수확기 채소 및 과실에 살포된 농약의 분포 및 소실특성을 연구를 통하여 최종 수확물 중 잔류수준을 예측하고자 하였다. 수확물의 대부분이 생식으로 소비되는 채소 및 과실을 대상으로 8종의 살충제 및 8종의 살균제를 살포하고 소실특성을 조사하였다. 온실조건하에서 재배되는 상추와 시금치포장에 각각 benomyl과 imidacloprid 및 metalaxyl과 spinosad를 각각 엽면살포하고 경과일별로 수확물 중 농약 잔류량을 조사하였다. 또한 고추포장에는 deltamethrin, dimethomorph, imidaclopird, mepanipyrim 및 metalaxyl을 전면살포하고 수확시기별 고추 중 소실특성을 조사하였다. Dichlorvos, fenitrothion, ...
수확기 채소 및 과실에 살포된 농약의 분포 및 소실특성을 연구를 통하여 최종 수확물 중 잔류수준을 예측하고자 하였다. 수확물의 대부분이 생식으로 소비되는 채소 및 과실을 대상으로 8종의 살충제 및 8종의 살균제를 살포하고 소실특성을 조사하였다. 온실조건하에서 재배되는 상추와 시금치포장에 각각 benomyl과 imidacloprid 및 metalaxyl과 spinosad를 각각 엽면살포하고 경과일별로 수확물 중 농약 잔류량을 조사하였다. 또한 고추포장에는 deltamethrin, dimethomorph, imidaclopird, mepanipyrim 및 metalaxyl을 전면살포하고 수확시기별 고추 중 소실특성을 조사하였다. Dichlorvos, fenitrothion, lufenuron, methidathion 및 phosphamidon은 무대(無袋)재배 사과나무에 약액을 전면살포하였고 azoxystrobin, mepanipyrim, myclobutanil, triflumizole 및 zoxamide는 비가림재배 포도에 각 농약들을 살포되었다. Methidathion과 phosphamidon은 수확전 2회 약제를 살포하였고 나머지 농약들은 표준량 및 배량희석배수로 유제, 액제 또는 수화제 제형을 수확 전 10∼15일전에 살포하였다. 포도 및 고추에서의 초기 부착량은 각각 17.7±3.9 ㎕/fruit 및 11.0±4.6 ㎕/g로 측정되었으며, 초기부착량으로 계산되어진 예측치에 대한 실측치는 119.2±3.9% 및 102.1±14.0%로 계산되었다. 약제살포 초기 일부의 농약들이 잔류허용기준을 초과하였지만, 시간이 경과함에 따라 그 양은 급격히 감소하였다. 채소 및 과실 중 살포된 농약의 소실 양상은 전형적인 단순일차감쇄반응식의 경향을 나타냈으며 대부분 농약들의 작물 중 생물학적 반감기는 1주일 미만이었다. 채소류에서의 살포 농약의 소실 요인은 작물체 무게증체에 따른 희석효과가 가장 큰 이유였으며, 과실의 경우는 작물체상의 물리화학적 요인과 생화학적 요인에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 한편 모든 작물에서 표준량 및 배량처리에 따른 살포농약의 초기농도 차이는 있었어나 소실속도 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 농약살포 후 3일과 10일에 채소 중 표면 및 내부의 잔류분을 조사한 결과 고추에서 wax층에 대부분이 존재하는 deltamethrin을 제외하고는 침투성 약제일수록 내부침투분이 많은 것으로 조사되어졌다. 또한 과실의 경우에도 채소와 마찬가지로 침투성 농약일수록 껍질 보다는 과육에 많이 분포하였다. 저장 중 살포한 농약의 잔류변화는 농약에 따라 큰 차이를 보였다. 상추에서의 benomyl과 imidacloprid를 7일간 냉장 저장시 잔류량의 변화가 관찰되지 않았고 시금치 중 spinosad의 경우에도 잔류변화가 없었다. 그러나 시금치 저장 중 metalaxyl은 2.3일의 짧은 반감기를 나타냈다. 실온과 냉장저장시 methidathion의 반감기는 16.6일과 37.1일 이었으나 phosphamidon의 경우에는 61.3일과 173.3일로 나타나 약제특성에 따라 상이하였다. 시금치 데치기 과정 중 metalaxyl과 spinosad의 제거효과는 미미하였으나 농약 및 작물의 종류에 따라 다른 결과가 예상되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 포장조건에서 농약살포에 따른 작물체 중 부착량과 잔류소실특성을 계량화하여 약제 살포 후 수확기까지의 경과시기별 수확물 중 잔류수준의 실질적 예측이 가능하였으며 이에 따라 현행 안전사용기준에 의해 살포된 농약들의 잔류수준의 평가가 가능하였다. 또한 저장, 세척 및 조리과정에서의 잔류농약의 제거는 농약마다 상당한 차이가 있었음으로 안전한 농산물을 생산하기 위해서는 농약의 안전사용기준 준수가 반드시 필요한 것으로 판단되었다.
