[논문]태양계 내의 생명징후 탐사

Minsun Kim; Sun-Ju Chung; Min-Su Shin; Sungwook E. Hong

doi:10.5303/pkas.2023.38.2.037

태양계 내의 생명징후 탐사
SEARCH FOR BIOSIGNATURE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 원문보기

천문학논총 = Publications of the Korean Astronomical Society, v.38 no.2, 2023년, pp.37 - 57

Minsun Kim (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute) , Sun-Ju Chung (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute) , Min-Su Shin (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute) , Sungwook E. Hong (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

"Are we alone in the universe?" is the fundamental question of mankind. To search for the life signatures in the universe, there have been a lot of researches and space explorations, especially in our solar system. In this review paper, we introduce the definition and characteristics of the "biosignature". The current situations and future plans for searching for biosignatures in our solar system are reviewed, especially at Venus, Mars, and Ocean Worlds such as Europa and Enceladus where life signatures are more likely to exist than in other places in the solar system. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and strategies for the Korean scientific society to participate in searching for biosignatures in the solar system.

주제어

표/그림 (17)

$Figure 1. Potential false positive mechanisms for O<sub>2</sub>. This cartoon summarizes the atmospheric mechanisms by which O<sub>2</sub> could form abiotically at high abundance in a planetary atmosphere (Meadows , 2017). The extreme left panel is Earth, and the four panels to the right show the different mechanisms and their observational diffscriminants. Circled molecules, if detected, would help reveal a false positive mechanism; a lack of detection of the \forbidden$ 2, and the absence of CH₄, is a strong indiffcator for a photochemical source of O₂ from the photolysis of CO₂ on a habitable CO₂-rich M-dwarf planet(Figure Credit: Ron Hasler). Image Source: Figure 2 of Meadows et al. (2018), reused with permission from ©Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Permission of reusing the figure must be obtained from the original copyright holder." alt="Figure 1. Potential false positive mechanisms for O₂. This cartoon summarizes the atmospheric mechanisms by which O₂ could form abiotically at high abundance in a planetary atmosphere (Meadows , 2017). The extreme left panel is Earth, and the four panels to the right show the different mechanisms and their observational diffscriminants. Circled molecules, if detected, would help reveal a false positive mechanism; a lack of detection of the \forbidden" molecules in the bottom shaded bar would also help to reveal the false positive mechanism. For example, the presence of CO and CO₂, and the absence of CH₄, is a strong indiffcator for a photochemical source of O₂ from the photolysis of CO₂ on a habitable CO₂-rich M-dwarf planet(Figure Credit: Ron Hasler). Image Source: Figure 2 of Meadows et al. (2018), reused with permission from ©Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Permission of reusing the figure must be obtained from the original copyright holder." onerror="this.src='/images/noimg.png'" class="objectfit" /> 그림 Figure 1. Potential false positive mechanisms for O₂. This cartoon summarizes the atmospheric mechanisms by which O₂ could form abiotically at high abundance in a planetary atmosphere (Meadows , 2017). The extreme left panel is Earth, and the four panels to the right show the different mechanisms and their observational diffscriminants. Circled molecules, if detected, would help reveal a false positive mechanism; a lack of detection of the \forbidden" molecules in the bottom shaded bar would also help to reveal the false positive mechanism. For example, the presence of CO and CO₂, and the absence of CH₄, is a strong indiffcator for a photochemical source of O₂ from the photolysis of CO₂ on a habitable CO₂-rich M-dwarf planet(Figure Credit: Ron Hasler). Image Source: Figure 2 of Meadows et al. (2018), reused with permission from ©Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Permission of reusing the figure must be obtained from the original copyright holder.
그림 Figure 2. Schematic of Venus' atmosphere. The cloud cover on Venus is permanent and continuous, with the middle and lower cloud layers at temperatures that are suitable for life. The clouds extend from altitudes of ~ 48 - 70 km. This figure is adapted from Seager et al. (2021a). Image Source: Figure 1-1 of Seager et al. (2021b), reused with permission from Janusz Petkowski(MIT). Permission of reusing the figure must be obtained from the original copyright holder.
그림 Figure 3. The science phase targets the Venus cloud layer between 45 - 60 km altitude, enabling ~ 270 seconds of science observations. Image Source: Figure 3-7 of Seager et al. (2021b), also published in French et al. (2022); reused under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license.©NASA ARC
표 Table 1 Venus Missions
그림 Figure 4. top. The baseline mission architecture for Venus atmospheric sample return. Image Source: Figure 6-2 of Seager et al. (2021b), also published in Seager et al. (2022); reused under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license. bottom. Concept of operations for the atmospheric phase of the Venus atmosphere sample return mission. Image Source: Figure 6-7 of Seager et al. (2021b), reused with permission from Janusz Petkowski(MIT). Permission of reusing the figure must be obtained from the original copyright holder.
그림 Figure 5. This gure shows possible ways that methane might be added to Mars' atmosphere (sources) and removed from the atmosphere (sinks). Image Source: https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/msl/pia19088, Image Credit:©NASA/JPLCaltech/TLS-SAM-GSFC/University of Michigan.
표 Table 2 Mars Missions with Searching Life Signatures
그림 Figure 6. A concept for multiple robots that would team up to ferry to Earth samples collected from the Mars surface by NASA's Mars Perseverance rover. Image Source: https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/26278/mars-sample-return-concept-illustration/. Image Credit: ©NASA/ESA/JPL-Caltech.
표 Table 3 Ocean Worlds in the Solar System
그림 Figure 7. Investigations roadmap: demonstrating the state of knowledge for each (potential) target world. Colors represent the missions that provided the majority of information about each target. An evaluation on how well each target is understood for the various science objectives has been included: A solid color represents a solid foundation for addressing the science objective, whereas a hashed color represents only a basic foundation. Image Source: Figure 1 of Hendrix et al. (2019), reused under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY License.
그림 Figure 8. left. Artistic representation (not to scale) of Europa in cross-section showing processes from the seafloor to the surface. Boxes indicate potentially habitable sites such as hydrothermal vents, as well as regions on and within the ice shell that could harbor biosignatures. This figure shows an integrated perspective of how the seafloor, ocean, and ice shell could yield biosignatures detectable on the surface by a landed spacecraft. Image Source: Figure 1. of Hand et al. (2022), reused under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY License. right. This figure shows how scientists on NASA's Cassini mission think water interacts with rock at the bottom of the ocean of Saturn's icy moon Enceladus, producing hydrogen gas. Image Source: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/17646/enceladus-hydrothermal-activity/. Image Credit: ©NASA/JPL-Caltech/Southwest Research Institute
$Figure 9. The image on the left shows a region of Europa's crust made up of blocks which are thought to have broken apart and \rafted$ 그림 Figure 9. The image on the left shows a region of Europa's crust made up of blocks which are thought to have broken apart and \rafted" into new positions. These features are the best geologic evidence to date that Europa may have had a subsurface ocean at some time in its past. Combined with the geologic data, the presence of a magnetic field leads scientists to believe an ocean is most likely present at Europa today. In this false color image, reddish-brown areas represent non-ice material resulting from geologic activity. White areas are rays of material ejected during the formation of the 25-km diameter impact crater Pwyll (see global view). Icy plains are shown in blue tones to distinguish possibly coarsegrained ice (dark blue) from fine-grained ice (light blue). Long, dark lines are ridges and fractures in the crust, some of which are more than 3,000 kilometers long. Image Source: https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/pia03002. Image Credit: ©NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
그림 Figure 10. top. Dramatic plumes, both large and small, spray water ice out from many locations along the famed "tiger stripes" near the south pole of Saturn's moon Enceladus. The tiger stripes are ssures that spray icy particles, water vapor and organic compounds. Image Source: https://www.nasa.gov/mission pages/cassini/multimedia/pia11688.html Image Credit: ©NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute. bottom. The internal structure and conditions of Enceladus beneath its south polar region. The main components (core, subsurface ocean, ice crust and plume) are shown left to right; top row gives temperature and chemical properties of each component, middle row shows schematic structure, and bottom row gives physical properties. Distances labelling the grey line below the middle row are distances from the centre of Enceladus towards its south pole (not to scale). Image Source: Fig. 3 of Hsu et al. (2015), reused with permission from©Springer Nature; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Permission of reusing the figure must be obtained from the original copyright holder.
그림 Figure 11. Particle size distribution, and therefore organic matter abundance, differs with location in the plume, motivating the capability of sampling from orbit and on the surface. Image Source: Figure 3 of Mackenzie et al. (2022a), reused under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license.
그림 Figure 12. A vision for future exploration of ocean worlds. The initial stages of planetary ocean exploration involve orbiting spacecraft and landers. For investigating beneath the icy shells of ocean worlds, melt probes and autonomous underwater vehicles capable of collecting and analysing scienti c data, and transmitting their results will be required. Image Credit: K.P. Hand, NASA/JPL, Stone Aerospace and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Image Source: Fig. 2 of Hand & German (2018), reused with permission from©Springer Nature; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Permission of reusing the figure must be obtained from the original copyright holder.
그림 Figure 13. In the Sensing With Independent Micro-Swimmers (SWIM) concept, illustrated here, dozens of small robots would descend through the icy shell of a distant moon via a cryobot - depicted at left - to the ocean below. The project has received funding from the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts program. Image Source: https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2022/SWIM/. Image Credits: ©Ethan Schaler/NASA/JPL
그림 Figure 14. Aerocapture maneuver sequence and fundamental functional requirements. Image Source: Fig. 1 of Spilker et al. (2019), reused with permission of ©American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics (AIAA), Inc.; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Permission of reusing the figure must be obtained from the original copyright holder.

