsson, G.S. (1999) Thermal？loading studies using the Yucca Mountain unsaturated zone？model. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v.38, p.217-255. doi: 10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00016-9 

    상세보기 crossref

  36. Hedin, A. (1997) Spent nuclear fuel - How dangerous is it? A report？from the project 'Description of risk'. Technical Report 97-13,？IAEA. 

  37. Hoyer, E.M., Luijendijk, E., Muller, P., Kreye, P., Panitz, F.,？Gawletta, D. and Ruhaak, W. (2021) Preliminary safety analyses？in the high-level radioactive waste site selection procedure in？Germany. Advances in Geosciences, v.56, p.67-75. doi: 10.5194/adgeo-56-67-2021 

    상세보기 crossref

  38. Hu, Q.H., Rose, T.P., Zabarin, N., Smith, D.K., Moran, J.E. and？Zhao, P. H. (2006) Assessing field-scale migration of radionuclides？at the Nevada Test Site: "Mobile" species. Journal of Environmental？Radioactivity, v.99, p.1617-1630. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.06.007 

    상세보기 crossref

  39. IAEA (2002) Issues and Trends in Radioactive Waste Management.？Proceedings od an International Conference (Vienna, 2002). IAEA. 

  40. IAEA (2003) Scientific and Technical Basis for the Geological？Disposalof Radioactive Wastes. Technical Report Series, No.？413, IAEA. 

  41. IAEA (2015) INPRO Dialogue Forum on Cooperative Approaches？to the Back End of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Drivers and Legal,？Institutional and Financial Impediments. International Conference？on the Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Reactors,？IAEA. 

  42. Ingebritsen, S.E., Sanford, W.E. and Neuzil, C.E. (2006) Groundwater？in Geologic Processes. Cambridge University Press. 

  43. JNC (2000) H12: Project to Establish the Scientific and Technical？Basis for HLW Disposal, JNC. 

  44. Karnbranslehantering, S. (2005) Hydrogeochemical evaluation？Preliminary site description Forsmark area - version 1.2, Svensk？Karnbranslehantering AB. www.skb.se 

  45. Kaul, A. and Rothemeyer, H. (1997) Investigation and evaluation of？the Gorleben site: a status report. In Nuclear Engineering and？Design, v.176, p.83-88, doi: 10.1016/S0029-5493(96)01345-3. 

    상세보기 crossref

  46. Kharecha, P.A. and Hansen, J.E. (2013) Prevented Mortality and？Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Historical and Projected？Nuclear Power Terms of Use. Environmental Science and？Technology, v.47, p.4889-4895. doi: 10.1021/es3051197 

    상세보기 crossref

  47. Kim, K.H., Yun, S.T., Yu, S., Choi, B.Y., Kim, M.J. and Lee, K.J.？(2020) Geochemical pattern recognitions of deep thermal？groundwater in South Korea using self-organizing map: Identified？pathways of geochemical reaction and mixing. Journal of Hydrology,？v.589, article 125202. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125202 

    상세보기 crossref

  48. Kondo, S. (2021) Strategies and Practices to Enhance Public Awareness？for Implementing Radioactive Waste Management Programmes？in Japan. https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_qRN:53084517 

  49. Kong, D.C., Dong, C.F., Xiao, K. and Li, X.G. (2017) Effect of？temperature on copper corrosion in high-level nuclear waste？environment. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of？China, v.27, p.1431-1438. doi: 10.1016/S1003-6326(17)60165-1 

    상세보기 crossref

  50. Krall, L., Evins, L.Z., Kooijman, E., Whitehouse, M. and Tullborg,？E.L. (2019) Tracing the palaeoredox conditions at Forsmark, Sweden,？using uranium mineral geochronology. Chemical Geology, v.506,？p.68-78. doi: 10.1016/J.CHEMGEO.2018.12.013 

    상세보기 crossref

  51. Laaksoharju, M., Ab, G., Smellie, J., Gimeno, M., Auque, L., Gomez,？J. and Karnbranslehantering, S. (2004) Hydrogeochemical evaluation？of the Simpevarp area, model version 1.1. www.skb.se 