수확기 채소 및 과실에 살포된 농약의 분포 및 소실특성을 연구를 통하여 최종 수확물 중 잔류수준을 예측하고자 하였다. 수확물의 대부분이 생식으로 소비되는 채소 및 과실을 대상으로 8종의 살충제 및 8종의 살균제를 살포하고 소실특성을 조사하였다. 온실조건하에서 재배되는 상추와 시금치포장에 각각 benomyl과 imidacloprid 및 metalaxyl과 spinosad를 각각 엽면살포하고 경과일별로 수확물 중 농약 잔류량을 조사하였다. 또한 고추포장에는 deltamethrin, dimethomorph, imidaclopird, mepanipyrim 및 metalaxyl을 전면살포하고 수확시기별 고추 중 소실특성을 조사하였다. Dichlorvos, fenitrothion, lufenuron, methidathion 및 phosphamidon은 무대(無袋)재배 사과나무에 약액을 전면살포하였고 azoxystrobin, mepanipyrim, myclobutanil, triflumizole 및 zoxamide는 비가림재배 포도에 각 농약들을 살포되었다. Methidathion과 phosphamidon은 수확전 2회 약제를 살포하였고 나머지 농약들은 표준량 및 배량희석배수로 유제, 액제 또는 수화제 제형을 수확 전 10∼15일전에 살포하였다. 포도 및 고추에서의 초기 부착량은 각각 17.7±3.9 ㎕/fruit 및 11.0±4.6 ㎕/g로 측정되었으며, 초기부착량으로 계산되어진 예측치에 대한 실측치는 119.2±3.9% 및 102.1±14.0%로 계산되었다. 약제살포 초기 일부의 농약들이 잔류허용기준을 초과하였지만, 시간이 경과함에 따라 그 양은 급격히 감소하였다. 채소 및 과실 중 살포된 농약의 소실 양상은 전형적인 단순일차감쇄반응식의 경향을 나타냈으며 대부분 농약들의 작물 중 생물학적 반감기는 1주일 미만이었다. 채소류에서의 살포 농약의 소실 요인은 작물체 무게증체에 따른 희석효과가 가장 큰 이유였으며, 과실의 경우는 작물체상의 물리화학적 요인과 생화학적 요인에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 한편 모든 작물에서 표준량 및 배량처리에 따른 살포농약의 초기농도 차이는 있었어나 소실속도 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 농약살포 후 3일과 10일에 채소 중 표면 및 내부의 잔류분을 조사한 결과 고추에서 wax층에 대부분이 존재하는 deltamethrin을 제외하고는 침투성 약제일수록 내부침투분이 많은 것으로 조사되어졌다. 또한 과실의 경우에도 채소와 마찬가지로 침투성 농약일수록 껍질 보다는 과육에 많이 분포하였다. 저장 중 살포한 농약의 잔류변화는 농약에 따라 큰 차이를 보였다. 상추에서의 benomyl과 imidacloprid를 7일간 냉장 저장시 잔류량의 변화가 관찰되지 않았고 시금치 중 spinosad의 경우에도 잔류변화가 없었다. 그러나 시금치 저장 중 metalaxyl은 2.3일의 짧은 반감기를 나타냈다. 실온과 냉장저장시 methidathion의 반감기는 16.6일과 37.1일 이었으나 phosphamidon의 경우에는 61.3일과 173.3일로 나타나 약제특성에 따라 상이하였다. 시금치 데치기 과정 중 metalaxyl과 spinosad의 제거효과는 미미하였으나 농약 및 작물의 종류에 따라 다른 결과가 예상되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 포장조건에서 농약살포에 따른 작물체 중 부착량과 잔류소실특성을 계량화하여 약제 살포 후 수확기까지의 경과시기별 수확물 중 잔류수준의 실질적 예측이 가능하였으며 이에 따라 현행 안전사용기준에 의해 살포된 농약들의 잔류수준의 평가가 가능하였다. 또한 저장, 세척 및 조리과정에서의 잔류농약의 제거는 농약마다 상당한 차이가 있었음으로 안전한 농산물을 생산하기 위해서는 농약의 안전사용기준 준수가 반드시 필요한 것으로 판단되었다.