참고문헌 (142)

Alleon, J., Bernard, S., Remusat, L., & Robert, F., 2015, Estimation of nitrogen-to-carbon ratios of organics and carbon materials at the submicrometer scale, Carbon, 84, 290

상세보기
Arney, G. N., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., & Meadows, V. S., 2018, Organic haze as a biosignature in anoxic Earth-like atmospheres, Astrobiology, 18, 311

상세보기
Atreya, S. K., Mahaffy, P. R., & Wong, A. S., 2007, Methane and related trace species on Mars: Origin, loss, implications for life, and habitability, Planetary and Space Science, 55, 358

상세보기
Bains, W., Petkowski, J. J., Seager, S., Ranjan, S., SousaSilva, C., Rimmer, P. B., Zhan, Z., Greaves, J. S., Richards, A. M. S., 2021a, Phosphine on Venus Cannot Be Explained by Conventional Processes, Astrobiology, 21, 10, 1277

상세보기
Bains, W., Petkowski, J. J., Rimmer, P. B., & Seager, S., 2021b, Production of Ammonia Makes Venusian Clouds Habitable and Explains Observed Cloud-Level Chemical Anomalies, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 118, 52, e2110889118
Bains, W., Shorttle, O., Ranjan, S., Rimmer, P. B., Petkowski, J. J., Greaves, J. S., & Seager, S., 2022, Constraints on the Production of Phosphine by Venusian Volcanoes, Universe, 8, 54
Bedrossian, M., Lindersmith, C., & Nadeau, J. L., 2017, Digital holographic microscopy, a method for detection of microorganisms in plume samples from Enceladus and other icy worlds, Astrobiology, 17, 9, 913

상세보기
Bell, E. A., Boehnke, P., Harrison, T. M., & Mao, W. L., 2015, Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 112, 47, 14518
Beyssac, O., Goffe, B., & Chopin, C., 2002, Raman spectra of carbonaceous material in metasediments: A new geothermometer, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 20, 859

