초록 ▼

Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
제 1세부과제인 한우 미경산암소 비육우 사료급여방법 설정연구는 한우 미경산우 고급육 생산을 위한 사양프로그램 개발을 목적으로 실시되었다. 성장단계별 사료가 반추미생물에 미치는 영향에 대해 실험실적인 분석하였다. 성장단계에서는 일반조사료와 농후사료 혼합을 대조구로 TMR A (TMR+Timothy)와 TMR B(TMR+Timothy+additional energy pellet)을 처리하여 pH, 암모니아, 총 가스, VFA발생이 TMR 처리구에서 대조구보다 증가하였고, 미생물 생장에는 나쁜영향을 미치지 않았다.

Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
제 1세부과제인 한우 미경산암소 비육우 사료급여방법 설정연구는 한우 미경산우 고급육 생산을 위한 사양프로그램 개발을 목적으로 실시되었다. 성장단계별 사료가 반추미생물에 미치는 영향에 대해 실험실적인 분석하였다. 성장단계에서는 일반조사료와 농후사료 혼합을 대조구로 TMR A (TMR+Timothy)와 TMR B(TMR+Timothy+additional energy pellet)을 처리하여 pH, 암모니아, 총 가스, VFA발생이 TMR 처리구에서 대조구보다 증가하였고, 미생물 생장에는 나쁜영향을 미치지 않았다. I n situ 실험은 실험한우(350 ± 20 kg)를 대조구(조사료 : 농후사료, 4:6)와 TMR처리로 구분하여 실시하였다. 소화율은 TMR처리가 대조구에 비해서 유의적으로 빨리 분해되었다. 비육기 사료의 분해 율은 유사하였으나, TMR 처리가 비육지수에서 대조구에 비해서 높았다. 필드실험에서 20두의 한우(10개월 령)을 10두씩 처리구와 대조구로 나누어 실험을 실시하였다. TMR 사료는 하루에 2회씩 급여하였고 물과 미네랄은 자유 급식하였다. 대조구와 달리 500g의 에너지펠렛 사료는 높은 에너지 사료의 과비로 인한 에스테러스 스트레스를 경감해주었다. 일반적으로 두 처리구간 성장에서의 차이점은 보이지 않았다. 하지만 비육말기 동안 처리구가 대조구에 비해 사료효율이 감소하였다. 도체무게, 등지방두께, 근내지방도, 육색, 지방색, 성숙도와 조직감과 같은 도체특성에서는 두 처리구간 차이점을 보이지 않았다. 또한 육량지수(예, 생산성)에서는 대조구가 더 높은 경향을 보였고, 육질지수에서는 처리구가 높았다. 이 결과는 본 실험에서 사용된 처리구가 육질을 증가시킬 수 있다는 것을 나타내었다.
제 2 세부과제인 한우 암소 비육우 발정 스트레스 경감기술 개발은 천연물질을 활용한 발정스트레스를 줄일수 있는 기술을 개발하여 고급육을 생산할수 있는 한우미경산우 비육생산에 활용하는데 있다. 19종의 허브과 농부산물의 수용성 추출액에 대해서 항 스트레스, 항산, 및 항염 활성을 검사하였다. SD-Rat 실험을 통해서 4종(Lemongrass, lavender, peppermint, lotus root)의 물질이 항 스트레스 활성을 갖은 것으로 선택되었다. 실험에서 lemongrass는 아주 높은 항산화 활성(SOD,GSH, GST, CAT, Gpx)을 간에서 보였다. 또한 lotus root와 betaine 도 다른 물질에 비해서 항산화 활성이 높게 나타났다. 혈청에서 TNF-α, IL-6, 및 IL-1β은 lotus root와 betaine 처리구에서 감소하였다. 혈액의 코티졸은 모든 처리구에서 감소하였다. 특히 lemon grass와 betaine은 유의적으로 높았다. 뇌에서 5-HT와 5-HiAA은 lavender 처리에서 높게 나타났다. 결과적으로 lemongrass과 lotus root가 높은 항스트레스 물질을 함유한 것으로 실험동물과 실험관 실험결과 나타나 한우적용 실험을 위해 최종적으로 선택되었다.