Field trials were carried out to investigate the dissipation rates of pesticides as well as to measure the terminal residues in vegetables and fruits as applied near harvest. Timely changes in ratios between dislodgeable and internal residues were also determined to characterize the systemic propert...
Field trials were carried out to investigate the dissipation rates of pesticides as well as to measure the terminal residues in vegetables and fruits as applied near harvest. Timely changes in ratios between dislodgeable and internal residues were also determined to characterize the systemic properties of pesticides. Reduction of pesticide residues during storage and household processing of the harvests were further studied to evaluate the residue levels at dietary intake. Total of eight insecticides and eight fungicides were applied to three and two kinds of vegetables and fruits, mostly consumed in raw state, at the timing of 10 to 15 days prior to harvest. Lettuce growing in the greenhouse was applied broadcast with benomyl and imidacloprid. To spinach also growing in another greenhouse were foliar-sprayed metalaxy and spinosad. Deltamethrin, dimethomorph, imidacloprid, mepanipyrim, and metalaxyl were applied broadcast to green pepper field in the greenhouse. Under the open field conditions, dichlorvos, fenitrothion, lufenuron, methidathion, and phosphamidon were applied to the apple trees. To the grape trees cultivated under rain-shelter conditions were sprayed azoxystrobin, mepanipyrim, myclobutanil, triflumizole, and zoxamide. All the pesticides were applied once at standard and double rates of the recommended doses except two-time applications for methidathion and phosphamidon in apple. Representative vegetable and fruit samples were collected at specified intervals and were subjected to residue analysis as well as to the dislodgeable residue study. Bulk field samples were also taken for storage and food processing studies. As all the dilute-spraying types of formulations, such as EC, SL, and WP, were used in the study, initial pesticide residues in vegetable and fruits were closely correlated with the deposition of spray droplets. Droplet deposits in grape and green pepper fruits were measured as 17.7±3.9 ㎕/fruit and 11.0±4.6 ㎕/g, respectively. When the samples were analyzed, initial residues showed the range of 119.2±3.9% and 102.1±14.0% of values calculated from droplet deposits. Even though far exceeded to tolerances, in most cases, initial residues were rapidly dissipated with time. Dissipation pattern of pesticide residues was well fitted to the first-order kinetics. Calculated from the regression curve, biological half-lives of most pesticides were estimated to be less than 1 week, even if large variations between pesticides and crops were observed. In the fast growing vegetables, dilution effect was considerably involved in the rate of dissipation. However, other factors other than dilution, such as chemical/biochemical degradation and physical disposition, seemed to play the major roles for the pesticide dissipation as evidently found in apples and grapes in which the residues still rapidly decreased in spite of ripening stage during the experimental period. No statistical difference in dissipation rates between standard and double doses of application was found. As a result, relative portions of initial residues at specified time lapse could be predictable from the regression curve, irrespective of residue levels. When measured at 3 and 10 days after pesticide application, relative ratios between dislodgeable and internal residues quite well reflected the systemic nature of pesticides. In the neutral compounds showing their log P_(ow) 1∼4, the systemic property of the pesticide increased as its polarity increased. In case of deltamethrin with log P_(ow) 4.6, most of residues were resided in the wax layer of green pepper surface, which were not readily dislodged by the surfactant-based detergent. Mimicking the household procedures, storage of vegetables variably affected the reduction of pesticide residues. Stored in refrigerator, residues of spinosad in spinach as well as benomyl and imidacloprid in lettuce were still unchanged during 7 days while metalaxyl was rapidly decreased with the half-life of 2.3 days. In apple samples stored at room temperature for 60 days and at 4℃ for 120 days, half-lives of methidathion were 16.6 and 37.1 days while those of phosphamidon were 61.3 and 173.3 days. Effect of parboiling on the removal of metalaxyl and spinosad residues in spinach was negligible. Considering removal rates of residues differently dependent on pesticides and crop harvests, usual food processing including, storage, washing, parboiling could not confirm the apparent reduction of pesticide residues concomitant with the dietary intake of vegetables and fruits. Even though more complicated, time-course dissipation study could provide more consistent and reliable data than current residue trials for evaluation of residue levels in the harvest. If the initial residue level is known, which can be also calculated from the deposits of spray droplets, the terminal residue as well as the level at given time can be statistically predictable. Furthermore, this approach can serve to validate the current safe use standards established by actual residue trials. The present results show that the removal of pesticide residues by food processing is quite variable by pesticides and crops. Therefore, it is also proposed that safe use standards of pesticides would be the primary factor to maintain the safety of agricultural commodities.