상세보기
Castro-Wallace, S. L., Chiu, C. Y., John, K. K., Stahl, S. E., Rubins, K. H., McIntyre, A. B. R., Dworkin, J. P., Lupisella, M. L., Smith, D. J., Botkin, D. J., Stephenson, T. A., Juul, S., Turner, D. J., Izquierdo, F., Federman, S., Stryke, D., Somasekar, S., Alexander, N., Yu, G., Mason, C. E., & Burton, A. S., 2017, Nanopore DNA sequencing and genome assembly on the International Space Station, Scientific Reports, 7, 18022

상세보기
Catling, D. C., Krissansen-Totton, J., Kiang, N. Y., Crisp, D., Robinson, T. D., DasSarma, S., Rushby, A. J., Del Genio, A., Bains, W., & Domagal-Goldman, S., 2018, Exoplanet Biosignatures: A Framework for Their Assessment, Astrobiology, 18, 6, 709

상세보기
Chan, M. A., Hinman, N. W., Potter-McIntyre, S. L., Schubert, K. E., & Gillams, R. J., 2019, Deciphering Biosignatures in Planetary Contexts, Astrobiology, 19, 9, 1075

상세보기
Cole, D. B., Reinhard, C. T., Wang, X., Gueguen, B., Halverson, G. P., Gibson, T., Hodgskiss, M. S. W., McKenzie, N. R., Lyons, T. W., & Planavsky, N. J., 2016, A shale-hosted Cr isotope record of low atmospheric oxygen during the Proterozoic, Geology 44, 7, 555

상세보기
Djokic, T., Van Kranendonk, M. J., Campbell, K. A., Walter, M. R., & Ward, C. R., 2017, Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca.3.5 Ga hot spring deposits, Nature Communications, 8, 15263

상세보기
Delarue, F., Robert, F., Sugitani, K., Tartese, R., Duhamel, R., & Derenne, S., 2017, Investigation of the geochemical preservation of ca.3.0 Ga permineralized and encapsulated microfossils by nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry, Astrobiology, 17, 12, 1192

상세보기
Des Marais, D. J., Allamandola, L. J., Benner, S. A., Boss, A. P., Deamer, D., Falkowski, P. G., Farmer, J. D., Hedges, S. B., Jakosky, B. M., Knoll, A. H., Liskowsky, D. R., Meadows, V. S., Meyer, M. A., Pilcher, C. B., Nealson, K. H., Spormann, A. M., Trent, J. D., Turner, W. W., Woolf, N. J., & Yorke, H. W., 2003, The NASA Astrobiology Roadmap, Astrobiology, 3, 2, 219

상세보기
Des Marais, D. J., Nuth III, J. A., Allamandola, L. J., Boss, A. P., Farmer, J. D., Hoehler, T. M., Jakosky, B. M., Meadows, V. S., Pohorille, A., Runnegar, B., & Spormann, A. M., 2008, The NASA Astrobiology Roadmap, Astrobiology, 8, 715

상세보기
Dodd, M. S., Papineau, D., Grenne, T., Slack, J. F., Rittner, M., Pirajno, F., O'Neil, J., & Little, C. T. S., 2017, Evidence for early life on Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates, Nature, 543, 60
Duzdevich, D., in preparation, Formation of lipid vesicles in 70% sulfuric acid
Eid, J., Fehr, A., Gray, J., Luong, K., Lyle, J., Otto, G., Peluso, P., Rank, D., Baybayan, P., Bettman, B., Bibillo, A., Bjornson, K., Chaudhuri, B., Christians, F., Cicero, R., Clark, S., Dalal, R., Dewinter, A., Dixon, J., Foquet, M., Gaertner, A., Hardenbol, P., Heiner, C., Hester, K., Holden, D., Kearns, G., Kong, X., Kuse, R., Lacroix, Y., Lin, S., Lundquist, P., Ma, C., Marks, P., Maxham, M., Murphy, D., Park, I., Pham, T., Phillips, M., Roy, J., Sebra, R., Shen, G., Sorenson, J., Tomaney, A., Travers, K., Trulson, M., Vieceli, J., Wegener, J., Wu, D., Yang, A., Zaccarin, D., Zhao, P., Zhong, F., Korlach, J., & Turner, S., 2009, Real-time DNA sequencing from single polymerase molecules, Science, 323, 5910, 133

상세보기
Ehlmann, B. L., & Edwards, C. S., 2014, Mineralogy of the martian surface, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, 42, 291
Ehlmann, B. L., Anderson, F. S., Andrews-Hanna, J., Catling, D. C., Christensen, P. R., Cohen, B. A., Dressing, C. D, Edwards, C. S., Elkins-Tanton, L. T., Farley, K. A., Fassett, C. I., Fischer, W. W., Fraeman, A. A., Golombek, M. P., Hamilton, V. E., Hayes, A. G., Herd, C. D. K., Horgan, B., Hu, R., Jakosky, B. M., Johnson, J. R., Kasting, J. F., Kerber, L., Kinch, K. M., Kite, E. S., Knutson, H. A., Lunine, J. I., Mahaffy, P. R., Mangold, N., McCubbin, F. M., Mustard, J. F., Niles, P. B., Quantin-Nataf, C., Rice, M. S., Stack, K. M., Stevenson, D. J., Stewart, S. T., Toplis, M. J., Usui, T., Weiss, B. P., Werner, S. C., Wordsworth, R. D., Wray, J. J., Yingst, R. A., Yung, Y. L., & Zahnle, K. J., 2016, The sustainability of habitability on terrestrial planets: Insights, questions, and needed measurements from Mars for understanding the evolution of Earth-like worlds, Journal of Geophysical Research, 121, 10, 1927
Etiope, G., Oehler, D. Z., & Allen, C. C., 2011, Methane emissions from Earth's degassing Implications for Mars, Planetary and Space Science, 59, 2-3, 182
Farquhar, J., Savarino, J., Airieau, S., & Thiemens, M. H., 2001, Observation of wavelength-sensitive massindependent sulfur isotope effects during SO2 photolysis: Implications for the early atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, E12, 32829
Flannery, D. T., Allwood, A. C., Summons, R. E., Williford, K. H., Abbey, W., Matys, D. E., & Ferralis, N., 2018, Spatially-resolvedisotopic study of carbon trapped in ~ 3.43 Ga Strelley Pool Formation stromatolites, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 223, 21

