초록 ▼

Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
○ 제1핵심과제 : 사과수출 확대를 위한 지원체계 구축
제1세부 과제 : (대만) 수출사과 생산기술 및 품질관리 모델 적용
- 수출시범단지 지정 및 운영을 통한 수출사과 관리 및 현황 조사
2009년 청송 3개단지, 2010년 Daily 수출단지 10개단지, 충주 1개단지, 봉화군 4개 단지에 대해 월 1~2회 현장컨설팅 실시를 통한 수출단지의 생산, 품질 및 안전성 관리에 있어서의 예비조사
- 수출 농가 및 단지와 관련기관을 위한 수출 종합지원체계 구축
수출사과생산 영농일지, 사과

Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
○ 제1핵심과제 : 사과수출 확대를 위한 지원체계 구축
제1세부 과제 : (대만) 수출사과 생산기술 및 품질관리 모델 적용
- 수출시범단지 지정 및 운영을 통한 수출사과 관리 및 현황 조사
2009년 청송 3개단지, 2010년 Daily 수출단지 10개단지, 충주 1개단지, 봉화군 4개 단지에 대해 월 1~2회 현장컨설팅 실시를 통한 수출단지의 생산, 품질 및 안전성 관리에 있어서의 예비조사
- 수출 농가 및 단지와 관련기관을 위한 수출 종합지원체계 구축
수출사과생산 영농일지, 사과종합생산지침서, 영농정보 뉴스레터(’09~’13년, 4~10월까지 월 2회 발간), 기술정보 계간지 사과 발간(’09~’13년, 18호, 국내외 수출관련정보, 사업단 동향 및 연구성과 홍보), 수출사과 안전성확보를 위한 추천 방제력(’11∼’13년, 3회, 대만, 일본 수출용 MRL 설정), 사과달력('10∼'14년, 5회, 수출사과 월별 관리요령) 등 종합지원물 발간
- 수출사과 품질 및 안전성 관리에 글로벌 규격화 시스템 도입
경북 안동시 녹전사과수출작목반에 GlobalGAP 시스템을 도입하여 3년 연속 인증을 받음. GlobalGAP 영농일지,GlobalGAP 사과품질관리 매뉴얼(QMS), 수출사과종합생산 매뉴얼, GlobalGAP 규정에 따른 농장관리 등 소책자 발간, GlobalGAP 안전/위생수칙 포스터와 스티커 개발 및 보급, 글로벌갭 내부심사원 및 감사관 3명 양성 등 수출사과관리에 글로벌갭 시스템 도입을 위한 기반 구축 완료
- 지속가능한 수출사과 생산 및 품질관리 모델 구축
수출사과의 체계적 관리를 위해 GlobalGAP 시스템을 적용하여 수출농가 및 단지 관리, 품질 및 안전성 관리, 생산이력 추적관리에서의 문제점과 해결방안을 도출하여 지속가능한 수출사과 생산 및 품질 관리 모델을 제시하였음.
제2세부 과제 : 동남아 수출사과원 해충방제력 개발 및 방제기술 지원
- 수출사과원 문제병해충 발생예찰과 발생상황 전달
검역해충 복숭아심식나방과 유사해충인 복숭아순나방의 성페로몬트랩 이용 유살수 조사결과, 연도, 지역, 과원에 따라 차이가 많았음. 지역별로 복숭아심식나방은 거창>무주>의성>김천 순으로 많았고, 문경>음성>보은>청송 순으로 적었으며, 심식나방류의 발생 시기는 복숭아심식나방은 6월 상순부터 9월 하순이며, 연간 2세대를 거치고, 복숭아순나방은 4월 상순부터 10월 상순이며 연간 4세대를 경과하는 패턴을 보였음.
- 수출사과원 병해충 방제기술 지원과 현장컨설팅 실시
대만 수출 사과원은 성페로몬 발생예찰 트랩을 설치하여 검역해충인 복숭아심식나방 등 과실 가해 심식나방류의 정확한 발생상황 파악과 이에 따른 방제적기 예측 지원. 대만에서 최대잔류허용수준(MRL)이 설정된 살충제를 사용하는 맞춤 해충 방제력을 작성하여 보급하였으며 주변환경에 따라 심식나방류 다발생 지역(사과원)은 방제용 성페로몬 교미교란제를 활용하여 심식나방류의 발생경감과 방제효과를 높였음.
○ 제2핵심과제 : 수출한계요인 극복을 위한 기술개발
제1세부 과제 : 수출경쟁력 확보를 위한 과실 착색기술 개발
- 동물성 아미노산(16.5%): 아르기닌(0.02%): 인산(7.5%): 칼슘(5.5%): 붕소(0.5%): 물 (68.2%): Sucralose(1.3%): 소포제(0.02%)로 조성된 착색제는 ‘색깔마니’(가칭)를 개발하였음.
- Sucralose가 함유된 색깔마니와 천연유기활성제가 함유된 굿칼라의 처리구가 대조구 및 타제품에 비해 착색이 우수하였으나 기타 품질요소에는 뚜렷한 차이가 없었음.
제2세부 과제 : 수출경쟁력 확보를 위한 착과 생력화기술 개발
- 석회유황합제의 사과 적화효과는 연속처리 시 높은 효과를 보였으나 만개 3일후에는 거의 효과가 없었음. 습도가 높은 경우 석회유황합제의 효과가 낮아지며 수세가 강한 나무보다는 약한 나무에서 석회유황합제의 적화효과가 높았음. 과원 내 환경으로 음지가 양지보다 적화효과가 높게 나타났음.
- 카스케이드는 ‘후지’에서 적과효과가 인정되었고 특히 석회유황합제 적화 후 카스케이드의 1.5배농도 처리에서 적과효과가 높았음. 하지만 ‘홍로’의 경우 카스케이드 단독처리에서는 적과효과가 나타나지 않았고 만장일치 및 스미치온과의 혼용처리에서만 적과 효과가 나타났음.
- 착색기 적엽을 위해 킬레이트 구리 0.5%를 ‘후지’에 처리 한 경우 적엽효과가 높았으나 킬레이트 구리 0.25%와 NaCl의 혼용처리 시에는 약해가 발생하였음. ‘홍로’의 경우 킬레이트 구리는 약해가 발생하였음. 그러나 적엽에도 불구하고 착색향상에는 뚜렷한 효과가 없었음.
제3세부 과제 : 수출 활성화를 위한 고당도 정형과 생산기술 개발
- 안정적인 결실을 위한 수분수용 꽃사과 선발 및 보급 : 사과 수출농가에서 재배품종들에 적합한 16종류의 꽃사과 품종을 선발하고 증식하여 보급하고 있음.
- 인공수분을 하면 과중이 증가하면서 정형과 비율이 높아졌음. 인공수분 시 노동력을 경감할 수 있는 액화 화분 수분기술을 개발하였음. 아울러 사과 과실 정형과 생산 기술 매뉴얼을 개발하여 농가에 보급하였음.
- 노동력 절감을 위한 약제 적화 및 적과 매뉴얼 개발하여 보급하였음.
- 유대재배 시 내지가 적색인 이중봉지가 착색에 가장 효과적이었음. 유대재배 사과 과실의 착색향상을 위하여 착색제를 사용한다면 판매용 착색제보다는 에탄올 1%를 사용하는 것이 좋을 것으로 판단되었음.
제4세부 과제 : 동남아 수출을 위한 농약안전사용 기준에 적합한 병해 방제체계 개발
- 수출대상국별 농약안전 사용기준에 적합한 살균제 살포 프로그램 개발
대만 수출용 연간 8회 및 10회 살균제 살포프로그램
일본 수출용 연간 9회 살균제 살포프로그램
CODEX 적용 국가 수출용 연간 7회 살균제 살포프로그램
- 다수확 사과재배를 위한 병 진단 시스템 개발
사과나무 주요병해 사과갈색무늬병 진단기술 개발
Biotic stress 관련유전자를 이용한 사과갈색무늬병균 분자마커 선발
광간섭 단층촬영기(Optical Coherence Tomography, OCT)를 이용한 갈색무늬병 조기진단 시스템 개발
PCR법을 이용한 갈색무늬병 및 갈색무늬병 유사증상 구별법 확립
갈색무늬병 진단용 PCR법 개발과 병원균 월동처 탐색
갈색무늬병 현장진단용 LAMP(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification)법 개발
- 검역해충 복숭아심식나방과 사과원 주요해충의 구별법 확립
유충상태의 복숭아심식나방과 복숭아순나방 판별법 개발
검역해충 복숭아심식나방과 복숭아순나방, 순나방붙이의 판별법 개발
- 사과에 발생하는 기타 이상 질병의 원인 규명
과실에 발생한 이상 반점에 대한 진단
저장 사과의 이상 무름 증상 원인 규명
과실 표면에 발생한 부정형 부패증상 원인균 탐색
제5세부 과제 : 수출사과 조기 다수확을 위한 Short-life 과원체계 개발
- ‘후지’의 경우 재식 5년차에 차이를 보여 밀도가 높을수록 수량이 많아지는 경향을 보였고 4년간 누적수량에 있어서도 같은 경향으로 1.2m 58.5톤/ha, 0.6m 79.2톤/ha이었음. ‘감홍’ 후지에 비해 결실량이 많았는데 재식밀도가 높을수록 수량이 증가하여 주간거리 1.2m는 누적수량이 75.3톤, 0.4m는 116.5톤으로 주간거리가 좁아질수록 누적수량은 많았음.