한우 미경산우 적용 실험은 혈액성상, 스트레스관련 호르몬, 행동 및 성장성을 발정 전후에 검사하는 것으로 하였다. 일당증체량은 처리구간 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 한편 레몬그라스 처리구가 대조구에 비해서 일당증체량에서 발정동기화 기간동안 높게 나타났다. 혈액내 알부민 함량은 발정 전후에 모든 시험구에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 레몬그라스 처리구가 HDL– 콜레스테롤에서 증가하였으나, 통계적으로 유의성을 관찰되지 않았다. 트리글리세라이드는 대조구와 lotus root 처리구에서 증가하였다. Progesterone은 발정후 모든 동물에서 증가하였다. 레몬글라스 처리구는 발정 전후에 놀라는 행동이 감소하였다.
최종적으로 레몬글라스가 발정스트레스 감소를 위한 최종 천연물질로 선택되어 4개월동안 적정 급여량 실험에 활용되었다. 일당 급여량은 모든 동물에서 약10kg/head/day 이였으나, 레몬글라스 처리구가 대조구에 비해서 일당 증체량은 증가하였다. 50g/head/day의 레몬글라스를 처리한 가축보다 대조구에서 더 빈번한 발정이 관찰되었다. 100g/head/day 레몬글라스를 처리한 동물에서 소리치는 행동이 줄어들었고 싸우는 행동은 유의적으로 감소하였다. 실험에 참여한 한우 암소 미경산우를 도축하여 율질평가를 실시한 결과 50g/head/day의 레몬글라스를 처리한 가축에서 도체중, 육질지수 A 및 1+ 등급의 출현율이 높게 나타났다. 등심에서 SOD활성은 레몬글라스의 급여량을 증가시키면 증가하였으며, CAT의 활성은 대조구에 비해서 레몬글라스를 처리한 모든구에서 높게 나타났다. GSH와 GPx의 활성은 50g/head/day 처리구에서 높게 나타났으나, 유의적이지 않았다. 본 연구결과는 레몬글라스의 급여가 한우 미경산우 비육에서 발정스트레스를 경감시키는 것으로 나타났고, 생산성과 도체품질면에서 50g/head/day의 처리가 적정 급여수준으로 나타났다.
제 3 세부과제인 한우고기 도체품질, 식감 및 기능성 펩타이드 특성 조사 분석은 미경산 한우의 도체특성, 맛 특성과 건강기능성에 대한 연구를 목적으로 설계되었다. 첫 번째 실험은 미경산우, 거세우 및 비거세우 각각 10두씩을 도축하여 숙성 3일과 14일후 수분함량, 지방, pH, 가열감량, 육색, 전단력, 총콜라겐 함량, 유리아미노산, 지방산, 향기성분 및 관능검사를 실시하였다. 총콜라겐 함량은 미경산 우에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 올레인산과 관련된 향기성분은 미경산 우에서 거세우나 수소에 비해 높게 나타났다. 고기의 좋은 향미와 관련된 2-methylpropanal, pentanal 및 hexanal, 은 암소 미경산 우에서 거세 우나 수소에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다.
두 번째 실험은 가열온도와 숙성이 화학적 및 관능특성에 미치는 요인에 대한 연구를 실시하였다. 육즙은 숙성 3일과 14일후 각각 60℃과 77℃에서 가열후 추출되어 단맛, 짠만, 신맛, 쓴맛 및 구수한 맛이 분석되었다. 높은 열처리와 14일 숙성육에서 단맛과 짠맛의 다른 처리구보다 높게 나타났다. 쓴맛이 높게 나타난 시료에서 구수한 맛이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 총 유리아미노산과 쓴맛과 관련된 유리아미노산이 숙성 14일 처리 구에서 높게 나타났다. 트로포닌 티는 숙성 14일에 증가하였다.
본 연구결과는 육즙의 맛은 가열온도와 숙성에 따라 달라진다는 것을 나타내었다.