상세보기
French, R., Mandy, C., Hunter, R., Mosleh, E., Sinclair, D., Beck, P., Seager, S., Petkowski, J. J., Carr, C. E., Grinspoon, D. H., & Baumgardner, D. 2022, Rocket lab mission to Venus, Aerospace, 9(8), 445
Gelino, D., Wright, J., Batalha, N., Berdyugina, S., Enriquez, E., Kanodia, S., Siemion, A., Wright, J., & Wright, S., 2018, NASA and the Search for Technosignatures: A Report from the NASA Technosignatures Workshop, arXiv:1812.08681
Glein, C. R., & Waite, J. H., 2020, The carbonate geochemistry of Enceladus' ocean, Geophysical Research Letters, 47, e2019GL085885

상세보기
Goodwin, S., Gade, A. M., Byrom, M., Herrera, B., Spears, C., Anslyn, E. V., & Ellington, A. D., 2015, Next-generation sequencing as input for chemometrics in differential sensing routines, Angewandte Chemie, 127, 6437

상세보기
Goudge, T. A., Fassett, C. I., Head, J. W., Mustard, J. F., & Aureli, K. L., 2016, Insights into surface runoff on Mars from paleolake basin morphology and stratigraphy, Geology, 44, 6, 419
Gough, R. V., Tolbert, M. A., McKay, C. P., & Toon, O. B., 2010, Methane adsorption on a martian soil analog: An abiogenic explanation for methane variability in the Martian atmosphere, Icarus, 207, 1, 165

상세보기
Greaves, J. S., Richards, A. M. S., Bains, W., Rimmer, P. B., Sagawa, H., Clements, D. L., Seager, S., Petkowski, J. J., Sousa-Silva, C., Ranjan, S., Drabek-Maunder, E., Fraser, H. J., Cartwright, A., Mueller-Wodarg, I., Zhan, Z., Friberg, P., Coulson, I., Lee, E., & Hoge, J., 2021a, Phosphine gas in the cloud decks of Venus, Nature Astronomy, 5, 655

상세보기
Greaves, J. S., Richards, A. M. S., Bains, W., Rimmer, P. B., Clements, D. L., Seager, S., Petkowski, J. J., SousaSilva, C., Ranjan, S., & Fraser, H. J., 2021b, Reply to: No evidence of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus from independent analyses, Nature Astronomy, 5, 636

상세보기
Greaves, J. S., Richards, A. M. S., Bains, W., Rimmer, P. B., Sagawa, H., Clements, D. L., Seager, S., Petkowski, J. J., Sousa-Silva, C., Ranjan, S., Drabek-Maunder, E., Fraser, H. J., Cartwright, A., Mueller-Wodarg, I., Zhan, Z., Friberg, P., Coulson, I., Lee, E., & Hoge, J., 2021c, Addendum: Phosphine gas in the cloud deck of Venus, Nature Astronomy, 5, 726

상세보기
Greaves, J. S., Rimmer, P. B., Richards, A. M. S., Petkowski, J. J., Bains, W., Ranjan, S., Seager, S., Clements, D. L., Sousa-Silva, C., & Fraser, H. J., 2022, Low levels of sulphur dioxide contamination of Venusian phosphine spectra, MNRAS, 514, 2, 2994
Grotzinger, J. P., Gupta, S., Malin, M. C., Rubin, D. M., Scheiber, J., Siebach, K., Summer, D. Y., et al., 2015, Deposition, exhumation, and paleoclimate of an ancient lake deposit, Gale crater, Mars, Science, 350, 6257, acc7575

상세보기
Ha, H. K., Kim, Y. H., Lee, H. J., Hwang, B., & Joo, H. M., 2015, Under-ice measurements of suspended particulate matters using ADCP and LISST-Holo, Ocean Science Journal, 50, 1, 97

상세보기
Hand, K. P., & German, C. R., 2018, Exploring ocean worlds on Earth and beyond, Nature Geoscience, 11, 2

상세보기
Hand, K. P., Phillips, C. B., Murray, A., et al., 2022, Science Goals and Mission Architecture of the Europa Lander Mission Concept, The Planetary Science Journal, 3, 22

상세보기
Hansen C. J., Esposito L., Stewart A. I. F., Colwell, J., Hendrix, A., Pryor, W., Shemansky, D., & West, R., 2006, Enceladus' Water Vapor Plume, Science 311, 1422

상세보기
Hassanalian, M., & Abdelke, D. R. A., 2018, Evolution of space drones for planetary exploration: A review, Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 97, 61

상세보기
Hendrix, A. R., Hurford, T. A., Barge, L. M., Bland, M. T., Bowman, J. S., Brinckerhoff, W., Buratti, B. J., Cable, M. L., Castillo-Rogez, J., Collins, G. C., Diniega, S., German, C. R., Hayes, A. G., Hoehler, T., Hosseini, S., Howett, C. J. A., McEwen, A. S., Neish, C. D., Neveu, M., Nordheim, T. A., Patterson, G. W., Patthoff, D. A., Phillips, C., Rhoden, A., Schmidt, B. E., Singer, K. N., Soderblom, J. M., & Vance, S. D., 2019, The NASA Roadmap to Ocean Worlds, Astrobiology, 19, 1, 1

상세보기
Hays, L. et al., 2015, NASA Astrobiology Sterategy 2015
Hickman-Lewis, K., Garwood, R. J., Brasier, M. D., Goral, T., Jiang, H., McLoughlin, N., & Wacey, D., 2016, Carbonaceous microstructures from sedimentary laminated chert within the 3.46 Ga Apex Basalt, Chinaman Creek locality, Pilbara, Western Australia, Precambrian Research, 278, 161

