초록 ▼

1. 연구의 목적 및 방법
□ 연구의 배경 및 목적
○ 북한은 최근 들어 가격과 임금, 환율, 인센티브제도 등을 획기적으로 개혁하고 신의주 특별행정구, 금강산 관광특구, 개성공단 등의 특구를 선정하며, 남북한 도로와 철도를 연결하는 등의 대대적인 개혁 개방조치를 취했음.
○ 사회주의 경제체제의 개혁은 이를 지원하는 과학기술체제의 근본적인 개혁을 수반함. 최근 북한이 추진하고 있는 “과학기술중시정치”와 “강성대국” 전략, “과학의 해” 지정, 과학원과 국가과학기술위원회의 통합 등이 그것임.
○ 과학기술체제 개혁은

1. 연구의 목적 및 방법
□ 연구의 배경 및 목적
○ 북한은 최근 들어 가격과 임금, 환율, 인센티브제도 등을 획기적으로 개혁하고 신의주 특별행정구, 금강산 관광특구, 개성공단 등의 특구를 선정하며, 남북한 도로와 철도를 연결하는 등의 대대적인 개혁 개방조치를 취했음.
○ 사회주의 경제체제의 개혁은 이를 지원하는 과학기술체제의 근본적인 개혁을 수반함. 최근 북한이 추진하고 있는 “과학기술중시정치”와 “강성대국” 전략, “과학의 해” 지정, 과학원과 국가과학기술위원회의 통합 등이 그것임.
○ 과학기술체제 개혁은 북한 경제가 직면한 현실적 문제들을 반영하고 이를 타개하기 위해 과학기술의 역할을 강조한다는 점에서 최근 취해지고 있는 경제 개혁 조치들과 일맥상통하는 구조를 가지고 있음.
○ 북한이 90년대 초반 이후 10여년간 중장기 경제발전계획을 수립하지 못하고 있는 상황에서, 최근 경제적 현실 타개에 주력하는 2차례의 “과학기술발전 5개년계획(1998～2002, 2003～2007)”과 “연료, 동력문제 해결을 위한 3개년계획 (2003～2005)” 등을 연이어 수립하고 있는 것이 이를 잘 반영해줌.
○ 따라서 북한의 경제개혁을 배경으로 삼아 과학기술체제 개혁 동향들을 체계적으로 분석하고, 이를 과거의 개혁개방 조치와 비교하는 통합 연구를 수행할 필요가 있음.
○ 북한의 경제개혁과 과학기술체제 개혁은 최근의 동북아 정세변화와 핵, 미사일문제 등과 함께 현행 남북한 과학기술협력의 근본적인 전환을 요구할 것으로 생각됨.
○ 따라서 최근의 북한 경제 변화와 과학기술체제 개혁을 체계적으로 정리, 분석하고 이를 현 상황과 연계하여, 전환기의 새로운 남북한 과학기술협력 정책을 도출하는 연구가 매우 중요하다고 판단됨.
○ 본 연구는 이러한 시각을 가지고 북한의 경제개혁과 연동되는 과학기술체제개혁 동향들을 체계적으로 분석하고, 이를 토대로 새로운 상황에 적합한 남북한 과학기술협력 방안들을 간략히 모색해 본 것임.
○ 본 연구의 내용은 과학기술정책연구원이 포함된 경제사회연구이사회 산하 연구소들의 북한 관련 연구들과 연동되어, 북한의 과학기술 전반에 대한 이해 증진과 타 과제 수행을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것임.

□ 연구 방법
○ 북한의 과학기술체제가 경제체제와 긴밀히 연동되어 있고 과학기술 관련 자료들 상당수가 경제분야 자료에 포함되어 있으므로, 동일한 맥락에서 경제개혁과 과학기술체제 개혁을 살펴보는 것이 상당한 의미를 가짐.
○ 따라서, 본 연구에서는 북한경제 연구에서 자주 사용되는 체제론적 접근방법과 비교론적 접근방법을 통해 경제관리 개선조치와 과학기술체제 개혁이 사회주의체제 안에서 어떻게 연동되고 상호 영향을 끼치는지를 살펴보았음.
○ 주요 관점들은 경제체제의 내부적 운행 메커니즘과 현실적 문제, 과학기술계에 대한 요구, 경제성장에 대한 과학기술의 기여, 대외 과학기술협력 등임. 이와 함께, 북한의 동향을 중국의 경제, 과학기술체제 개혁 동향들과 비교, 분석함으로써 이해의 폭을 넓히는데 주력하였음.
○ 북한 연구에서 흔히 직면하는 원전자료 부족을 극복하기 위해 본 연구에서는 경제 전문가 초청 세미나와 원고 청탁, 재일동포를 활용한 북한측 원고수집, 2차례의 북한 방문과 과학원 산하 연구소 탐방, 2차례의 남북 세미나 등을 추진하였음.