- ‘후지’와 ‘감홍’ 품종 모두 착색을 비롯한 경도, 당도, 산도에서는 주간거리에 따른 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 주간거리가 넓을수록 평균과중이 높았으며 대과의 비중이 높았음.
- 재식밀도가 높아질수록 묘목비와 지주비용이 증가하여 주간거리 1.5m의 경우 약 54,961천원/ha에 비해 0.4m는 106,188천원/ha에 달하였음. 전정, 적과, 수확 등이 재식밀도가 높을수록 투하노동력 역시 더 많이 소요되어 ‘후지’의 경우 3종류 작업시간이 1.5m에서는 653시간/ha, 0.6m에서는 970시간이었고, ‘감홍’의 경우 1.2m에서는 874시간/ha, 0.4m에서는 1,069시간이었음.
- 재식 5년차까지의 경제성을 분석한 결과 ‘후지’의 경우 주간거리 1.0m가 가장 경제적이었고, 다음이 0.8m이었으나, ‘감홍’의 경우 0.4m가 가장 경제성이 높았고 다음이 0.6m였음. 재식거리별 경제성을 보다 정확하게 비교 분석하기 위해서는 지속적으로 수량과 품질을 추적하여야 할 것임.
조기 종료과제 1 : 생력재배를 위한 고소 작업차량 개발(1∼2년차)
- 고노임, 고유가 시대에 돌입한 현재, 고정밀 작업이 가능하고 에너지 절약형의 기계화가 절실히 필요하고 있는 이 때 과수원에서 안전하고 쾌적한 작업이 가능한 기계 개발이 필요하며 경사지 과수원에서도 안전하게 이용 가능한 기계가 필요함. 본 연구에서는 경사지에서도 수평유지가 가능한 작업대 및 전기 구동에 의해서 주행하는 저소음의 전동주행차량으로서 사과 상자의 상하차 장치 등의 기능을 가진 작업대 수평유지식 과수원 고소작업차를 개발하였고 개발결과를 요약하면 다음과 같음.
(1) 동력원은 DC 72 V, 100 AH의 Deep Cycle용 축전지를 사용하고, 보조 동력원으로 3.5kW의 가솔린 발전기를 겸용해서 사용하는 직렬식 하이브리드 카를 개발하였음
(2) 주행부는 궤도형(Crawler, 평균접지압 0.223 kgf/cm2)으로 하고 변속방식은 유압 무단변속 HST를 사용하였음.
(3) 작업대는 차체가 기울어져도 경사각 20°이내에서는 전 후 좌 우 수평유지가 가능하며, 수평유지 각도는 ±0.5°이내이며 유지각도 복귀시간은 최대 1초 이내 였음.
(4) 작업대의 최대 상승높이는 2,500mm, 작업폭은 2,900mm 였음.
(5) 장출판은 두께 50mm, 폭 600mm, 장출길이 900mm의 사각판으로 구성되어 있으며 1개의 작업대 2개의 장출판을 장착하였음. 장출판은 직경 40mm, 작동거리 900 mm의 유압실린더로 4 cm/sec 정도의 속도로 천천히 이동하도록 구성하였음. 조기 종료과제 2 : 사과식초를 이용한 수출용 애플비네가버몬트 개발(1∼2년차)
- 국내에 시판되고 있는 비네가버몬트의 이화적 특성 조사
국내 시판 비네가버몬트 제품 7종의 이화학적 특성을 조사한 결과 당도 31.5∼45.5Brix, pH는 2.50∼3.27, 산도는 0.87∼2.33%로 조사되었음. 갈색도는 420nm에서 0.462∼2.672, 탁도는 660nm에서 0.052∼0.650으로 나타났음. 환원당 함량은 2.40∼3.27%로 측정되었으며, 감식초 제품이 가장 높게 측정되었음. 총페놀성 화합물 함량은 3.39∼6.27mg%, 전자공여능은 11.75∼64.35%로 측정되었음.
- 제품의 기호성 조사
3종의 식초 음료 블루베리, 석류, 백련초 식초음료를 선정하여 본 연구과제에서 개발한 사과식초음료와 함께 총 4가지의 식초음료를 제시하여 관능적 특성 조사를 실시한 결과 전반적인 기호도 면에서 사과식초음료가 9점 만점에 7.45로 가장 높은 기호도를 나타내어 상품화 성공에 충분한 가능성이 있을 것으로 판단되었음.
- 적정 살균조건 개발
살균온도와 시간을 달리하여 처리를 실시한 결과 pH, 산도, 당도에는 거의 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 갈색도는 살균 온도가 높을수록, 살균시간이 길수록 약간 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었음.
- 사과식초 홍보 및 매출실적
2010년 10월 20일부터 4박 5일간 싱가포르에서 수출촉진을 위하여 주식회사 경북통상 주관으로 사과식초 제품 홍보를 실시하였음. 1년차 개발제품 사과식초 제품에 대해 참여업체 샘초롱내츄럴(주) 기업이 전체 매출액 중 약 15%인 1억 5천만원의 매출을 달성하였음.
○ 제3핵심과제 : 수출사과 표준화 및 수출마케팅
제1세부 과제 : 국내육성 사과 수출 등급기준 설정과 APC 기술 지원
- 수출 사과 품질 등급 설정
‘후지’, ‘홍로’, ‘감홍’ 등 3개 품종의 모의 수출 연구 결과를 통해 분석한 품질 인자의 규격 분포와 국내 표준 등급규격을 참조하여 국립농산물품질관리원의 등급규격 구분과 동일하게 3개 품질등급을 작성하였음.
- APC 기술지원 매뉴얼 개발
수출을 주도하는 APC의 기술지원을 위해, ‘후지’, ‘홍로’, ‘감홍’ 등 3개 품종에 있어서 수확 후부터 수출에 이르는 모든 과정에서 적용되는 기술의 최적화 방법을 수확후 관리 매뉴얼로 제작하였음.
- 수출 사과 소포장 기술 최적화
‘후지’ 사과의 수출과정에서 소포장 기술은 이화학 품질유지에 뚜렷한 영향을 미치지는 않았으나 중량감소를 줄이고 관능 조직감 유지에는 효과가 있었음. ‘후지’ 사과처럼 이산화탄소 장해에 민감한 품종은 무천공 완전 밀폐된 소포장에서는 내부갈변 장해현상이 나타나므로 최소한의 핀홀 천공처리를 통해 안전하면서도 중량감소를 낮추고 품질 저하를 억제하는 천공도의 조절이 필요한 것으로 나타났음.
제2세부 과제 : 사과 수출마케팅 및 K-Apple 조직화 전략 개발
- 최근까지 한국과 경쟁국의 현시비교우위지수(RCA)와 현시경쟁우위지수(RC)의 변화 추이에서 비교우위가 가장 높은 국가는 칠레이며, 이어서 뉴질랜드, 프랑스, 미국 순임. 동남아시아 사과시장으로 한정할 경우 미국, 뉴질랜드, 프랑스 순이었음. 중국의 경우 현시비교우위지수(RCA)가 1보다 작아서 사과 품목이 여타 품목에 비해 비교열위에 처해 있을지라도 1990년대 이후 수출경쟁력이 급격히 향상되고 있고 일본의 경우도 최근에 수출경쟁력이 향상되고 있음. 우리나라는 RCA가 1990년에는 0.58 수준을 유지하였지만 1995년에 0.18로 크게 떨어졌고, 그 이후 더욱 쇠퇴하면서 2000년 이후에는 0.02～0.09 수준 대를 유지하는 것으로 분석되었음.