상세보기
Hogan, J. 2005, A whiff of life on the Red Planet, New Scientist, http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?iddn7014
Hong, S. E., Kwon, R.-Y., Kim, Y., Kang, H., & Kim, M., 2023a, Exoplanets and Habitability, PKAS, accepted
Hong, S. E., Sohn, B. W., Jung, T., Shin, M. -S., Kang, H., & Kim, M., 2023b, Searching for Technosignature, PKAS, submitted
Howell, S., Sotin, C., Carpenter, K., et al., 2020, Diving into Ocean Worlds, Environment Coastal & Offshore, May/June, 26
Hsu H.-W., Postberg F., Sekine Y., Shibuya, T., Kempf, S., Horanyi, M., Juhasz, A., Altobelli, N., Suzuki, K., Masaki, Y., Kuwatani, T., Tachibana, S., Sirono, S., MoragasKlostermeyer, G., & Srama, R., 2015, Ongoing hydrothermal activities within Enceladus, Nature, 519, 207
Hussmann, H. & Spohn, T., 2004, Thermal-orbital evolution of Io and Europa, Icarus, 171, 391

상세보기
Iess, L., Stevenson, D. J., Parisi, M., Hemingway, D., Jacobson, R. A., Lunine, J. I., Nimmo, F., Armstrong, J. W., Asmar, S. W., Ducci, M., & Tortora, P., 2014, The gravity field and interior structure of Enceladus, Science, 344, 78

상세보기
Imken, T., Castillo-Rogez, J., He, Y., Baker, J., & Marinan, A., 2017, CubeSat flight system development for enabling deep space science, IEEE aerospace conference, 1
Jain, S., Wheeler, J. R., Walters, R., Agrawal, A. K., Barsic, A., & Parker, R., 2016, ATPase-modulated stress granules contain a diverse proteome and substructure, 2016, Cell, 164, 3, 487
Johnson, S. S., 2018, Agnostic Approaches to Life Detection, Presentation to the Committee on An Astrobiology Science Strategy for Search for Life in the Universe
Johnson, S. S., Anslyn, E. V., Graham, H. V., Mahaffy, P. R., & Ellington, A. D., 2018a, Fingerprinting Non-Terran Biosignatures, Astrobiology, 18, 7, 915

상세보기
Johnson, S. S., Graham, H., Anslyn, E., Conrad, P., Cronin, L., Ellington, A., Elsila, J., et al. 2018b, Agnostic Biosignatures: Towards a More Inclusive Life Detection Strategy, White paper submitted to the Committee on an Astrobiology Science Strategy for the Search for Life in the Universe
Keppler, F., Vigano, I., McLeod, A., Ott, U., Fruchtl, M., & Rockmann, T., 2012, Ultraviolet-radiation-induced methane emissions from meteorites and the Martian atmosphere, Nature, 486, 7401, 93

상세보기
Kereszturi, A., Bradak, B., Chatzitheodoridis, E., & Ujvari, G., 2016, Indicators and methods to understand past environments from ExoMars rover drills, Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 46, 4, 435
Khawaja, N., Postberg, F., Hillier, J., Klenner, F., Kempf, S., Nolle, L., Reviol, R., Zou, Z., Sramaet, R., 2019, Lowmass nitrogen-, oxygen-bearing, and aromatic compounds in Enceladean ice grains, MNRAS, 489, 5231
Kim, M., Kwon, R. Y., Hoang, T., & Hong, S. E., 2023a, The Prospect of Interstellar Object Explorations for Searching Life in Cosmos, PKAS, accepted
Kim, M., Hong, S. E., Jung, T., Kang, H., Shin, M.-S., & Sohn, B. W., 2023b, Searching for Radio Technosignature from the Farside of the Moon, PKAS, submitted
Klein, F., Humphris, S. E., Guo, W., Schubotz, F., Schwarzenbach, E. M., & Orsi, W. D., 2015, Fluid mixing and the deep biosphere of a fossil Lost City-type hydrothermal system at the Iberia margin, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 112, 12036
Knollenberg, R. G. & Hunten, D. M., 1979, Clouds of Venus: Particle Size Distribution Measurements, Science, 203, 792

상세보기
Knollenberg, R. G. & Hunten, D. M., 1980, The microphysics of the clouds of Venus: Results of the Pioneer Venus Particle Size Spectrometer Experiment, J. Geophys. Res. Sp. Phys., 85, 8039
Korablev, O. I., Ackerman, M., Krasnopolsky, V. A., Moroz, V. I., Muller, C., Rodin, A. V., & Atreya, S. K., 1993, Tentative identification of formaldehyde in the Martian atmosphere, Planetary and Space Science, 41, 6, 441

상세보기
Krasnopolsky, V. A., Bjoraker, G. L., Mumma, M. J., & Jennings, D. E., 1997, High-resolution spectroscopy of Mars at 3.7 and 8㎛: A sensitive search for H 2 O 2 , H 2 CO, HCl, and CH 4 , and detection of HDO, JGR, 102, E3, 6525
Krasnopolsky, V. A., Maillard, J. P., & Owen, T. C., 2004, Detection of methane in the martian atmosphere: evidence for life?, Icarus, 172, 2, 537

상세보기
Kwon, R. Y., Kim, M., & Hoang, T., 2023, Detecting Interstellar Objects by using Space Weather Data, PKAS, in preparation
Lovelock, J. E., 1965, A physical basis for life detection experiments, Nature, 207, 4997, 568

상세보기
Lovelock, J. E., 1975, Thermodynamics and the recognition of alien biospheres, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 189, 1095, 167
MacKenzie, S. M., Neveu, M., Davila, A. F., et al., 2021, The Enceladus Orbilander Mission Concept: Balancing Return and Resources in the Search for Life, The Planetary Science Journal, 2, 2, 77