Field trials were carried out to investigate the dissipation rates of pesticides as well as to measure the terminal residues in vegetables and fruits as applied near harvest. Timely changes in ratios between dislodgeable and internal residues were also determined to characterize the systemic properties of pesticides. Reduction of pesticide residues during storage and household processing of the harvests were further studied to evaluate the residue levels at dietary intake. Total of eight insecticides and eight fungicides were applied to three and two kinds of vegetables and fruits, mostly consumed in raw state, at the timing of 10 to 15 days prior to harvest. Lettuce growing in the greenhouse was applied broadcast with benomyl and imidacloprid. To spinach also growing in another greenhouse were foliar-sprayed metalaxy and spinosad. Deltamethrin, dimethomorph, imidacloprid, mepanipyrim, and metalaxyl were applied broadcast to green pepper field in the greenhouse. Under the open field conditions, dichlorvos, fenitrothion, lufenuron, methidathion, and phosphamidon were applied to the apple trees. To the grape trees cultivated under rain-shelter conditions were sprayed azoxystrobin, mepanipyrim, myclobutanil, triflumizole, and zoxamide. All the pesticides were applied once at standard and double rates of the recommended doses except two-time applications for methidathion and phosphamidon in apple. Representative vegetable and fruit samples were collected at specified intervals and were subjected to residue analysis as well as to the dislodgeable residue study. Bulk field samples were also taken for storage and food processing studies. As all the dilute-spraying types of formulations, such as EC, SL, and WP, were used in the study, initial pesticide residues in vegetable and fruits were closely correlated with the deposition of spray droplets. Droplet deposits in grape and green pepper fruits were measured as 17.7±3.9 ㎕/fruit and 11.0±4.6 ㎕/g, respectively. When the samples were analyzed, initial residues showed the range of 119.2±3.9% and 102.1±14.0% of values calculated from droplet deposits. Even though far exceeded to tolerances, in most cases, initial residues were rapidly dissipated with time. Dissipation pattern of pesticide residues was well fitted to the first-order kinetics. Calculated from the regression curve, biological half-lives of most pesticides were estimated to be less than 1 week, even if large variations between pesticides and crops were observed. In the fast growing vegetables, dilution effect was considerably involved in the rate of dissipation. However, other factors other than dilution, such as chemical/biochemical degradation and physical disposition, seemed to play the major roles for the pesticide dissipation as evidently found in apples and grapes in which the residues still rapidly decreased in spite of ripening stage during the experimental period. No statistical difference in dissipation rates between standard and double doses of application was found. As a result, relative portions of initial residues at specified time lapse could be predictable from the regression curve, irrespective of residue levels. When measured at 3 and 10 days after pesticide application, relative ratios between dislodgeable and internal residues quite well reflected the systemic nature of pesticides. In the neutral compounds showing their log P_(ow) 1∼4, the systemic property of the pesticide increased as its polarity increased. In case of deltamethrin with log P_(ow) 4.6, most of residues were resided in the wax layer of green pepper surface, which were not readily dislodged by the surfactant-based detergent. Mimicking the household procedures, storage of vegetables variably affected the reduction of pesticide residues. Stored in refrigerator, residues of spinosad in spinach as well as benomyl and imidacloprid in lettuce were still unchanged during 7 days while metalaxyl was rapidly decreased with the half-life of 2.3 days. In apple samples stored at room temperature for 60 days and at 4℃ for 120 days, half-lives of methidathion were 16.6 and 37.1 days while those of phosphamidon were 61.3 and 173.3 days. Effect of parboiling on the removal of metalaxyl and spinosad residues in spinach was negligible. Considering removal rates of residues differently dependent on pesticides and crop harvests, usual food processing including, storage, washing, parboiling could not confirm the apparent reduction of pesticide residues concomitant with the dietary intake of vegetables and fruits. Even though more complicated, time-course dissipation study could provide more consistent and reliable data than current residue trials for evaluation of residue levels in the harvest. If the initial residue level is known, which can be also calculated from the deposits of spray droplets, the terminal residue as well as the level at given time can be statistically predictable. Furthermore, this approach can serve to validate the current safe use standards established by actual residue trials. The present results show that the removal of pesticide residues by food processing is quite variable by pesticides and crops. Therefore, it is also proposed that safe use standards of pesticides would be the primary factor to maintain the safety of agricultural commodities.
AI-Helper
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.