- 한·중 FTA에서 사과에 대한 관세감축이 양허되고 식물방역법상 수입제한조치도 해제 될 경우에는 식물방역법상 수입제한조치로 5～10년 내에 실질적으로 수입되기 어려울 것으로 전망되기 때문에 이 기간에는 피해가 크지 않을 것이나 종국에는 피해가 클 것으로 예상됨. 이에 대한 대응방향은 가격과 품질, 양 측면에서의 경쟁력 제고, 농가당 재배규모를 1ha 이상으로 확대하고 생력형 재배기술의 적극적 도입을 통한 생산비 절감, 대량 출하 체계의 구축과 포장 간소화, 품질균일성을 유지하고 소비자가 신뢰할 수 있는 사과의 공급 등 임.
- 2008년 10월부터 2013년 4월까지 대만, 인도네시아, 말레이시아, 싱가포르, 극동러시아, 태국, 미국, 중국 북경, 홍콩, 베트남 등 10개국에서 128∼564명의 소비자를 1:1 개별 면접방법으로 사과 선호 정도와 한국산 사과에 대한 인식, 사과 구매 행태 및 응답 자특성변수 등을 설문조사하고 이를 바탕으로 각 국가별 수출·마케팅 전략을 수립하는데 기초적 자료로 활용하였음.
- 대만, 인도네시아, 말레이시아, 극동러시아, 싱가포르, 미국, 태국 등 7개국에서의 프로모션과 소비자 만족도 조사를 기초로 IPA(Importance-Performance Analysis)를 활용한 수출․마케팅 전략 수립. 한국 사과의 합리적 가격과 내․외적 품질 우수성이 수출을 증대시킬 수 있는 중요 요인이므로 생산에서 이러한 문제 해결 노력이 있어야 하고 더불어 지속적인 현지홍보와 목표 수요계층의 파악 및 수출 자조금 제도(export check-off program)의 도입을 통해 대내외적 수출 여건 변화에 체계적으로 대응해 나가야 할 것임.
- 사과수출선도조직인 (주)K-APPLE에 충북원예농협 등의 참여로 전국조직으로 확대가 필요하고 경상북도의 단독 사과 수출 브랜드인 “DAILY"와의 통합도 고려되어야 함. 사과 수출에 대한 인센티브 지원이 요구되며, 신규 제도인 수출 자조금 도입에 따른 농가 수취가격 보장 및 수출 물량의 계약 재배 등 제도를 확대․보완해 나가야 할 것임.

Abstract ▼

Ⅳ. Result and application
Section 1. Establishment of support system for apple export
1-1. Development of production and quality management model of Taiwan export apple
1. Assignment and management of apple export model complexes.
The production of safe, high-quality apple starts with d

Ⅳ. Result and application
Section 1. Establishment of support system for apple export
1-1. Development of production and quality management model of Taiwan export apple
1. Assignment and management of apple export model complexes.
The production of safe, high-quality apple starts with devoting the latest technology and pest management strategies to legal entity organized grower. To export promotion and securing stable amount for apple export, the pilot orchards for apple export were selected and operated by Apple Export Center.
2. Build a onsite cultivation consulting system for revitalization of apple export The production of safe, high-quality apple for export was induced by the distribution of customized apple production manuals and training to growers depending on acreage and technical level through sept by step technical and managerial capabilities of apple production system. The on-site apple consulting system was built by environmentally friendly technology for the production, problem-based research to identify and understand the integrated apple production guidelines.
3. Introduction of GLOBALG.A.P. certification for export apple production and management
GLOBALG.A.P.’s roots began in 1997 as EUREPGAP, an initiative by retailers belonging to the Euro-Retailer Produce Working Group. GLOBALG.A.P is aware of consumers’ growing concerns regarding product safety, environmental impact and the health, safety and welfare of workers and animals with distribution of agricultural and horticultural products in a friendly, safety and traceability in the international certification program. Unlike the usual authentication, GLOBALG.A.P certification for the final product, not the product certification system for the production and certification of the production process to be very important. In this research, 23 apple export grower in Andong Nokjeons and Andong APC at Daegu-Kyungpook Apple NongHyup were aimed to promote certification in 2011 and certified in the first year of this project in December 2011. The certification was qualified for the third consecutive year until 2013.
4. Development and application of new model for production, quality, safty on export apple.
GLOBALG.A.P model complex were applied to Korean GAP certified of 23 growers who had highly interested in apple export and evaluated by sie visiting. Selected growers were introduced regulations, standards and a presentation on how to manage export apple GLOBALG.A.P fulfill pledges and agreements. To effective application of GLOBALG.A.P system, steering committee was organized, developed and operated quality management system (QMS) manual for the production and comprehensive producing manual for export apple production. GLOBALG.A.P certified growers' participation in education and on-site inspections were carried out several times. Through its own internal audit of the orchards and the growers involved in the overall production system orchards by the simulation proceeds screening correction and corrective action for nonconforming elements for the growers. Exchange ideas was to encourage voluntary participation. The growers and Andong APC were prior reviewed and for certification, and finally obtained the GLOBALG.A.P.
5. Suggestion for sustainable model on export apple production and quality management.
GLOBALG.A.P is aware of consumers’ growing concerns regarding product safety, environmental impact and the health, safety and welfare of workers and animals with distribution of agricultural and horticultural products in a friendly, safety and traceability in the international certification program. Growers who participate in the production of GLOBALG.A.P apples had pride for the safety apple production and motivation for getting international certification. And overseas consumers are trusted with Korean apples for the quality and safety and the high-end market expansion of trust enhancement is very likely to contribute significantly.
1-2. Development and support to spray system for East-South Asia export apple orchard.
For reducing the occurrence of quarantine pest, peach fruit moth(Carposina sasaki) and it’s similar fruit moth, developing the effective pesticide spray schadule to export apples to Taiwan and setting up the system of technical education and consult, we investigated the occurrence status of peach fruit moths, analyzed their occurrence cause, carried out the comparative field experiments of the pesticide spray schedule and conducted several methods on education and consult to apple growers. We confirmed the serious occurrence of fruit moths and mites, analyzed their occurrence environment, set up the forecasting system of Carposina sasaki using IT equipment, and published and distributed the forecasting newsletter to export orchards. We developed the effective pesticide spray schedule to export apples to Taiwan from the several comparative examinations. We carried out continuously the educations and the consults on pest control and safe use of pesticide to export apple orchards. We published and distributed the two species of brochures ; tips against inspection of export orchards and lists of permitted pesticide to Taiwan easy to understand. Especially, we proposed three policy proposals to resolve the problem of export apple orchards : 1) Supports of special export orchard complex and environmental improvement of orchards reducing the occurrence of quarantine pests, 2) Supports of system setting up for pest forecasting and technical guidance, 3) Supply of the effective pesticide spray schadule to export apples to Taiwan.

Section 2. Development of cultural techniques for production of export apple
2-1. Development of color improving techniques for apple export
Poor red coloration is often a serious problem in the culture of ‘Fuji’ apples. To overcome this situation, the practice of spraying chemicals is common in Korea. The high popularity of ‘Fuji’ in exporting market is due to its good taste and excellent keeping quality. Unfortunately, however, ‘Fuji’ does not color well. This can be a serious problem, particularly in regions where weather conditions are not favorable for skin color development. the effects of light and temperature on color development of ‘Fuji’ are different from other cultivars like Jonathan.‘Both light and temperature are very important factors for color development of apples. ’Fuji’‘ produces little anthocyanin (red color pigment) when only visible light is given (wave length of 400 to 700 nm). ’Fuji’ apples develop red color best at 15 to 20°C lower than the temperature range for Jonathan (20 to 25°C). It is difficult to produce highly colored Fuji in warm areas. Therefore, we developed a low-cost, high efficiency coloring agent. This chemical improved fruit color compare to controls and not effected on storage shelf life.
2-2. Study of cost saving techniques in apple production for competitiveness of export
1. Flower thinning using lime sulfur
Lime sulfur should be applied more than twice before 3 days after full bloom to increase the effects of flower thinning in 'Fuju' apple cultivar. High humidity in the apple trees and week growth of branches reduced flower thinning effects of lime sulfur. Tree grown in shadow side of orchard had higher flower thinning effect than those grown on sunny side of orchard.