Abstract ▼

During the early years of the North Korean regime, North Korean economy achieved a significant growth. With the intensive investment in heavy industries driven by the governments central planning, resource mobilization and the support from the former Soviet Union and China, North Korea successfully

During the early years of the North Korean regime, North Korean economy achieved a significant growth. With the intensive investment in heavy industries driven by the governments central planning, resource mobilization and the support from the former Soviet Union and China, North Korea successfully developed its heavy industries, which led the economic growth of the country. However, too much focus on heavy industries where small countries with limited capital and demand like North Korea could not gain competitive advantage brought about many problems. Moreover, mobilizing resources through government planning also faced its limitations. The situation worsened in the late 1980s when North Korea's foreign trade sharply declined with the collapse of the socialist countries. To make matters worse, North Korea suffered a series of major natural disasters for several years.
Since the late 1990s when the so-called　'March of Hardships'　ended, North Korea has strived to improve productivity through economic reforms and to attract foreign capital and technology through the special trade zones. Designating special zones like Shineujoo Administration Zone, Kaesung Industrial Complex, and Kumkang Mountain Tourists Zone after the announcement of special measures to improve economic management on July 1 clearly testifies to the changes in the North Korean economic policy.
Such trend can be well understood when compared with the reform and opening policy of China. With the implementation of reform and opening policy, Chinese scientists began to realize that the economic growth in their old system had been mainly led by the capital input, not by the contribution of productivity increase. They also realized the country was faced with serious problems in the supply of scientists and engineers as the aftermath of the Cultural Reform. To resolve the problems, China adopted policies called science and technology as the prime source of productivity　and strategy to restore the country through education in science and technology　and is now initiating all-out effort to reform its science and technology system.
In the early 1990s, as China's reform in science and technology and improvement of its science and technology planning were gaining momentum, China even started to accelerate its full-fledged efforts to develop advanced technologies. Especially, technology improvement project launched in 1983 made a major contribution to such efforts. Through this project, China facilitated the automation of machinery equipments and developed parts and components industries as well. Based on this, the country could promote the development of computer industry and modernize the overall national economy.
Recently, North Korea has taken similar measures to those of China in the early stage of reform and opening policy. North Korea is now trying to maximize the mobilization of internal resources and to attract foreign capital and technology by implementing economic reform and setting up special trade zones. In order to improve productivity, the country is also concentrating its efforts on science and technology, technology improvement, and education. In a situation where the country laks additional input of ccapital and labor, North Korea is desperately pursuing economic growth by enhancing productivity.
North Korean science and technology community has been formed and developed in a close relationship with economic sectors. Now, as science and technology have taken an important part of the new strategy for economic growth, dramatic changes are being made in many areas including science and technology management system, R&D system, science and technology planning, human resources development system, and international cooperation policy in science and technology. As the country clearly states its intention to maintain socialist principles even in the economic reform, however, reform in science and technology system is destined to have its limits.
Among these changes, the first step was taken in the science and technology management system. The core of the change was to merge the National Science and Technology Committee, a planning and government body whose role has been faded due to the financial difficulties, with the Academy of Sciences, a major R&D institution in North Korea. As the result of the merger, small-scale research on economic support is now being planned and carried out by the Academy of Sciences.
A major restructuring of R&D system has been implemented. Research institutes which do not produce any meaningful outcome have been merged or closed. As a result, North Korea is now concentrating on a small number of research institutes specialized in some high tech areas as well as technologies necessary for resolving issues in the industrial fields. Among the research institutes who are now shifting to semi-independent accounting, full independent account or dual independent accounting are ones to whom government funding has been dramatically reduced or ones with internal revenue sources specialized in applied science.
National science and technology planning is being emphasized again. Since the late 1990s, North Korea has emphasized the role of science and technology in the economic development. In an extension of this move, North Korea has developed and implemented various long-term plans including two 5-Year Plans for Science and Technology Development (1998-2002, 2003-2007)　and a 3-Year Plan for Resolving Fuel and Energy Issues.
The fact that North Korea has not been able to set up economic development plans for more than ten years but has continuously implemented science and technology development plans implies that the country, in spite of the lack of resources, is investing its entire science and technology competence in the areas bottlenecking the countrys economic activities. However, due to the shortage of fund, investment is not being focused on advanced technologies but on agriculture and basic infrastructure areas of the North Korean peoples economy.