상세보기
MacKenzie, S. M., Neveu, M., Davila, A. F., et al., 2022a, Science Objectives for Flagship-Class Mission Concepts for the Search for Evidence of Life at Enceladus, Astrobiology, 22, 6, 685

상세보기
MacKenzie, S. M., Kirby, K. W., Greenauer, P. J., et al., 2022b, Enceladus Orbilander: A Flagship Mission Concept for Astrobiology, Planetary Mission Concept Study for the 2023-2032 Decadal Survey
Marshall, S. M., Murray, A. R. G., & Cronin, L., 2017, A probabilistic framework for identifying biosignatures using pathway complexity, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 375, 20160342
Effect of Enceladus's rapid synchronous spin on interpretation of Cassini gravity, McKinnon, W. B., 2015, Geophysical Research Letters, 42, 2137
McMahon, S., Parnell, J., & Blamey, N. J., 2013, Sampling methane in basalt on Earth and Mars, International Journal of Astrobiology, 12, 2, 113

상세보기
Meadows, V.S., 2017, Reflections on O 2 as a biosignature in exoplanetary atmospheres, Astrobiology, 17, 1022

상세보기
Meadows, V. S., Reinhard, C. T., Arney, G. N., et al., 2018, Exoplanet biosignatures: Understanding oxygen as a biosignature in the context of its environment, Astrobiology, 18, 630

상세보기
Meslin, P. Y., Gough, R., Lef'evre, F., & Forget, F., 2011, Little variability of methane on Mars induced by adsorption in the regolith, Planetary and Space Science, 59, 2-3, 247
Morag, N., Williford, K. H., Kitajima, K., Philippot, P., Van Kranendonk, M. J., Lepot, K., Thomazo, C., & Valley, J. W., 2016, Microstructure-specific carbon isotopic signatures of organic matter from ~ 3.5 Ga cherts of the Pilbara Craton support a biologic origin. Precambrian Research, 275, 429

상세보기
Mumma, M. J., Novak, R. E., DiSanti, M. A., & Bonev, B. P., 2003, A sensitive search for methane on Mars, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc., 35, 937
Mustard, J. F., Adler, M., Allwood, A., Bass, D. S., Beaty, D. W., Bell III, J. F., Brinckerhoff, W. B., et al., 2013, Report of the Mars 2020 Science Definition Team. Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG), http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/MEP/Mars_2020_SDT_Report_Final.pdf
NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine), 2017, Searching for Life Across Space and Time: Proceedings of a Workshop, The National Academies Press
NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine), 2019, An Astrobiology Strategy for the Search for Life in the Universe, The National Academies Press
Nivala, J., Marks, D. B. & Akeson, M., 2013, Unfoldase-mediated protein translocation through an α-hemolysin nanopore, Nature Biotechnology, 31, 3, 247
Nutman, A. P., Bennett, V. C., Friend, C. R. L., Van Kranendonk, M. J., & Chivas, A. R. 2016, Rapid emergence of life shown by discovery of 3,700-million-year-old microbial structures, 2016, Nature, 537, 535
Okon, A. B. 2010, Mars science laboratory drill, Proceedings of the 40th Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium, NASA/CP-2010-216272
Olson, S. L., Schwieterman, E. W., Reinhard, C. T., Ridgwell, A., Kane, S. R., Meadows, V. S., & Lyons, T. W., 2018, Atmospheric seasonality as an exoplanet biosignature, ApJ Letters, 858, 2, L14
Oze, C. & Sharma, M., 2005, Have olivine, will gas: Serpentinization and the abiogenic production of methane on Mars, Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L10203

상세보기
Paganini, L., Villanueva, G. L., Roth, L., Mandell, A. M., Hurford, T. A., Retherford, K. D., & Mumma, M. J., 2020, A measurement of water vapour amid a largely quiescent environment on Europa, Nature Astronomy, 4, 266

상세보기
Patthoff, D. A. & Kattenhorn, S. A.., 2011, A fracture history on Enceladus provides evidence for a global ocean, Geophysical Research Letters, 38, L18201
Pavlov, A. A. & Kasting, J. F., 2002, Mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes in Archean sediments: Strong evidence for an anoxic Archean atmosphere, 2002, Astrobiology, 2, 1, 27
Pellenbarg, R. E., Max, M. D., & Clifford, S. M., 2003, Methane and carbon dioxide hydrates on Mars: Potential origins, distribution, detection, and implications for future in situ resource utilization JGR, 108, E4, GDS 23-1
Pla-Garcia, J., Rafkin, S. C. R., Karatekin, O., & Gloesener, E., 2019, Comparing MSL Curiosity Rover TLSSAM Methane Measurements With Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System Atmospheric Transport Experiments, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 124, 8, 2141
Planavsky, N. J., Asael, D., Hofmann, A., Reinhard, C. T., Lalonde, S. V., Knudsen, A., Wang, X., et al., 2014a, Evidence for oxygenic photosynthesis half a billion years before the Great Oxidation Event, Nature Geoscience, 7, 283

상세보기
Planavsky, N. J., Reinhard, C. T., Wang, X., Thompson, D., McGoldrick, T., Rainbird, R. H., Johnson, T., Fischer, W. W., & Lyons, T. W., 2014b, Low Mid-Proterozoic atmospheric oxygen levels and the delayed rise of animals, Science, 346, 6209, 635

상세보기
Poch, O., Kaci, S., Stalport, F., Szopa, C., & Coll, P., 2014, Laboratory insights into the chemical and kinetic evolution of several organic molecules under simulated Mars surface UV radiation conditions, Icarus, 242, 50

상세보기
Porco, C. C., Helfenstein, P., Thomas, P. C., et al., 2006, Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus, Science, 311, 5766, 1393

상세보기
Postberg, F., Schmidt, J., Hillier, J., Kempf, S. & Srama R., 2011, A salt-water reservoir as the source of a compositionally stratified plume on Enceladus, Nature, 474, 620