2. Fruit thinning effects of Cascade in 'Hongro' and 'Fuji' apple trees
Cascade which is registered as pesticide in Korea has potential fruit thinning effects in 'Fuji' apple trees. Especially, 1.5 dilution of Cascade showed strong apple thinning effects, if lime sulfur were treated in advance. However, single application of Cascade did not show any fruit thinning effects in 'Hongro' apple cultivar. 'Hongro' apple trees showed fruit thinning effects when the trees treated with Cascade mixed with Manjanilchi or Simizione.
3. Defoliation effects of chelate Cu and sodium concentrations in 'Hongro' and 'Fuji' leaves and fruit qualities
Chelate Cu showed strong defoliation effects at less than 0.5% concentrations in 'Fuji' cultivar. However, 0.25% of chelate Cu with NaCl caused fruit damages in the harvested apple fruit. 'Hongro' apple had high sensitivity of chelate Cu and caused severe fruit cracking and browning at the skin of apple fruits. All of potential defoliation chemicals did not increased fruit qualities, even those had more than 50% of defoliation in both cultivars. Therefore, additional experiments are necessary for development of safe defoliation products to reduce cultural practice of the hand defoliation in mature apple trees.
2-3. Researches on limiting factors of producing high quality apple
1. Sustainable apple production and standard fruit production technology development for promoting apple export
A. Screening and dissemination of pollinating crabapples for sustainable apple yield
Recently, reduced pollination rates at apple orchards have created problems for sustainable apple production. Crabapple trees are useful as pollinators as they have higher pollen counts than dessert apple cultivars used as pollinators. The attributes of traditional dessert apple cultivars were investigated and compared to 16 crabapple varieties, Manchurian, Hopa A, Sentinel, Yantaishagou, Professor Sprenger, Atrosanguiner, Adam’s, SKK14, SKK16, Purple Lemoine, Virginia, Asiatica, Hanyaehanakaidou, Prunifolia, Spectabilis, SJ. These 16 crabapple cultivars were chosen for screening because these were most suitable for use with current apple varieties preferred for export. When traditional dessert apple pollinators were replaced with crabapples for pollination, the crabapples increased blossom pollination rate along with attracting more pollinating insects. Therefore, the use of crabapples as pollinator trees plays a key role in securing robust apple export. The best crabapple varieties for the current apple cultivars were screened and propagated, and these crabapple varieties have been disseminated to apple growers.
B. Development of high quality standard fruit production technology
It is very important to improve and maintain sustainable fruit quality for establishing apple export environment and securing price competitiveness. The production apple fruit with uniform shape and size is the one of the fundamental ways for securing apple export environment. Production rate of standard fruit is around 50%. This result is due to the lack of fertilization, which causes an odd seed number in apple fruit. The enhancement of fertilization rates is the best approach to produce standard sized apple fruit. Therefore, the application of artificial pollination technology is strongly advised to alleviate production of abnormally sized and shaped fruit. In this study, the application of the artificial pollination technology not only increased fruit weight but also enhanced the production rate of uniform fruit. Nevertheless, this technology might increase working expenses by increasing labor when applying for artificial pollination. Therefore, the sprayable technology for artificial pollination was developed to reduce the cost. In order to disseminate this technology to apple export orchardists, standard apple fruit production manual for promoting apple export was developed and then disseminated to apple growers.
C. Development of sprayable chemical blooming and post-blooming thinning manual for reducing labor
Domestic apple growers struggle with a low labor force and increasing labor costs. The availability of labor is extremely important during the post-blooming thinning season but apple orchardists not only have a hard time finding labor, but also accrue costs of labor, thereby increasing the apple growers’ running expenses. The application of chemical blooming and post-blooming thinning is anticipated to address the lack of labor and reduce production costs. Therefore, an apple chemical blooming and post-blooming thinning manual was developed to solve these problems and ultimately to enhance high fruit quality. Lime sulfur and Carbaryl were effective for blooming or post-blooming thinning, respectively. These chemical applications reduced labor by 50% and working cost by 40%. These research results were then disseminated to apple growers.
2. Technology development of improving fruit coloration and soluble solids concentration in bagged apple fruit
Currently, apple bagging technology has been widely applied for satisfying Taiwan quarantine criteria, such as peach fruit moth, and pesticides residue. On the other hands, fruit bagging might cause to reduce fruit coloration and soluble solids concentration as well. Therefore, it is strongly required to solve those problems in apple export orchardists. Up to date, as apple fruit should be bagged if it would be exported, the research was carried out to evaluate the effects of applied bag types and debagging time on fruit coloration. According to the results, double bagging technology with a red liner was the most effective to improve fruit peel coloration. However, there was no difference on debagging time, regarding on peel coloration. Additionally, SSC was slightly effective in double bagging technology with a red liner than in control.
Nevertheless, in order to enhance fruit peel coloration, artificial coloring product and ethanol treatments were highly effective as delayed debagging time. 1% Ethanol treatment enhanced fruit coloration but artificial coloring product reduced the fruit storability in long-term stored fruit. SSC in artificial coloring product and ethanol treatment was 14.5oBrix and 13.4oBrix, respectively after 6months storage, which was higher than in control.
Therefore, the result indicates that 1% ethanol treatment could be better to improve fruit peel coloration in bagged apple fruit than artificial coloring product.
2-4. Development of diseases and pests protection system suitable for agricultural chemicals safety standards of export countries.
1. Development of fungicide spray programs suitable for safety standards of agricultural chemicals in export countries
In this study, we developed fungicide spraying program for Taiwan and East-asian countries that are the largest apple export markets.Recently, residual fungicide is the most serious problem in Korean apple exporting industry. Especially some of fungicides are regulated in Taiwan, so it should be used with cautions. Therefore, we tried to develop an fungicide spraying program for Taiwan-export apple.
A. Taiwan
The fungicide were included in MRL(maximum residue list), which regulated in Taiwan were 28 single formulation and 17 mixed formulation, respectively, in 2009. Therefore it was hard to develop the fungicide spraying program. we asked to RDA and 6 kinds of fungicides (tebuconazole, metconazole, trifloxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, iminoctadine-triacetate, fluazinam) are available now. In this study, we developed 7 times and 9 times fungi spraying program.
(1) Development of 9 times spray fungicide programs for export countries and application
The study of 9 times fungicide spraying program for Taiwan-exporting apple cultivation was divided using dithianon and selection of alternative dithianon. As the result, in case of fungicide spraying program using dithianon, it was confirmed that Apple blotch was controlled while alternatives were ineffective. Therefore it was changed and modified the fungicide spraying program from 9 times to 10 times. Especially we added 1 time of fungicide spray program for prevent the major apple disease; Apple blotch, Anthracnose and white rot during May to July. As the result, occurrence of Apple blotch was decreased on 10-1, 10-2 fungicide spraying program. However, we examined the fungicide spraying program only in Cheongsong region. Therefore it is assumed that further researches are need to examine the fungicide spraying program in other region before expanding the program.
(2) Development of 7 times spray fungicide programs for export countries and application
Considering development of low pesticides, 7 times fungicide spraying program for Taiwan-exporting apple cultivation is valuable for apple industry. Since it was hard to select the alternatives of dithianon, we added 1 time of fungicide spray in the program, then 8 times fungicide program was developed and examined. As the results, although 8-2 fungicide spray programm was developed, the disease occurrence rate of Apple blotch and Anthracnose was higher than general fungicide program. However, it was confirmed that major diseases were controlled under economic threshold level using 7 – 8 times spraying. Thus, we suggest 7 times or 10 times fungicide spraying program that is effective and does not regulated in exporting countries.
B. Japan
We developed 9 times and 7 times fungicide spraying program for Japan exporting apples. As the results, in case of 9 times fungicide spraying program, it is possible to use if the meconazole change to tebuconazole in the general fungicide spraying program. Thus, both JP 9-2 fungicide spraying program and general spraying program are available for apan exporting apples. However, it was hard to apply 7 times spraying program because the occurrence rate of Apple blotch was high in 7 times spraying program.
C. CODEX
We developed 4 kinds of fungicide spraying program that be satisfied with CODEX standards, and applied the spraying program in Yeongcheon region. As ther results, all the 4 kinds of fungicide spraying program was superior to 25 days interval spraying program; Y7-1. However, further researches are still needed to examine the reproducibility test.