세 번째 실험은 한우 미경산 암소에서 분리한 새로운 기능성 펩타이드의 항산화 및 항 세포사멸효과를 관찰하기 위해 실시되었다. 펩타이드의 아미노산 서열은 “Glu-Val-Pro-Glu-Val-His-Glu-Glu-Val”이였다. 항산화 효과는 DPPH와 ABRS분석을 C2C12세포라인에 과산화수소를 처리한 세포를 대상으로 실시되었다. caspase 3의 mRNA분석을 통해 세포사멸을 분석하였다. 또한 TNF-α, NF-κB 및 myogenin의 mRNA분석을 분석하였다. TNF-α 및 NF-κB의 발현은 과산화수소를 처리한 세포주에서 유의적으로 증가하였으나 펩타이드를 처리하면 유의적으로 감소하였다.
또한 펩타이드 처리는 세포의 caspase 3 발현을 감소시켰다. 이러한 결과는 본 연구에서 추출한 펩타이드는 항산화 및 항 세포사멸 효과가 있음을 나타내어 한우 미경산우 고기의 기능성에 대해 증명하였다.
제 4 세부과제인 거세한우 고급육 생산 비육기간 단축 기술개발은 한우 거세우 26,28 및 30개월 사육에서 고에너지 사료의 효과를 분석하기 위해 실시되었다. 높은 에너지 사료가 한우고급육을 위한 근내지방도 침착을 위해 사용되었다. 비육의 높은 에너지 사료는 많은 농후사료의 양을 필요로 하는 것은 물론 높은 관리비를 동반한다.
우리는 높은 에너지 사료가 원하는 도체등급에 도달하기 위한 사육기간을 단축시킬 수 있다는 가설을 설정하였다. 총 48두의 한우가 (높은 에너지군, 대조구) + (26, 28 및 30개월)의 한우 거세우 시험구에 배치되었다. 각 우방에 4두씩 총 12 우방에서 실험이 수행되었다. 비육기간 전기, 중기 및 후기기간 동안 2달 간격으로 혈액이 채취되었다. 생체중이 두달 간격으로 측정되었다. 도축직후 등심근육 및 피하지방에서 근육과 지방시효과 지방 및 근육 발현 관련 mRNA을 측정하기위해서 채취되었다. 도축후 24시간에 도체특성이 측정되었으며 지방조성 시료가 채취되었다. 모든 ADG와 사료효율은 처리구간간에 유의적 차이가 없었다. 혈청내 글루코스 함량은 30과 26개월에서 증가하였다. 근내지방도는 30개월 동안 사육된 시험구에서 다른 26 및 28개월 사육구보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 특이할만한 사항으로는 26개월 대조구의 가축에서는 26개월 고 에너지 처리구보다 유의적으로 높은 근내지방도가 나타났다.
도체중은 30개월 사육구에서 더 높게 나타났고, 단가 불포화지방산도 30개월 처리구에서 유의적으로 더 높게 나타났다. SCD 인덱스는 30개월 고에너지 처리구에서 더 높게 분포되었다. SCD mRNA 발현은 26개월에서 가장 높게 발현된후 30개월까지 감소하였다. SCD발현은 근내지방도 또는 지방산 조성과 상호관계가 나타나지않았다. 본 연구결과는 고에너지 사료(+3% TDN)는 한우거세우 고급육 생산을 위한 사육기간을 줄일수 있다는 것을 나타냈었다.