  52. Laaksoharju, M., Skarman, C. and Skarman, E. (1999) Multivariate？mixing and mass balance (M3) calculations, a new tool for？decoding hydrogeochemical information. Applied Geochemistry,？v.14, p.861-871. doi: 10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00024-4 

    상세보기 crossref

  53. Laaksoharju, M., Smellie, J., Tullborg, E.L., Gimeno, M., Molinero, J.,？Gurban, I. and Hallbeck, L. (2008) Hydrogeochemical evaluation？and modelling performed within the Swedish site investigation？programme. Applied Geochemistry, v.23, p.1761-1795. doi: 10.1016/J.APGEOCHEM.2008.02.015 

    상세보기 crossref

  54. Mariner, P.E., Lee, J.H., Hardin, E.L., Hansen, F.D., Freeze, G.A.,？Lord, A.S., Goldstein, B. and Price, R.H. (2011) Granite Disposal？of U.S. High-Level Radioactive Waste. doi: 10.2172/1029794 

  55. Matsumoto, T., Hyodo, H., Saegusa, H., Deguchi, A. and Umeki, H.？(2017) Scientific Basis for Nationwide Screening Geological？Disposal Sites in Japan. http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/category/electricity_a 

  56. Mazurek, M., Pearson, F.J., Volckaert, J., and Bock, H. (2003)？Features, events and processes evaluation catalogue for argillaceous？media. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development？- Nuclear Energy Agency, Paris. 

  57. McEwen, T. and Aikas, T. (2000) The site selection process for a？spent fuel repository in Finland. Summary Report. Posiva Oy. 

  58. Melkior, T., Yahiaoui, S., Motellier, S., Thoby, D. and Tevissen, E.？(2005) Cesium sorption and diffusion in Bure mudrock？samples. Applied Clay Science, v.29, p.172-186. doi: 10.1016/J.CLAY.2004.12.008 

    상세보기 crossref

  59. Milnes, A.G. (2002) Swedish deep repository siting programme -？Guide to the documentation of 25 years of geoscientific research？(1976-2000). Technical Report TR-02-18, SKB. 

  60. NAGRA (2010) Annual Report 2010, Wettingen, Switzerland. 

  61. NEA and OECD (2003) Engineered barrier systems and the safety？of deep geological repositories？: state-of-the-art report. OECD？Publishing. 

  62. Nilsson, A.-C., Ab. G., Tullborg, E.L. and others (2011). Svensk？Karnbranslehantering AB. SFR site investigation Bedrock？Hydrogeochemistry. Report, SKB. www.skb.se. 

  63. Nordstrom, D.K., Andrews, J.N. and Fritz, P. (1985) Hydrogeological？and Hydrogeochemical Investigations in Boreholes. Final report？of the phase I. Geochemical investigations of the Stripa？groundwaters. Technical Report, SKB. 

  64. Nuclear Energy Agency (2013) Underground Research laboratories？(URL). www.oecd-nea.org 

  65. NUMO (2004) Evaluating Site Suitability for a HLW Repository？Scientific Background and Practical Application of NUMO's？Siting Factors. 

  66. Ouzounian, G., Harman, A., Labalette, T. and Dupuis, M.-C. (2014)？Cigeo, the Project for Geological Disposal Project of Radioactive？Waste in France. 

  67. Pitkanen, P., Partamies, S., Ahokas, S. and others (2006) Results of？Monitoring at Olkiluoto in 2006. Hydrogeochemistry. Posiva？Technical Report, POSIVA-WR-07-51. 

  68. Posiva Oy (2001) Hydrochemical stability of groundwaters surrounding？a spent nuclear fuel repository in a 100,000 year perspective.？Posiva Report 2001-06. 

  69. Posiva Oy (2014) Safety case for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel？at Olkiluoto - Description of the Disposal System 2012. Posiva？Report 2012-05. 

  70. Posiva Oy (2010) TKS-2009 nuclear waste management at Olkiluoto？and Loviisa power plants: Review of current status and future？plans for 2010-2012. 