2. Development of diagnosis systems in apple pest and diseases for high-yielding apples
A. Development of diagnostic method on apple blotch diseases in apple
(1) Selection of molecular marker related to biotic stress genes expressed by apple blotch diseases
Apple blotch disease is one of the most severe disease occurring in apple orchards in East Asia and other countries. The 13 apple bloch fungi Marssonina coronariae were collected and analyzed ITS spacer regions and 28S rDNA sequences. All isolates had high similarities over 99.0 %. and were closer genetically. One of these isolates, Gunwi-07 was used in this study. Selection of the biotic stress related genes in apple tree inoculated by M. coronariae, yeast functional screen(YFS) method was used in this experiment. At First, the total RNA were extracted in the apple leaves of non-inoculation, inoculation and were made their cDNA libraries. The 25 positive clones were obtained using by the YFS methods. Two clones were performed growth test in selection media and sequence analysis to characterize their functions. All positive clones were sequenced their insert DNA. The sequences related on positive clones compare with whole genome of Malus domestica cv Golden Delicious. As a results, all of positive clone were didn’t match Malus domestica cv Golden Delicious. So, stress-related gene reported in apple tree were found on NCBI sequence database. As a result, three genes as Mald-1, ACC oxidase, Ribonuclease-like PR-10d were selected and used molecular marker to detect apple blotch disease.
(2) Establish of early diagnosis system in apple blotch applied optical coherence tomography(OCT)
In this study, we developed non-invasive methods to detect Apple blotch on apple leaves using OCT. Healthy leaves from healthy tree and healthy leaves from diseased tree were same with our naked eye, it was confirmed that they were different each other using OCand A-scan analysis methods. It is assumed that M. coronaria affect to healthy leaves when the pathogen was infected. Those results indicated that OCT can be used as a non invasive tool for the diagnosis of Apple blotch (Patent Registration No. 10-0982619, PCT/KR2011/001575). Using the OCT detection method, we surveyed 57 apple orchards located in Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, Chungbuk, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam and Gangwon province during May to June in 2013 with Bayer Crop science. Sample collection was proceed 2 weeks interval by regional groups. According to A-scan result of first survey (May 10 ~ May 23), it was observed that most apple trees were infected by M. coronaria and the infection pattern was continued to end of June. Thus it is assumed that fungicide spraying program should be moved forward.
(3) Discrimination of apple blotch disease and apple blotch like symptoms using PCR method
Since 2010, apple blotch like symptoms were observed apple orchard in Gyeongbuk Province. For this reason, many apple farms were sprayed additional fungicides to prevent apple blotch like symptoms. So, we developed simple distinction PCR method to detect apple blotch pathogen using ITS region sequence. Several apple blotch like symptoms were collected apple farms and performed whether apple blotch disease or not. As a result, leaves appared apple blotch like symptoms does not detect apple blotch pathogens. So, apple blotch like symptoms were observed internal structure using light microscopy. Inner structure, any pathogens did not observed and plant cell were the same as healthy. Therefore, apple blotch like symptoms might be physiological disorders of plants not pathogens.
(4) Development of PCR method detecting apple blotch disease and observing overwinter place
A new PCR method for detect apple blotch disease was developed in 2013. The PCR primer set was made by partial gene of metallopeptidase which is originated in Marssonin coronariae. It saved time 1 or 2 hours than previous PCR method and increased detection sensitivity. This PCR method was applied search for investigate of overwinter place. Several samples as leaves, stems, soil, weed, diseased leaves in the previous years were collected and applied PCR method. As a result, M. coronariae was detected only diseased leaves in the previous years. The first ten days to around the middle of April, it does not detected other samples. So, M. coronariae causing apple blotch disease might be overwinter in diseased leaves in the previous years.
(5) Development of field diagnostic method detected apple blotch disease using loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)
Conventional PCR methods are too complex and time consuming. A PCR-based detection methods are required the extraction of nucleic acid from the sample and expensive equipments. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP) is a simple method to detect plant pathogen using simple equipment such as water bath or heated block. The advantages of this method are as below. 1> It could be possible to detect in field. 2> simple equipment and use for every one. 3> It could be possible for naked-eye in field. So, LAMP method of Marssonina coronariae was developed using specific gene. As a result, specific LAMP method is possible for detect infected leaves. Also, diseased leaves were collected several apple cultivated areas. All samples were amplified and visible for naked eye stained SYBR green solution I.
B. Establish of discrimination apple major pest and plant quarantine pest of oriental fruit moth in apple orchard
(1) Development of morphological differences between larvae of the Oriental fruit moth and the peach fruit moth
The oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta Busck) and the peach fruit moth (Carposina sasakii Matsumura) are the most severe insect pests affecting apple orchards in Korea. Since America, Taiwan and Canada designates peach fruit moth as a quarantine pest, it is very important to control this species for agricultural export produce in Korea. In larval stage of Peach fruit moth and Oriental fruit moth are very similar to each other so that mis-identification can occurred. Conventional methods; species-specific primers PCR, PCR-RFLP require expensive facilities and equipment and are also time consuming. Thus, we investigate morphological differences of surface sturcture between the two species of larvae using stereomicroscope and SEM. As the results, the prothorax spiracles of oriental fruit moth larvae were approximately twice as large as those of peach fruit moth larvae. The arrangements of subventral setae, located around the proleg, were different between oriental fruit moth and peach fruit moth larvae. Furthermore, subdorsal setae of oriental fruit moth were located next to the spiracle on the 8th abdominal segment, while that of peach fruit moth was located above the spiracle. We collected 54 unidentified larvae from infested fruits. Using morphological differentiation methods, we identified larvae of 26 peach fruit moth. Furthermore, identified larvae of peach fruit moth was reconfirmed using PCR-RFLP methods. As the result, it was reconfirmed as Peach fruit moth.
(2) Development of morphological and molecular characteristics between peach fruit moth and other moth
Recently, the oriental fruit moth(Grapholita molesta Busck) and the plum fruit moth(Grapholita dimorpha) are the most severe insect pests affecting apple orchards in Korea. In larval stage of Peach fruit moth and Plum fruit moth Oriental fruit moth are very similar to each other so that mis-identification can occurred. Thus, we investigate morphological differences of surface structure between Oriental fruit moth and Peach fruit moth. As the result, the number of crocheton proleg was different between larvae of oriental fruit moth and plum fruit moth. Furthermore, PCR-RFLP method can differentiate the oriental fruit moth and plum fruit moth using amplified cytochrome b gene after treat restriction enzyme (Sau3AI).
C. Identification and diagnosis of apple diseases
(1) Identification of black spot on surface of apple fruit caused by M. coronariae
In 2012, black spots on apple fruit were observed and decreased quality of apple in Cheongsong-gun, Gyeongbuk Province. The pathogen was identified as based on microscopy observation and PCR method. As a result, the causal agent is identified as Marssonina coronariae. A fruit symptom causing M. coronariae is rarely occurred in Korea. It might be due to weather conditions as low-temperature and frequently rainfall in 2012.
(2) Occurrence of fruit rot disease caused by Botrytis cinerea in low-temperature storage
A fruit rot symptoms were observed on low-temperature storage. The rotten areas were turned yellow and wrinkled pericarp. Diseased fruit were cut and observed inner structure. The flesh of fruit were observed brown discoloration. The causal agent were isolated from diseased flesh and identified as morphological and molecular tools. As a result, causal agent was identified asd Bortytis cinerea. It is well known plant pathogen occurring on storage disease.
(3) Investigation of causal agent to brown-black sunken symptoms on surface of apple fruit
In 2013, brown-black sunken symptoms were observed on apple orchard in Cheongsong-gun, Gyeongbuk Province. Typical symptoms were appeared on small circular and turned brown-black after than become sunken. Diseased fruits were collected and isolated several fungal pathogens as Botryosphaeria dothidea, Phoma sp., and so on.
2-5. Development of short life apple orchard system for early and high yield.
1. Comparison of growth characteristics by the different planting distance
On tree growth of 'Fuji' and 'Gamhong' cultivars with different planting distance, the tree growth of ‘Fuji’ was the lowest on 0.6 m distance, and then 0.8 m. The tree growth were no difference between 1.0 ~ 1.5 m distance. the tree growth of ‘Gamhong’ was smaller as lower in tree distance. The tree growth were no difference between 1.2 ~ 1.0 m distance. The production of ‘Fuji’ on different distance was shown difference in planting after 5 years. The higher the quantity was shown a tendency to decrease distance. The cumulative quantity of 4 years in ‘Fuji’ also showed the same trend of 58.5 ton/ha in 1.2 m, 79.2 ton/ha in 0.6 m, respectively. The cumulative quantity of 4 years in ‘Gamhong’ also showed the same trend of 73.5 ton/ha in 1.2 m, 116.5 ton/ha in 0.6 m, respectively. In fruit quality, there were no statistically difference in color, firmness, brix and acidity on distance in two cultivars.