상세보기
Postberg, F., Khawaja, N., Abel, B., et al., 2018, Macromolecular organic compounds from the depths of Enceladus, Nature, 558, 564
Russell, M. J., Murray, A. E., & Hand, K. P., 2017, The Possible Emergence of Life and Differentiation of a Shallow Biosphere on Irradiated Icy Worlds: The Example of Europa, Astrobiology, 17, 12, 1265

상세보기
Schaler, E. W., Ansari, A., Howell, S., Lee, H., Smith, M., Rajguru, A., Tosi, L., Hao, Z., & Kim, J., 2022, Earth and Space Science Open Archive, https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10511452.1
Schwieterman, E. W., Kiang, N. Y., Parenteau, M. N., Harman, C. E., DasSarma, S., Fisher, T. M., Arney, G. N., et al., 2018, Exoplanet biosignatures: A review of remotely detectable signs of life, Astrobiology, 18, 6, 663

상세보기
Seo, E. Y., Ahn, T. S., & Zo, Y. G., 2010, Agreement, precision, and accuracy of epifluorescence microscopy methods for enumeration of total bacterial numbers, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76, 6, 1981

상세보기
Schuerger, A. C., Moores, J. E., Clausen, C. A., Barlow, N. G., & Britt, D. T., 2012, Methane from UV irradiated carbonaceous chondrites under simulated Martian conditions, Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, E08007
Schmidt, J., Brilliantov, N., Spahn, F., & Kempf, S., 2008, Slow dust in Enceladus' plume from condensation and wall collisions in tiger stripe fractures, Nature 451, 685

상세보기
Schmidt, B. E., Kim, S., Walker, C. C., West, M. E., Meister, M. M., Spears, A., Buffo, J. J., Greenbaum, J. S., Skidmore, M., Barker, L., Burnett, J., Hynes, M., Echeverry, G., Soderlund, K. M., VanTil, E., Blankenship, D. D., Bramall, N., Doran, P., Johnson, A., Rack, F., Siegel, V., Stone, W. C., & Young, D. A., 2015, Sub-Ice Marine and Planetary Ecosystems: First Results from Below the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Proc. Astrobiol. Sci. Conf., 2015, 15
Schwieterman, E. W., Kiang, N. Y., Parenteau, M. N., et al., 2018, Exoplanet Biosignatures A Review of Remotely Detectable Signs of Life, Astrobiology, 18, 6, 663

상세보기
Seager, S., Bains, W., & Petkowski, J. J., 2016, Toward a list of molecules as potential biosignature gases for the search for life on exoplanets and applications to terrestrial biochemistry, Astrobiology, 16, 6, 465

상세보기
Seager, S., Petkowski, J. J., Gao, P., Bains, W., Bryan, N. C., Ranjan, S., & Greaves, J., 2021a, The Venusian lower atmosphere haze as a depot for desiccated microbial life: A proposed life cycle for persistence of the Venusian aerial biosphere, Astrobiology, 21, 1206

상세보기
Seager, S., Petkowski, J. J., Carr, C. E., Grinspoon, D., Ehlmann, B., Saikia, S. J., Agrawal, R., Buchanan, W., Weber, M. U., French, R., Klupar, P., & Worden, S. P,. 2021b, Venus Life Finder Mission Study, arXiv:2112.05153
Seager, S., Petkowski, J. J., Carr, C. E., Grinspoon, D. H., Ehlmann, B. L., Saikia, S. J., Agrawal, R., Buchanan, W. P., Weber, M. U., French, R. & Klupar, P., 2022, Venus life finder missions motivation and summary, Aerospace, 9(7), 385
Siegel, V., Stone, W., Hogan, B., Richmond, K., Harman, J., Lelievre, S., Smith, J., Flesher, C., & Lopez, A., 2019, Project THOR: Design and Testing of a Full-Scale CCHWD Cryobot, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2019, abstract #P51B-08
Snellen, I. A. G., Guzman-Ramirez, L., Hogerheijde, M. R., Hygate, A. P. S., & van der Tak, F. F. S., 2020, Re-analysis of the 267 GHz ALMA observations of Venus: No statistically significant detection of phosphine, A&A, 644, L2
Summons, R. E., Albrecht, P., McDonald, G., & Moldowan, J. M., 2008, Molecular biosignatures, Part of the Space Sciences Series of ISSI book series, Vol. 25, pp 133-159
Sousa-Silva, C., Seager, S., Ranjan, S., Petkowski, J. J., Zhan, Z., Hu, R., & Bains, W., 2020, Phosphine as a Biosignature Gas in Exoplanet Atmospheres, Astrobiology, 20, 2, 235

상세보기
Spacek, J. 2021, Organic Carbon Cycle in the Atmosphere of Venus, Venera-D: Venus Cloud Habitability System Workshop, LPI Contribution No. 2629, id.4052, arXiv2108.02286
Spilker, T. R., Adler, M., Arora, N., Beauchamp, P. M., Cutts, J. A., Munk, M. M., Powell, R. W., Braun, R. D., & Wercinski, P. F., 2019, Qualitative Assessment of Aerocapture and Applications to Future Missions, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 56, 2, 536

상세보기
Stone, W., Hogan, B., Richmond, K., Harman, J., Siegel, V., Lelievre, S., Flesher, C., Ralston, J., Tanner, N., Wright, N., Alexander, M., & Lopez, A., 2021, Project THOR - Test Results for a Full Scale Nuclear-compatible Cryobot, AGU Fall Meeting 2021, id. P25E-2195
Sugitani, K., Mimura, K., Nagaoka, T., Lepot, K., & Takeuchi, M., 2013, Microfossil assemblage from the 3400 Ma Strelley Pool Formation in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia: Results form a new locality, Precambrian Research, 226, 59

상세보기
Sugitani, K., Mimura, K., Takeuchi, M., Lepot, K., Ito, S., & Javaux, E. J., 2015, Early evolution of large microorganisms with cytological complexity revealed by microanalyses of 3.4 Ga organic-walled microfossils, Geobiology, 13, 6, 507