  71. Posiva Oy (2011) Olkiluoto Site Description 2011. 

  72. Pruess, K., Faybishenko, B. and Bodvarsson, G.S. (1999) Alternative？concepts and approaches for modeling flow and transport in thick？unsaturated zones of fractured rocks. Journal of Contaminant？Hydrology, v.38, p.281-322. doi: 10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00018-2 

    상세보기 crossref

  73. Raven, K.G., Sterling, S.N., Jackson, R.E., Avis, J.D. and Clark, I.D.？(2010) Geoscientific site characterization of the proposed Deep？Geologic Repository, Tiverton, Ontario. 

  74. Raven, K., Mccreath, D., Jackson, R., Clark, I., Heagle, D., Sterling,？S. and Avis, J. (2010) Descriptive Geosphere Site Model, Deep？Geologic Repository Bruce Nuclear Site. Intera Report. 

  75. Raven, K., Sterling, S., Gaines, S., Wigston, A. and Frizzell, R.？(2009) Regional and site geological frameworks-proposed Deep？Geologic Repository, Bruce County, Ontario. www.nwmo.ca/dgr 

  76. Ritcey, A.C. and Wu, Y.S. (1999) Evaluation of the effect of future？climate change on the distribution and movement of moisture in？the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, NV. Journal of？Contaminant Hydrology, v.38, p.257-279. doi: 10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00017-0 

    상세보기 crossref

  77. Russell, D.J., Gale, J.E. (1982) Radioactive Waste Disposal in the？Sedimentary Rocks of Southern Ontario. Geoscience Canada,？v.9, p.200-207. 

  78. Sadekin, S., Zaman, S., Mahfuz, M. and Sarkar, R. (2019) Nuclear？power as foundation of a clean energy future: A review. Energy？Procedia, v.160, p.513-518. doi: 10.1016/J.EGYPRO.2019.02.200 

    상세보기 crossref

  79. Sahlstedt, E. (2015) Stable isotope composition of mineral proxies？as a record of fluid evolution in fractured bedrock, the Olkiluoto？site, Finland. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi 

  80. Sahlstedt, E., Karhu, J.A. and Pitkanen, P. (2010) Indications for the？past redox environments in deep groundwaters from the isotopic？composition of carbon and oxygen in fracture calcite, Olkiluoto,？SW Finland. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, v.46,？p.370-391. doi: 10.1080/10256016.2010.505981 

    상세보기 crossref

  81. Sahlstedt, E., Karhu, J. and Rinne-Garmston, K.T. (2012) Fracture？Mineral Investigations at Olkiluoto in 2010: Implications to？Paleohydrogeology. Posiva Report 94. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3389.7683 

    crossref

  82. Salonen, T., Lamminmaki, T., Fraser, K. and Pastina, B. (2020)？Status report of the Finnish spent fuel geologic repository？programme and ongoing corrosion studies. v.72, p.14-24. doi: 10.1002/maco.202011805 

    상세보기 crossref

  83. Schneeberger, R., Kober, F., Lanyon, G.W., Mader, U.K., Spillmann,？T. and Blechschmidt, I. (2019) Grimsel Test Site: Revisiting the？site-specific geoscientific knowledge. www.nagra.ch 

  84. Schneeberger, R., Mader, U.K. and Waber, H.N. (2017) Hydro-chemical and Isotopic (δ 2 H, δ 18 O, 3 H) Characterization of？Fracture Water in Crystalline Rock (Grimsel, Switzerland).？Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, v.17, p.738-741. doi: 10.1016/J.PROEPS.2016.12.187 

    상세보기 crossref

  85. Seitsamo-Ryynanen, M., Karhu, J.A., Pitkanen, P. and Whitehouse,？M. (2022) Isotopic signatures of precent-day calcite and pyrite in？low-temperature crystalline bedrock, Olkiluoto, SW Finland.？Applied Geochemistry, v.141, article105308. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2022.105308 

    상세보기 crossref

  86. Siren, T. (2017) Overview of Finnish Spent Nuclear Fuel Disposal？Programme. Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and？Energy Resources Engineers, v.54, p.367-376. doi: 10.12972/ksmer.2017.54.4.367 

    상세보기 crossref

  87. Smellie, J.A.T. (1999) Evaluation of the quality of groundwater？sampling: experience derived from radioactive waste disposal？programmes in Sweden and Finland during 1980-1992. Posiva. 