2. Survey of labour input and annual investment
The higher plant density increased expenses in nursery trees and tree support stakes. The total expanses in 1.5 m distance was approximately 54,961 thousand won/ha compared to 106,188 thousand won/ha in 0.4 m. The cost of pruning, thinning and harvest was higher as decrease plant distance in case of 653 hours/ha in 1.5 m and 970 hours/ha in 1.2 m on ‘Fuji’; and 874 hours/ha, and 1,069 hours/ha in 0.4 m on ‘Gamhong’.
3. Economic analysis
The expenses was higher as increased in distance for adding nursery trees and tree support stakes. However, income was over the input cost in planting after two years. The distance in 1.0 m was the most cost-effective until planting after five years. The economical lowest was 0.6 m and then 1.5 m in plant distance in ‘Fuji’. In case of ‘Gamhong’, the distance in 0.4 m was the most cost-effective and then 0.6 m until planting after five years. Economic analysis on plant distance are necessary to be continuously track the quantity and quality in order to more accurately compared.

Section 3. Establishment of quality standard for apple export and development of marketing strategy to expand potential apple export market
3-1. Development of quality standard for Korean bred apple cultivars and postharvest manual for APC to expand export market.
1. Quality standards for apple export
Quality standards for export of 'Hongro', 'Gamhong' and 'Fuji' apples were proposed based on the quality standards for domestic market and analysis of quality attributes through export simulation researches. Through the coordination with related agencies, tentative four grades were finally adjusted into three grades as applied in the domestic market by an Act of National Agricultural Quality Service, Korea.
For the quality grades of exporting apples, higher color requirements and fruit size were specified in addition to the domestic market grades. Color requirement of 'Gamhong' apples, which has not been clarified, yet, was newly designated considering overall color assessment in the market. For the objective assessment of color, standard color charts were proposed by cultivars.
In addition, soluble solid content, titratable acidity and firmness were specified as indicators for flavor and texture ratings, respectively. However, such physicochemical attributes were suggested as optional recommended parameters since quality evaluation system including analytical equipments and technicians has not been fully complemented, yet in the APC. Stepwise complement of quality analysis system should be established to ensure objective quality assessment.
2. Postharvest manual for supporting technologies applied in APC
The core technologies to maintain fruit quality consist of optimized harvest maturity, postharvest treatment, storage, and distribution environments. In the apple APC aiming export business, 1-MCP treatment and storage technology should be optimized to ensure fruit quality. During export process, temperature control could be a variable factor affecting quality acceptance.
Postharvest 1-MCP treatment for 16 hours at 1ppm concentration retarded quality deterioration in all the cultivars. The chemical treatment seemed to replace CA storage method when storage period (limit of export shipping time) was programmed to be relatively short within a critical point.
Maintenance of high relative humidity is one of the core strategy to optimize storage environment. Since the evaporator TD (temperature difference between the refrigerant and store room temperature) determines the humidity level, the TD must be decreased. Correct setting of EPR(evaporator pressure regulator) can provide high humidity storage. To ensure enough cooling capacity while decreasing TD using EPR system, a large unit cooler with enough air supply capacity should be installed. Complement of EPR system raised RH by 10% point in the store resulting in the remarkable reduction of weight loss during storage.
In the postharvest technology manual, storage potential was determined by previous research information and laboratory simulation approaches. As for 'Hongro' apples, storage potential seemed to be extended to 4 months by the 1-MCP treatment or CA storage. Although effects of 1-MCP treatment was not so great as CA storage, postharvest application of the chemical could substitute CA storage for ‘Hongro’ apples programmed to be stored for 4 month storage plus export process of 2-week shipment and 7 day shelf life at room temperature. Storage potential of ‘Gamhong’ apples is shorter than 4 months in control fruit under refrigerated air conditions, whereas the potential can be extended to longer than 6 months by 1-MCP treatment and CA storage. Storage potential of 'Fuji' apples also varied by postharvest technologies. In early-harvested 'Fuji' apples, 1-MCP treatment alone could extend storage potential to 8 months. In contrast, CA storage or 1-MCP treatment/CA storage combination program should be applied for late-harvested ‘Fuji’ apples to be exported after 8-month storage. Postharvest program should be provided considering the time of export, i.e. period of storage, and duration of local distribution.
All the postharvest technologies from harvest to local distribution were considered as a series of application and optimized as a postharvest program in the manual.
3. Optimization of unit packaging of 'Fuji' apples by adjusting pin-hole treatment
Various types of unit packaging methods were applied for ‘Fuji’ apples during short-term cold storage and export simulation. Gas tightness of the package was controlled stepwise in the successive two-year experiments using different perforation treatments (none, punch hole, or pinhole) and sealing methods (tie vs. heat seal). Risk of tight packaging and effectiveness of macroperforation on weight loss and quality maintenance were analyzed as related to changes in gas concentration inside the packages. Immediately after harvest, each 5 apple units were packaged in 40 μm polypropylene (PP) film bags, stored 4 weeks at 0°C, and then put on the shelf for one week at ambient temperature in the preliminary experiment, In the main experiment, export process was imposed after storage simulating 2 week refrigerated container shipment at 0°C plus one week local marketing at ambient temperature. Non-perforated film packaging with relatively high gas tightness induced flesh browning caused by carbon dioxide accumulation regardless of sealing methods. Among perforated film packaging, in contrast, atmospheric modification was partly established only in the pinhole treatment and flesh browning symptom was not observed in all the treatments. Even the punch hole perforated film packaging without gas tightness effectively reduced weight loss, whereas had slight benefits for quality maintenance. Reduced perforation using pinhole treatments seemed to improve sensory texture, while effects on physicochemical quality were insignificant. Overall results suggest the need of more minute perforation treatments on the packaging film to ensure modified atmosphere effects on quality maintenance.
3-2. Developing apple export marketing and organizational strategies of K-apple.
1. Purpose and Necessity of Research Study
Korean agriculture is facing the situation that, externally, the free trade system is being accelerated due to the contraction of WTO․FTA and that, internally, the productivity by items should be enhanced. So, the quality improvement is required in the whole aspects of agriculture. This study deals with the apple a typical Korean fruit and the purpose of this study is to establish the supporting system of apple export. Recently, the export of Korean apples has been concentrated to Taiwan too much. Therefore, the necessity to diversify the export routes has been suggested. In 2011, Taiwan began to strengthen the quarantine inspection for the whole apples imported from Korea, which caused the drastic reduction of apple export. Furthermore, the domestic consumption of apple per a person is also diminishing. So, the measures to control the production and consumption of apple came to be necessary in Korea. As a policy to strengthen the global competitiveness in response to the changes of domestic and overseas conditions, MAFRA is promoting 『The Global K-FOOD Project』to increase the export of agricultural food and to open the overseas market. In the past, the overseas marketing was mainly focusing on the local Korean emigrants. But, this is the policy to expand the consumption of Korean agricultural products to the foreigners' market while securing the wider consumer layers.
To meet this national policy, it is necessary to settle the following items. First, the coherent system is necessary to stably supply, circulate and manage the Korean apples in the overseas market. Therefore, in this study, a preference survey of producers was carried out for the exporter subsidy system and the contract farming as the strategy to expand the export basis. Second, in the situation that international FTA has become a great issue, we need to analyze how the contract of FTA with China which is expected to have great influence on agricultural and fishery department will influence on the fresh apple market, along with its counter measures. Third, it is necessary to carry out the survey about the current situation of countries to export Korean apples and the preference of customers to develop the marketing strategy for each country for the establishment of export supporting system for Korean apples. Based on the collected data, we can build up the strategies to export and market Korean apples. For this, a questionnaire survey was carried out for local customers in the apple importing countries and, based on it, their preference and recognition about Korean apples were examined and the exporting/marketing strategies were analyzed.