Abstract ▼

The current study was conducted on the theme of development of a cost effective production system for high quality Hanwoo beef and characteristics of its healthy functionality from 2011 to 2013. This experiment initially designed at the time of increasing demands on defined research on Heifer beef a

The current study was conducted on the theme of development of a cost effective production system for high quality Hanwoo beef and characteristics of its healthy functionality from 2011 to 2013. This experiment initially designed at the time of increasing demands on defined research on Heifer beef as social interesting from consumers and beef producers were dramatically increasing on this issues. Experiment designed included three issues on feeding regime, stress physiology, and meat quality and functionality for heifer and steers, conducted by four separated groups. Individual issues are summarized as fellowing;
The first group of experiments on the topic of the feeding regime of heifer were;
This study was conducted to develop feeding program for Hanwoo heifers to produce high quality of beef. Particularly, additional energy feeding to relieve estrus stress was main purpose in this study. Therefore, various experiments such as in vitro, in situ and field studies were conducted to examine effects of estrus stress relive TMR feeding program for Hanwoo heifers on digestibility and metabolism in the their body. There were three growth stages such as growing, early fattening and late fattening periods in the fattening feeding program, respectively. We examined the effect of experimental diets with different growth stages on rumen microbial fermentation using in vitro technique. In growing stage, there were 3 treatments such as traditional forage and concentrate feeding as a control, TMR A (TMR+Timothy) and TMR B (TMR+Timothy+additional energy pellet), respectively. The rumen fermentation parameters such as pH, ammonia, total gas and VFA production were increased in TMR treatments compared with the control, and there was no negative effect on rumen microbial fermentation. In situ degradability of fattening period diets was conducted with two rumen cannulated Hanwoo steers (350 ± 20 kg). There were two treatments such as control (forage : concentrate, 4:6), TMR treatment. According to Ørskov and McDonnald (1979), dry matter disappearance rate and effective degradability was calculated. The a fraction which is rapidly degraded fraction was significantly higher in TMR treatments compared with the control (p< 0.05). While, slowly degraded fraction b was not significantly different across the treatments.
Effective degradability of early fattening diet was similar between treatments, but late fattening diets' s value higher in TMR treatments compared with the control. In the field experiment, we used twenty Hanswoo steers (average 10 months age) and distributed into two treatments in randomized block design based on the body weight. The experimental TMR diets fed twice a day, and water and mineral was free accessed. Unlike to the control, 500 g of energy pellet diet was daily fed to relieve estrus stress due to obese with high energy intake.
Generally, growth performance was not outstandingly different across the treatments during whole period. While, feed efficiency was undesirably increased in addition energy treatment compared with the control during late fattening period. It seems that blood cortisol concentration decreased with addition energy treatment compared with the control during whole period. Carcass characteristics such as carcass weight, back fat thickness, marbling score, meat color, fat color, maturity and texture were not significantly different between the treatments, but rib eye area was higher in the control in comparison to addition energy treatment (p< 0.05). In addition, it appears that yield index was higher in the control, but meat quality was improved in addition energy treatment. Therefore, the present data suggesting that additionally energy diet feeding could possibly improve meat quality.
The second group of experiments on the topic of the stress physiology of heifer were;
The object of this study was to develop reduction technique of estrus stress using natural resources for increasing meat quality and productivity in Hanwoo fattening heifer. Water extracts of 19 herbs and agricultural by-products which are contain anti-stress activity were used to estimate anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. And four substances were chosen by in vitro and performed in vivo to estimate the anti-stress activity in SD-Rat (4 weeks old).
Lemongrass, lavender, peppermint, and lotus root appeared that in vitro anti-stress activity was increased than other candidate substances. The group dosed with lemongrass in SD-rat demonstrated that the high antioxidant capacity (SOD, GSH, GST, CAT, Gpx) of liver. In addition, the group dosed with lotus root and betaine in SD-rat showed that the anti-stress activity was increased than other stress group and TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in blood serum of experimental animal were decreased in lotus root and betaine dosage group.
Cortisol of blood in all treatments was decreased than other stress group, especially lemon grass and betaine dosage group was significantly higher (p< 0.05). The contents of 5-HT and 5-HiAA in brain tissue were high in lavender dosage group.
Consequently, lemongrass and lotus root containing the high anti-stress capacity in vitro and in vivo were chosen and supplemented for feeding trial to determine changes of blood composition, stress related hormone, behaviour, and performance before and after estrus in Hanwoo heifer. Daily gain was not significantly different during experimental period, but daily gain during estrus synchronization was significantly higher in group supplemented with lemongrass than in control (p< 0.05). The content of albumin in blood before and after estrus was decreased in all groups (p< 0.05). The content of HDL– cholesterol was increased in group supplemented with lemongrass but there was not significant.