  88. Smellie, J., Larsson, N.-A., Wikberg, P. and Carlsson, L. (1985)？Hydrochemical investigations in crystalline bedrock in relation？to existing hydraulic conditions: Experience from the SKB test-sites in Sweden. Technical Report 85-11, SKB. 

  89. Smellie, J., Pitkanen, P., Koskinen, L., Aaltonen, I., Eichinger, F.,？Waber, N., Sahlstedt, E., Siitari-Kauppi, M., Karhu, J., Lofman,？J. and Poteri, A. (2014) Evolution of the Olkiluoto Site: Palaeo-hydrogeochemical Considerations. Working Report 2014-27, IAEA. 

  90. Sonnenthal, E. L. and Bodvarsson, G.S. (1999) Constraints on the？hydrology of the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, NV from？three-dimensional models of chloride and strontium geochemistry.？Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v.38, p.107-156. doi: 10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00013-3 

    상세보기 crossref

  91. Strom, A., Andersson, J., Skagius, K. and Winberg, A. (2008) Site？descriptive modelling during characterization for a geological？repository for nuclear waste in Sweden. Applied Geochemistry,？v.23, p.1747-1760. doi: 10.1016/J.APGEOCHEM.2008.02.014 

    상세보기 crossref

  92. Suksi, J., Tullborg, E.-L., Pidchenko, I., Krall, L., Sandstrom, B.,？Kaksonen, K., Vitova, T., Kvashnina, K. O. and Gottlicher, J.？(2021) Uranium remobilisation in anoxic deep rock-groundwater？system in response to late Quaternary climate changes - Results？from Forsmark, Sweden. Chemical Geology, v.584, p.120551.？doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120551 

    상세보기 crossref

  93. Sung, K.Y., Yun, S.T., Park, M.E., Koh, Y.K., Choi, B.Y., Hutcheon,？I. and Kim, K.H. (2012). Reaction path modeling of hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in granitic bedrocks,？South Korea. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v.118, p.90-97. doi: 10.1016/J.GEXPLO.2012.05.004 

    상세보기 crossref

  94. Swift, P.N. and Bonano, E.J. (2016) Geological disposal of nuclear？waste in tuff: Yucca Mountain (USA). Elements, v.12, p.263-268. doi: 10.2113/gselements.12.4.263 

    상세보기 crossref

  95. Tullborg, E.L., Drake, H. and Sandstrom, B. (2008) Palaeohydrogeology: a methodology based on fracture mineral studies. Applied？Geochemistry, v.23, p.1881-1897. doi: 10.1016/J.APGEOCHEM.2008.02.009 

    상세보기 crossref

  96. Tullborg, E.L. and Larson, S.A. (1984) δ 18 O and δ 13 C for limestones,？calcite fissure infillings and calcite precipitates from Sweden.？Geologiska Foreningen i Stockholm Forhandlingar, v.106, p.127-130. doi: 10.1080/11035898409454622 

    상세보기 crossref

  97. Tullborg, E.-L. and Drake, H. (2009). Bedrock hydrogeochemistry？Laxemar - Site descriptive modelling, SDM-Site Laxemar.？www.skb.se 

  98. Tullborg, E.-L., Suksi, J., Geipel, G., Krall, L., Auque, L., Gimeno, M.？and Puigdomenech, I. (2017) The Occurrences of Ca 2 UO 2 (CO 3 ) 3 ？Complex in Fe(II) Containing Deep Groundwater at Forsmark,？Eastern Sweden. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, v.17,？p.440-443. doi: 10.1016/J.PROEPS.2016.12.111 