2. Contents and Scope of Study Research
A. Development of strategies to organize the apple export
B. Analysis on the influence of (Korea-China) FTA contract on the fresh apples and the counter measures
C. Development of marketing strategy for each country to expand the export of Korean apples
3. Result of Study Research
1. Situation of Apple Production and Export
Since 2003, apples had been recognized as a high-income fruit. Many pear farms were changed into apple farms, which tended to increase in the culturing area and amount. But since 2010, due to the abnormal climate, the apple production has decreased a lot and the export of apple has reduced by 50% or so every year. Main import countries of Korean apples are Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Russia and Vietnam. Among them, Taiwan is the largest importer. But recently they began to inspect whole Korean apples and the export to Taiwan decreased drastically. In this situation, it is urgently necessary to carry out the continuous A/S management and the recovery of quality reliability for this greatest importer as well as the preparation for the inspection system of Taiwan. Thus, not only the development of new markets but also the continuous management of existing export market and the securing of share ratio should be concerned. In 2012, Korean apples were actively exported to Hong Kong, Singapore, Russia and Vietnam. In cases of Hong Kong, Russia and Vietnam, the quantity and the money amount of apple export tend to get greater than the previous years. The production of apple in the world has increased by 2.6% in annual average from 41 million tons in 1990 to 69 million tons in 2010. The greatest apple producing country is China, which is occupying 47.8% (in 2010) of the world apple production. In 2010, China produced 33.265 million tons, USA 4.212 million tons, France 1.711 million tons and Chile 1.100 million tons. We can see that China has become the greatest apple-producing and exporting country in the world.
2. Comparison of International Competitiveness
When the tendency of Revealed Comparative Advantage(RCA) and Revealed Competitive Advantage(RC) is checked between Korea and other competitive countries since 1990, the highest country in the comparative advantage in the world apple export market is Chile, which is followed by New Zealand, France and USA. When the import market is limited to East-south Asia, the highest export competitive countries are USA, New Zealand and France in the order. In case of China, RCA is lower than 1 and therefore the competitiveness of apple product is rather inferior to other items. But, its export competitiveness has increased a lot since the 1990s. In case of Japan, its export competitiveness is slowly improving. In case of Korea, RCA had maintained about 0.58 till 1990 but decreased a lot to 0.18 in 1995. After then, the export competitiveness got worse and worse to maintain 0.02～0.09 since 2000.
3. Current Situation of Chinese Apple Industry and Counter Measure to respond against Korea-China FTA
When Korea-China FTA decides to reduce the customs for apples and the import restrictions in Plant Protection Act are abolished, a lot of Chinese apples will be imported and Korean apple farmers will be damaged. In the short run, until the main fruits such as apples begin to be imported, the damage to the apple industry may not be great. But, in the long run, there will be a great damage to the industry because of following reasons: First, the apple types cultured in China are mainly Fuji similar to Korean ones. Second, Chinese apples may be a little inferior to those of Korea in taste and quality, but they are far cheaper than Korean in the price. Therefore, it is expected that the middle or lower quality products will be directly damaged. The market of same type apples will also be damaged indirectly.
So, the responsive direction of Korean apple industry against Korea-China FTA can be summarized as follows: first, the competitiveness of Korean apples should be elevated in both aspects of price and quality; second, to reduce the production costs, the culturing area per farm should be extended to 1ha or larger and the ergonomic culturing skills should be actively introduced; third, the massive shipment system should be constructed and the packing should be simplified; fourth, the quality uniformity should be maintained to supply the reliable products.
4. Export/Marketing Strategies through Consumer Questionnaire Survey
During 1st～5th year of this project, the recognition survey and the preference survey about apple were carried out for the local consumers. The local consumer questionnaire survey started in 2008 has carried out for the consumers of 10 countries such as Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Russia, Thailand, USA, Chinese Beijing, Hong Kong, and Vietnam. Through this, the preference of apple, the consumption type and the recognition of Korean apple of the consumers in each country have been collected along with other information.
This paper is presenting the result of questionnaire survey for the consumers of each country to draw out the more appropriate and realistic export/marketing strategies in the fields. For this, individual 1:1 interviews were carried out directly with the local consumers, and the research results for just one product of apple are presented here. The period of questionnaire survey was from Oct 2008 through April 2013. The surveying places were mainly the promotion event hall or the exhibition hall of Korean apples in each country. The number of respondents was not equal in all countries but about 128～654. The main questionnaire items were composed of the preference about apples, the recognition about Korean apples, the apple purchasing type and the characteristic variables of respondents. This data was used as a fundamental material to establish the export/marketing strategies for each country.
5. Export/Marketing Strategy through IPA(Importance-Performance Analysis)
The apple export research center has carried out the promotion events for the development of overseas markets, in which the foreign customers could try Korean apples and respond to the questions about the importance of Korean apples and the satisfaction on them. With the survey results, the importance-satisfaction analysis was made. The target countries for the survey were Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Far-east Russia, Singapore, USA and Thailand.
From the result, the following items were drawn out. First, the price of apple was classified as the attribute that requires the intensive control. The local consumers showed the high importance, but in fact they had some lower satisfaction about Korean apples. Second, it is necessary to well manage the internal factors such as sweetness and chewing texture and the external factors such as surface and color. Third, the packing as the logistic factor turned out to have the lower preference in all the countries. Fourth, in case of shape and size which are the external factors with lower importance and higher satisfaction, the excessive management should be avoided. In the future, these items should be improved for the efficiency. Therefore, we can see that the reasonable price and the high internal/external quality are the critical factors to increase the export of Korean apples. Furthermore, through the continuous local PR, the search of target consumer layers and the introduction of export check-off program, we have to deal with the changes of export condition from inside and outside more systematically.
6. Plan to expand the export
The suggested plans for the export increase of Korean apples are as follows: the expansion of export infra through the apple export check-off program; the introduction of contracted farming system to prevent the price falling in Korea due to the excessive production and to secure the stable quantity for export; and the unification of export windows.
For the introduction of a new system, the preference survey should be first carried out for the producers or the users of the system. To comprehend the present problems and to find out the improvement methods, a survey was carried out for the producers(farmers). The target subjects were the apple producers in Gyeongbuk and Chungbuk provinces. The questionnaire survey was made in the period between July～December of 2013. The surveying places were the export education seminars for farmers hosted by Nonghyup or other public institutions. The survey was executed through the individual interview. Among the responses, some insufficient and insincere respondents were excluded and just 237 questionnaire sheets were used for the analysis.
- Necessity of export check-off program
Through the questionnaire survey for producers, it was asked them if they had intention to pay the contribution when the apple export check-off program was introduced. As the result, as the contribution got greater, the probability to pay it got lower. And, the more the respondents thought that the apple export check-off program was necessary, the higher the probability to pay got.
- Intention to participate in contracted farming
Among the participants in the questionnaire survey, 173(72.9%) farmers answered that they would participate in the contracted farming for the export if the price for the export amounts were fully guaranteed(100% of 3-year average where the maximum and the minimum whole sale prices were excluded for 5 years). Therefore, we can see that most of respondents are considering the contracted farming for the export amount as positive if the price is fully guaranteed.
- Activation of leading organization for apple export (Use of K-Apple Company)
First, to secure the apple quantity for the sustainable export and to pioneer the overseas market, it is necessary to have a unified window or nation-wide organization rather than local ones. For constructing the stable network to secure the exporting amount of apples, it requires the participation not only of farmers in chief apple producing districts but also of all apple producers and related organizations in the whole country. With this, it is expected to strengthen the solidification power for the common export marketing and negotiation window. Second, for the strategies to expand the local organizations to the nation-wide one, the incentive support is necessary for the apple export. Therefore, through the introduction of new systems such as export check-off program and contract farming of export products, the income of farmers and the export quantity should be guaranteed. To supplement the immatured experience in the establishment of new organizations and to reduce the cost for it, this study suggests the use of K-Apple Company which is a leading group in apple export. As most of respondents in this survey want a unified export organization, it will be rather easy to persuade the apple farmers to have a unified organization (the necessity of such organization). By fostering the export specialists in the export organization, the export of Korean apples will be able to get the competitiveness in the world market.