The content of triglyceride was increased in control and group supplemented with lotus root. The content of progesterone was increased after estrus in all groups (p< 0.05). Eating behavior was not decreased and fighting behavior was decreased in group supplemented with lemongrass before and after estrus.
Finally lemongrass was chosen as a natural source to determine reduction effect of the estrus stress and feeding trial was performed to estimate the optimal supplementation during 4 months. Daily feed intake was about 10kg/head/day in all groups and daily gain was higher in groups supplemented with lemongrass than in control. Estrus was more frequently observed in control and less in group supplemented with 50g/head/day of lemon grass. The number of grooming was decreased as increasing lemongrass supplementation level and fighting behavior was significantly decreased in group supplemented with 100g/head/day of lemongrass (p< 0.05).
After feeding trial, fattening heifers were slaughtered and their meat quality was estimated. the group supplemented with 50g/head/day of lemongrass had higher carcass weight, loin area, yield index, A grade and the appearance ratio of 1+ grade. SOD activity of loin meat was increased as increasing supplemental ratio of lemongrass and CAT activity was higher in all groups supplemented with lemongrass than in control. GSH and GPx activities were high in group supplemented with 50g/head/day of lemongrass, but there were not significance.
Consequentially, it is thought that the supplementation of lemongrass would relief the estrus stress and improve the meat quality and productivity. in addition, optimal level of lemongrass supplementation would be 50g/head/day.
The third group of experiments on the topic of meat quality and functionality heifer were;
This study was conducted to investigate carcass quality, taste functionality and health functionality of Hanwoo heifer. First, to know carcass quality, heifer (10 heads), steer (10 heads) and bull (10 heads) were used and aged for 3 days and 14 days respectively. Analysis item was moisture, crude fat, pH, cooking loss, meat color, shearing force, total collagen, heat soluble collagen, free amino acids, fatty acid, flavor and sensory test. Among them, total collagen contents of heifer were significantly lower than those of steer and bull. Particularly, oleic acid related with flavor, anti-cancer ability of heifer significantly higher than steer and bull. Also, 2-methylpropanal, pentanal and hexanal, kind of meaty flavor components, were noticeably higher for heifer than for steer and bull. Second, It was investigated to study the effect of heating temperature and aging on chemical and sensory characteristics in meat juice from Hanwoo heifer beef.
Meat juice extracted from beef obtained on heating (60℃ 77℃) and aging (3 days, 14 days) and then isolated fraction containing peptides. The sensory characteristics were evaluated with regard to intensity properties of the five basic tastes (sweetness, saltiness, sourness, bitterness, umami). From the results, the sample with high heating temperature and long term of aging periods had a higher score in sweetness, saltiness than the others with low heating temperature and short term of aging periods. The higher bitterness scores were, the less umami scores were. Electrophoresis results showed a higher molecular weight band at low heating temperature. Also, the total amount of free amino acids and also a free amino acids affiliated with bitterness were increased at 14 days. Furthermore, Troponin-T fast skeletal muscle fragments representing aging indicator was observed at 14 days. These results indicated that chemical and sensory characteristics in meat juice extracted from heifer varied according to heating temperature and aging periods. Third, the objective of this study was to evaluate antioxidant, antiapoptotic, myogenic effects of a novel peptide isolated from Hanwoo heifer which we isolated 2012. The amino acid sequences of the peptide were Glu-Val-Pro-Glu-Val-His-Glu-Glu-Val. The antioxidant activities of peptide were determined by measuring the DPPH and ABRS radical scavenging assays. The in vitro cytotoxicity of peptide was determined against H2O2-induced C2C12 cells. H2O2-induced apoptosis in C2C12 cells were determined by mRNA expression of caspase-3. Also, Cell morphology of C2C12 differentiation stage according to adding peptide was conducted using microscope. Moreover, the mRNA expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, myogenin were assayed by RT-PCR. The findings of the study indicate that the mRNA expression of TNF-α and NF-κB are significantly increased in H2O2-induced C2C12 cells, whereas a significant decrease in these mRNA expressions are observed when pretreated with peptide. Pretreatment peptides is also found to significantly decrease the mRNA expression of caspase-3 in H2O2-induced C2C12 cells. Also, myogenin expression treated with peptide, terminal differentiation marker, was higher than control. Consequently, the results of the study demonstrate that potential of heifer beef as a source of various functional beef in itself.