상세보기
Tang, D., Shi, X., Wang, X., & Jiang, G., 2016, Extremely low oxygen concentration in mid-Proterozoic shallow seawaters, Precambrian Research, 276, 145

상세보기
Thomas, P. C., Tajeddine, R., Tiscareno, M. S., Burns, J. A., Joseph, J., Loredo, T. J., Helfenstein, P., & Porcod, C., 2016, Enceladus's measured physical libration requires a global subsurface ocean, Icarus, 264, 37

상세보기
Thompson, M. A., 2021, The statistical reliability of 267- GHz JCMT observations of Venus: no significant evidence for phosphine absorption, MNRAS, 501, L18
Truong, N. & Lunine, J., 2021, Volcanically extruded phosphides as an abiotic source of Venusian phosphine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, e2021689118

상세보기
Ueno, Y., Yoskioka, H., Maruyama, S., & Isozaki, Y., 2004, Carbon isotopes and petrography of kerogens in 3.5-Ga hydrothermal silica dikes in the North Pole area, Western Australia, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 3, 573

상세보기
Vance, S. D., 2018, The Habitability of Icy Ocean Worlds in the Solar System, In Deeg, H., Belmonte, J. (eds) Handbook of Exoplanets, Springer, Cham
Vago, J. L., & Westall, F., 2017, Habitability on early Mars and the search for biosignatures with ExoMars Rover, Astrobiology, 17, 6, 471
Villanueva, G. L., Cordiner, M., Irwin, P. G. J., et al., 2021, No evidence of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus from independent analyses, Nature Astronomy, 5, 631

상세보기
Wacey, D., Kilburn, M. R., Saunders, M., Cliff, J., & Brasier, M. D., 2011, Microfossils of sulphur-metabolizing cells in 3.4-billion-year-old rocks of Western Australia, Nature Geoscience, 4, 698

상세보기
Waite Jr., J. H., Lewis, W. S., Magee, B. A., Lunine, J. I., McKinnon, W. B., Glein, C. R., Mousis, O., Young, D. T., Brockwell, T., Westlake, J., Nguyen, M.-J., Teolis, B. D., Niemann, H. B., McNutt, R. L., Perry, M., & Ip, W. -H., 2009, Liquid water on Enceladus from observations of ammonia and 40 Ar in the plume, Nature, 460, 7254, 487

상세보기
Waite, J. H., Glein, C. R., Perryman, R. S., Teolis, B. D., Magee, B. A., Miller, G., Grimes, J., Perry, M. E., Miller, K. E., Bouquet, A., Lunine, J. I., Brockwell, T., & Bolton, S. J., 2017, Cassini finds molecular hydrogen in the Enceladus plume: Evidence for hydrothermal processes, Science, 356, 6334, 155

상세보기
Walker, S. I., Bains, W., Cronin, L., DasSarma, S., Denielache, S., Domagal-Goldman, S., Kacar, B., Kiang, N. Y., Lenardic, A., Reinhard, C. T., Moore, W., Schwieterman, E. W., Shkolnik, E. L., & Smith, H. B., 2018, Exoplanet biosignatures: Future directions, Astrobiology, 18, 6, 779

상세보기
Wang, A., Freeman, J. J., Jolliff, B. L. & Chou, I. -M., 2006, Sulfates on Mars: A systematic Raman spectroscopic study of hydration states of magnesium sulfates, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 24, 6118

상세보기
Webster, C. R., Mahaffy, P. R., Atreya, S. K., Flesch, G. J., Mischna, M. A., Meslin, P. Y., Farlye, K. A., et al., 2015, Mars methane detection and variability at Gale crater, Science, 347, 6220, 415

상세보기
Webster, C. R., Mahaffy, P. R., Atreya, S. K., Moores, J. E., Flesch, G. J., Malespn, C., McKay, C. P., et al., 2018, Background levels of methane in Mars' atmosphere show strong seasonal variations, Science, 360, 6393, 1093

상세보기
Webster, C. R., Mahaffy, P. R., Pla-Garcia, J., Rafkin, S. C. R., Moores, J. E., Atreya, S. K., Flesch, G. J., Malespin, C. A., Teinturier, S. M., Kalucha, H., Smith, C. L., Viudez-Moreiras, D., & Vasavada, A. R., 2021, Day-night differences in Mars methane suggest nighttime containment Gale crater, A&A, 650, A166
Wilhelm, M. B., Davila, A. F., Parenteau, M. N., Jahnke, L. L., Abate, M., Cooper, G., Kelly, E. T., Garcia, V. P., Villadangos, M. G., Blanco, Y., Glass, B., Wray, J. J., Eigenbrode, J. L., Summons, R. E., & Warren-Rhodes, K., 2018, Constraints on the metabolic activity of microorganisms in Atacama 1 surface soils inferred from refractory biomarkers: Implications for martian habitability and biomarker detection, 2018, Astrobiology, 18, 7, 955
Yung, Y. L., Chen, P., Nealson, K., Atreya, S., Beckett, P., Blank, J. G., Ehlmann, B., et al., 2018, Methane on Mars and habitability: challenges and responses, Astrobiology, 18, 10, 1221

상세보기
Zacny, K., Bar-Cohen, M., Brennan, G., Briggs, G., Cooper, K., Davis, B., Dolgin, D., Glaser, D., Glass, B., Gorevan, S., Guerrero, J., McKay, C., Paulsen, G., Stanley, S., & Stoker, C., 2008, Drilling systems for extraterrestrial ubsurface exploration, Astrobiology, 8, 3, 665
Zahnle, K., Claire, M., & Catling, D., 2006, A loss of massindependent fractionation in sulfur due to a Palaeoproterozoic collapse of atmospheric methane, Geobiology, 4, 271
Zolotov, M. Y. & Shock, E. L., 2001, Composition and stability of salts on the surface of Europa and their oceanic origin, JGR, 106, 32815

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증