목차 Contents

• 표 지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 2
• 요약문 ... 4
• 영문 요약서(SUMMARY) ... 18
• 영문 목차(CONTENTS) ... 40
• 목 차 ... 46
• 본문 ... 50
• 제 1장 연구개발 과제의 개요 ... 50
• 제 1절 사과수출확대를 위한 지원체계 구축 ... 50
• 제 1세부 : (대만) 수출사과생산 및 품질관리 모델 개발 ... 50
• 제 2세부 : 동남아 수출사과원 해충방제력 개발 및 방제기술 지원 ... 52
• 제 2절 수출한계요인 극복을 위한 기술개발 ... 52
• 제 1세부 : 수출경쟁력 확보를 위한 과실 착색향상 기술 개발 ... 52
• 제 2세부 : 수출경쟁력 확보를 위한 착과 생력화 기술 개발 ... 53
• 제 3세부 : 수출 활성화를 위한 고당도 정형과 생산기술 개발 ... 53
• 제 4세부 : 동남아 수출을 위한 농약안전사용 기준에 적합한 병해 방제체계 개발 ... 54
• 제 5세부 : 수출사과 조기 다수확을 위한 Short-life 과원체계 개발 ... 54
• 1∼2년차 조기종료과제 ... 55
• 제 1세부 : 생력재배를 위한 고소작업차량 개발 ... 55
• 제 2세부 : 사과식초를 이용한 수출용 애플비네가버몬트의 개발 ... 55
• 제 3절 수출사과 표준화 및 수출마케팅 ... 56
• 제 1세부 : 국내육성 사과 수출 등급기준 설정과 APC 기술 지원 ... 56
• 제 2세부 : 사과 수출 마케팅 K-apple 조직화 전략개발 ... 56
• 제 2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 57
• 제 1절 사과수출확대를 위한 지원체계 구축 ... 57
• 제 1세부 : (대만) 수출사과생산 및 품질관리 모델 개발 ... 57
• 제 2세부 : 동남아 수출사과원 해충방제력 개발 및 방제기술 지원 ... 62
• 제 2절 수출한계요인 극복을 위한 기술개발 ... 62
• 제 1세부 : 수출경쟁력 확보를 위한 과실 착색향상 기술 개발 ... 62
• 제 2세부 : 수출경쟁력 확보를 위한 착과 생력화 기술 개발 ... 64
• 제 3세부 : 수출 활성화를 위한 고당도 정형과 생산기술 개발 ... 67
• 제 4세부 : 동남아 수출을 위한 농약안전사용 기준에 적합한 병해 방제체계 개발 ... 67
• 제 5세부 : 수출사과 조기 다수확을 위한 Short-life 과원체계 개발 ... 68
• 1∼2년차 조기종료과제 ... 70
• 제 1세부 : 생력재배를 위한 고소작업차량 개발 ... 70
• 제 2세부 : 사과식초를 이용한 수출용 애플비네가버몬트의 개발 ... 71
• 제 3절 수출사과 표준화 및 수출마케팅 ... 72
• 제 1세부 : 국내육성 사과 수출 등급기준 설정과 APC 기술 지원 ... 72
• 제 2세부 : 사과 수출 마케팅 K-apple 조직화 전략개발 ... 73
• 제 3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 75
• 제 1절 사과수출확대를 위한 지원체계 구축 ... 75
• 제 1세부 : (대만) 수출사과생산 및 품질관리 모델 개발 ... 75
• 제 2세부 : 동남아 수출사과원 해충방제력 개발 및 방제기술 지원 ... 128
• 제 2절 수출한계요인 극복을 위한 기술개발 ... 159
• 제 1세부 : 수출경쟁력 확보를 위한 과실 착색향상 기술 개발 ... 159
• 제 2세부 : 수출경쟁력 확보를 위한 착과 생력화 기술 개발 ... 166
• 제 3세부 : 수출 활성화를 위한 고당도 정형과 생산기술 개발 ... 205
• 제 4세부 : 동남아 수출을 위한 농약안전사용 기준에 적합한 병해 방제체계 개발 ... 239
• 제 5세부 : 수출사과 조기 다수확을 위한 Short-life 과원체계 개발 ... 369
• 1∼2년차 조기종료과제 ... 391
• 제 1세부 : 생력재배를 위한 고소작업차량 개발 ... 391
• 제 2세부 : 사과식초를 이용한 수출용 애플비네가버몬트의 개발 ... 401
• 제 3절 수출사과 표준화 및 수출마케팅 ... 412
• 제 1세부 : 국내육성 사과 수출 등급기준 설정과 APC 기술 지원 ... 412
• 제 2세부 : 사과 수출 마케팅 및 K-apple 조직화 전략 개발 ... 481
• 제 4장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 712
• 제 1절 사과수출확대를 위한 지원체계 구축 ... 712
• 제 1세부 : (대만) 수출사과생산 및 품질관리 모델 개발 ... 712
• 제 2세부 : 동남아 수출사과원 해충방제력 개발 및 방제기술 지원 ... 713
• 제 2절 수출한계요인 극복을 위한 기술개발 ... 714
• 제 1세부 : 수출경쟁력 확보를 위한 과실 착색향상 기술 개발 ... 714
• 제 2세부 : 수출경쟁력 확보를 위한 착과 생력화 기술 개발 ... 715
• 제 3세부 : 수출 활성화를 위한 고당도 정형과 생산기술 개발 ... 716
• 제 4세부 : 동남아 수출을 위한 농약안전사용 기준에 적합한 병해 방제체계 개발 ... 717
• 제 5세부 : 수출사과 조기 다수확을 위한 Short-life 과원체계 개발 ... 719
• 조기종료 과제 : 생력재배를 위한 고소작업 차량 개발 ... 719
• 조기종료 과제 : 사과식초를 이용한 수출용 애플비네가버몬트의 개발 ... 720
• 제 3절 수출사과 표준화 및 수출마케팅 ... 720
• 제 1세부 : 국내육성 사과 수출 등급기준 설정과 APC 기술 지원 ... 720
• 제 2세부 : 사과 수출 마케팅 K-apple 조직화 전략개발 ... 720
• 제 5장 연구개발 성과 및 성과활용 계획 ... 722
• 1. 연구개발 성과 ... 722
• 2. 성과 활용 계획 * 실용화․산업화 계획(기술실시 등) ... 756
• 제 6장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 758
• 제 1절 사과수출확대를 위한 지원체계 구축 ... 758
• 제 1세부 : (대만) 수출사과생산 및 품질관리 모델 개발 ... 758
• 제 2세부 : 동남아 수출 사과원 해충 방제력 개발 및 방제기술 지원 ... 762
• 제 2절 수출한계요인 극복을 위한 기술 개발 ... 765
• 제 1세부 : 수출경쟁력 확보를 위한 과실 착색 향상 기술 개발 ... 765
• 제 2세부 : 수출경쟁력 확보를 위한 착과 생력화 기술 개발 ... 770
• 제 4세부 : 동남아 수출을 위한 농약안전사용 기준에 적합한 병해 방제체계 개발 ... 771
• 제 5세부 : 수출사과 조기 다수확을 위한 Short-life 과원체계 개발 ... 774
• 제 3절 수출사과 표준화 및 수출마케팅 ... 776
• 제 1세부 : 국내육성 사과 수출 등급기준 설정과 APC 기술 지원 ... 776
• 제 7장 연구시설·장비 현황 ... 778
• 제 1절 주요 시설 ... 778
• 제 2절 주요 활용 연구기기 ... 779
• 제 8장 참고문헌 ... 780
• 제 1절 사과수출확대를 위한 지원체계 구축 ... 780
• 제 1세부 : (대만) 수출사과생산 및 품질관리 모델 개발 ... 780
• 제 2세부 : 동남아 수출사과원 해충방제력 개발 및 방제기술 지원 ... 781
• 제 2절 수출한계요인 극복을 위한 기술개발 ... 782
• 제 1세부 : 수출경쟁력 확보를 위한 과실 착색향상 기술 개발 ... 782
• 제 2세부 : 수출경쟁력 확보를 위한 착과 생력화 기술 개발 ... 783
• 제 3세부 : 수출 활성화를 위한 고당도 정형과 생산기술 개발 ... 788
• 제 4세부 : 동남아 수출을 위한 농약안전사용 기준에 적합한 병해 방제체계 개발 ... 791
• 제 5세부 : 수출사과 조기 다수확을 위한 Short-life 과원체계 개발 ... 794
• 제 3절 수출사과 표준화 및 수출마케팅 ... 795
• 제 1세부 : 국내육성 사과 수출 등급기준 설정과 APC 기술 지원 ... 795
• 제 2세부 : 사과 수출 마케팅 및 K-apple 조직화 전략개발 ... 800
• 끝페이지 ... 803