In addition to technological progress, what contributes a lot to the productivity improvement with minimal cost is education. In this context, North Korea has taken various measures to improve its educational system. North Korea opened up universities specialized in IT and automation and carried out major curricula changes, trying to promote the economy of scale and improve quality of faculties. Along the line, Number 1 Senior High Schools were opened in each province with the mission of training students form their early age to be well acquainted with the IT environment. As North Korea focused on automation and informatization and human resources development geared toward this trend, organizations specialized in managing IT education are being established and the North Korean educational system is being refurbished.
As a way to attract foreign capital and attain technology sources, North Korea has reinforced international cooperation in science and technology. The number of students studying in Russia and China has significantly increased. Exchanges with advanced countries on high tech areas have also been expanded. Especially, overseas Korean scientists residing in the countries of advanced technologies are making a major contribution to expanding North Koreas cooperation with these countries.
In order to effectively implement the international cooperation activities and to respond to the global trend of technology transactions and standardization, North Korea is actively participating in the international organizations. Recently, North Korea joined the international efforts on defining industrial standards to understand the global norms on the issue and to effectively respond to it.
Though North Korea has been implementing dramatic economic reforms, such efforts have failed to bring substantial changes. Under the circumstances where North Korea is lacking national competence to inject additional capital and labor, the country has resorted to science and technology and mobilization of internal resources as a means to improve productivity. However, due to the lack of self-supporting mechanism in science and technology community, lack of R&D funds, outdated facilities and technologies, North Korea has failed to achieve what the country intended to. Nevertheless, productivity improvement through science and technology is an important strategy North Korea can not give up,. Therefore, North Korea is expected to implement a series of additional science and technology reforms in the near future. Though North Korea has implemented policies that put science and technology planning ahead of economic planning, in reality the opposite situations have happened. So, it is expected that it will take quite a long time before the science and technology planning becomes finally aligned with economic planning.
Among the specific reforms expected are; establishing corporate R&D centers with self-supporting financing capability, promoting commercial transactions of technologies, expanding the number of non-government R&D projects, promoting independence of research institutes, introducing independent accounting system and research project accountability, and increasing researcher mobility. The focus of the national science and technology plan is also expected to be shifted from resolving bottleneck issues of the economy (e.g. fuel and energy issue, technology improvement, increasing food production, and forestation) to developing industries with high profitability (e.g. profitable light industries) and competitive advantage. In addition, restructuring of universities, improving their operational efficiency, and curricula restructuring will also be pursued consistently. In order to bring resources and technologies in need into North Korea, the country will accelerate the opening of research institutes to foreign counterparts.
These reform policies of North Korea are expected to make a positive contribution to expanding cooperation in science and technology between the South and the North. In consideration of this, South Korea needs to develop and actively implement policies that can effectively respond to the changes of the North. Some of the desired policies include; 1) generating common needs for bilateral science and technology cooperation, 2) reinforcing South-North linkages between research institutes in specific areas, 3) expanding bilateral cooperation in areas where North Korean demands are high, 4) expanding bilateral science and technology cooperation through economic cooperation, 5) promoting science and technology cooperation through special trade zones, 6) establishing formal projects of bilateral science and technology cooperation, and 7) opening up cooperation channels and refurbishing implementation mechanism.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 서문 ... 2
• 목차 ... 3
• 표목차 ... 5
• 그림목차 ... 7
• 요약 ... 8
• 제 1 장 서 론 ... 31
• 제 1 절 연구의 필요성 및 목적 ... 31
• 제 2 절 연구방법, 내용 및 범위 ... 33
• 제 2 장 북한의 경제개혁 ... 37
• 제 1 절 경제개혁의 추이 ... 37
• 제 2 절 경제관리개선조치의 주요내용 ... 48
• 제 3 절 경제특구 설치의 주요내용 ... 55
• 제 4 절 경제개혁의 의미 ... 62
• 제 3 장 경제개혁에 대한 과학기술계의 대응 ... 69
• 제 1 절 중국의 개혁개방과 과학기술계의 대응 사례 ... 69
• 제 2 절 북한의 경제계획과 과학기술계획의 연계 ... 79
• 제 3 절 새로운 국가발전전략과 과학기술 수요변화 ... 90
• 제 4 장 북한의 과학기술체제 개혁 ... 97
• 제 1 절 국가과학기술위원회의 폐지 ... 97
• 제 2 절 과학원 개편 ... 100
• 제 3 절 연구기관운영 메커니즘 변화 ... 113
• 제 4 절 주요 특징 ... 122
• 제 5 장 북한의 국가연구개발계획 개혁 ... 128
• 제 1 절 80년대 후반의 주력 연구과제 ... 128
• 제 2 절 최근의 주력 연구과제 변화 ... 136
• 제 3 절 과학원 산하 연구소들의 대응 ... 145
• 제 4 절 주요 특징 ... 146
• 제 6 장 과학기술인력 양성체제 개혁과 대외협력 강화 ... 153
• 제 1 절 고등교육체제 개혁 ... 153
• 제 2 절 정보교육 강화 ... 158
• 제 3 절 대외 과학기술협력 강화 ... 168
• 제 7 장 남북한 과학기술협력에 미치는 영향 ... 175
• 제 1 절 요약 및 전망 ... 175
• 제 2 절 남북한 과학기술협력에 미치는 영향 ... 180
• 제 3 절 정책적 시사점 ... 184
• 참고문헌 ... 195
• 부록 1 북한 과학기술법 ... 201
• 부록 2 조선콤퓨터센터 소개서 ... 208
• 부록 3 북한 과학원 산하 연구소들의 주력 연구과제 ... 223
• SUMMARY ... 245
• CONTENTS ... 251
• 끝페이지 ... 261