The last group of experiments on the topic of feeding regime of steer were;
The aim of this project was to determine the effect of high energy diet on the 26mon-, 28mon-, and 30mon- endpoints of Hanwoo steers. High energy diet has been used for enhancing marbling adipose tissue in high quality Hanwoo beef. High energy diet required not only an amount of concentrate on days of fattening periods but also induced cost for the management. We hypothesized that high energy diet was able to reduce a fattening period to reach a certain quality grade. A 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (High energy, control vs 26mo-, 28mo-, 30mo- endpoints) in a completely random design was used to feed 48 Hanwoo steers. Four steers were fed in same pen and 12 pens were used for treatment. Blood was drawn from each steers on every other months during early, middle, and final fattening periods. Body weight was evaluated each steers on every other months. Longissimus dorci (LD) muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SC) was collected within 10 min of harvest for analysis of adipogenic and myogenic mRNA levels. The LD samples were also collected after 24 hours chilled down for evaluating carcass grade or fatty acid composition. Over all ADG and feed efficiency were not different between high energy and control diet (P > 0.05). Dry matter intake was induced 30 mo-old early and final fattening periods at high energy diet.
Serum glucose concentration were increased (P < 0.05) at 30mo and 26mo-old steers. Marbling scores were greater at 30 month old than 26 and 28 month old Hanwoo steers. Interestingly, 26 mon-control groups were significantly greater marbling score than 26 mon-high energy and 28 mon-control groups (P < 0.05). Carcass weight of Hanwoo steers were greater at 30 mon-old groups than other groups. The percentage of mono-unsaturate fatty acid was greater at 30 mon-old groups than other groups. Stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) index was highly distributed at 30mo-old high energy diet groups. The mRNA level of SCD were peaked at 26 mo-old cattle and steady decreased at 30mo-old cattle. SCD gene expressions were not positively correlated with marbling score and fatty acid compositions during final fattening periods. This result indicated that high energy diet (+3% TDN) reduced fattening periods for the production of high quality Hanwoo steers.
Collectively, the current study suggested that the optimum and the most cost effective feeding strategies for heifer and steers in terms of production of high quality meats. In addition, our research also identified a number of natural herbs which can reduce sexual excitement stress for heifer and they demonstrated the use of herbs effectively improved productivity of heifers at the industrial level.
The current study also identified premium quality of heifer beef in comparison with steers. We believe the data obtained from the current study can be effectively applied for Korean beef industry and improve productivity of Hanwoo heifer and steers.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 2
• 요약문 ... 3
• SUMMARY ... 9
• 목차 ... 15
• 제 1 장 서 론 ... 16
• 1 절. 연구개발의 필요성 ... 16
• 제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 22
• 1 절. 국내 연구 현황 ... 22
• 2 절. 국외 연구 현황 ... 23
• 제 3 장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 24
• 1 절. 한우 미경산암소 비육우 사료급여방법 설정(제1 세부과제) ... 24
• 2 절. 한우 암소 비육우 발정 스트레스 경감기술 개발 (제2 세부과제) ... 54
• 3 절. 한우고기 도체품질, 식감 및 기능성 펩타이드 특성 조사 분석 (제3 세부과제) ... 94
• 4 절. 거세한우 고급육 생산 비육기간 단축 기술개발 ... 138
• 제 4 장 연구개발목표 달성도 및 대외기여도 ... 154
• 1 절. 목표대비 달성도 ... 154
• 2 절. 정량적 성과 ... 156
• 제 5 장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 157
• 1 절. 산업적 활용측면 ... 157
• 2 절. 기술적 활용측면 ... 158
• 제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 159
• 제 7 장 기타 중요 변동사항 ... 160
• 제 8 장 국가과학기술종합정보시스템에 등록한 연구장비 현황 ... 161
• 제 9 장 참고문헌 ... 162
• 끝페이지 ... 167