    상세보기 crossref

  99. Vira, J. (2017) Geological repository for high-level nuclear waste？becoming reality in Finland. In Geological Repository Systems？for Safe Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuels and Radioactive Waste？(pp. 645-666). Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100642-9.00023-2 

    crossref

  100. Vomvoris, S., Claudel, A., Blechschmidt, I. and Muller, H.R. (2013)？The Swiss Radioactive Waste Management Program - Brief？History, Status, and Outlook. Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and？Waste Technology, v.1, p.9-27. doi: 10.7733/jnfcwt.2013.1.1.9 

    원문보기 상세보기 crossref

  101. von Berlepsch, T and Haverkamp, B. (2016) Salt as a host rock for？the geological repository for nuclear waste. Elements, v.12,？p.257-262. doi: 10.2113/gselements.12.4.257 

    상세보기 crossref

  102. Waber, H.N., Gimmi, T. and Smellie, J.A.T. (2012) Reconstruction？of palaeoinfiltration during the Holocene using porewater data？(Laxemar, Sweden). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v.94,？p.109-127. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.030 

    상세보기 crossref

  103. Wallin, B. and Peterman, Z. (1999) Calcite fracture fillings as？indicators of paleohydrology at Laxemar at the Aspo Hard Rock？Laboratory, southern Sweden. Applied Geochemistry, v.4, p.953-962. doi: 10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00028-1 

    상세보기 crossref

  104. Wersin, P. (2003) Geochemical modelling of bentonite porewater in？high-level waste repositories. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,？v.61, p.405-422. doi: 10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00119-5 

    상세보기 crossref

  105. Wersin, P., Johnson, L.H. and McKinley, I.G. (2007) Performance of？the bentonite barrier at temperatures beyond 100 ℃: A critical？review. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, v.32,？p.780-788. doi: 10.1016/J.PCE.2006.02.051 

    상세보기 crossref

  106. White, A.F., Bullen, T.D., Vivit, D.V., Schulz, M.S. and Clow, D.W.？(1999) The role of disseminated calcite in the chemical？weathering of granitoid rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica？Acta, v.63, p.1939-1953. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00082-4 

    상세보기 crossref

  107. White, A.F., Schulz, M.S., Lowenstern, J.B., Vivit, D.V. and Bullen,？T.D. (2005) The ubiquitous nature of accessory calcite in？granitoid rocks: Implications for weathering, solute evolution,？and petrogenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v.69,？p.1455-1471. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2004.09.012 

    상세보기 crossref

  108. Witherspoon, P.A. (2000) The Stripa project. International Journal of？Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, v.37, p.385-396. doi: 10.1016/S1365-1609(99)00113-6 

    상세보기 crossref

  109. Wu, Y. S., Ritcey, A. C. and Bodvarsson, G.S. (1999) A modeling？study of perched water phenomena in the unsaturated zone at？Yucca Mountain. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v.38,？p.157-184. doi: 10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00015-7 

    상세보기 crossref

  110. Yang, I.C., Yu, P., Rattray, G.W., Ferarese, J.S. and Ryan, J.N. (1998)？Hydrochemical Investigations in Characterizing the Unsaturated？Zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Water-Resources Investigation？Report 98-4132. USGS. doi: 10.2172/677016 

  111. Zhang, M., Zhang, H., Cui, S., Jia, L., Zhou, L. and Chen, H. (2012)？Engineering properties of GMZ bentonite-sand as buffer/backfilling material for high-level waste disposal. European？Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, v.16, p.1216-1237. doi: 10.1080/19648189.2012.690934 

    상세보기 crossref

저자의 다른 논문 :

관련 콘텐츠

오픈액세스(OA) 유형

GOLD

오픈액세스 학술지에 출판된 논문

이 논문과 함께 이용한 콘텐츠

저작권 관리 안내
섹션별 컨텐츠 바로가기

AI-Helper ※ AI-Helper는 오픈소스 모델을 사용합니다.

AI-Helper 아이콘
AI-Helper
안녕하세요, AI-Helper입니다. 좌측 "선택된 텍스트"에서 텍스트를 선택하여 요약, 번역, 용어설명을 실행하세요.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.

선택된 텍스트

맨위로