Artemisia (princeps var. Orientalis) is one of the prolific perennial plants of Compositae family, and it is widely used as a medicinal plant known as Artemisia herb as well as edible plant used in Chinese medicine and folk remedies. In addition, Artemisia is known as an excellent food with green le...
Artemisia (princeps var. Orientalis) is one of the prolific perennial plants of Compositae family, and it is widely used as a medicinal plant known as Artemisia herb as well as edible plant used in Chinese medicine and folk remedies. In addition, Artemisia is known as an excellent food with green leaf protein, essential fatty acids, dietary fiber, and variety of minerals and vitamins. In particular, it is reported that phenolic compounds such as flavonoids which has protective antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticancer and antioxidant effects in the liver as well as lipid peroxidation prevention, control of a blood pressure, and diabetes, prevention with treatment. A variety of Artemisia argyi Leveille & Vaniot, Seomaeyakssuk (Artemisia argyi H.) is being harvested at Namhae in South Gyeongnam Province of the Republic of Korea. Partial differences in its appearance, flavor, and secondary metabolites from Artemisia argyi Leveille & Veniot have been identified; however, as its genetic and morphological properties are recognized, it was named “Seomaeyakssuk” in 2008 and now it is registered for plant variety protection. There are various ongoing studies conducted on Artemisia in Korea, but little is known about studies of A. argyi H., as only short time has passed since its registration. Currently, some of the systematic studies are partially conducted on antioxidant activity and immune activity aspects in the Namhae sea region and studies in terms of identifying effective compounds or liver protecting activation aspects. This study analyzed the physicochemical properties and physiological activities of A. argyi H. for different drying methods (shade-drying, hot-air drying, and sun-drying) and harvest times (May, June, July and August), respectively. We have selected a drying method and harvest time that separate and identify HPLC-MS/MS phenolic compounds which act as effective agents for physiological activity. We also used SD rats to investigate feasibility and applicability of A. argyi H. as functional material through analyzing liver-protecting effects of feeding A. argyi H. damages induced by alcohol and CCl4.
1. We divided drying conditions of Seomaeyakssuk into shade-drying, hot-air drying, and sun-drying and compared with control sample. As a result we found that decrease in moisture content was the highest in hot-air drying. Seomaeyakssuk is high in mineral content in the order of potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Only a small amount of selenium was detected. The contents of L-asparagine, L-proline, γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) were at least 50% of total 16 kinds of free amino acids and these were the largest contents in shade-drying specimen.
2. When we extracted Seomaeyakssuk with water and 70% ethanol in different methods of drying and harvest times, the extract yield of shade-drying Seomaeyakssuk was the highest of all. Cholesterol absorption activity of the water extract was significantly higher in the hot-drying specimens and it showed significantly higher activity in Seomaeyakssuk harvested in August among harvest times regardless of the extract.
3. The total contents of phenols and flavonoids were significantly higher in shade-drying specimens regardless of the extracted solvent and it showed significantly higher contents of extracts of Seomaeyakssuk, harvested in May and June. Antioxidant activity was significantly higher in shade-drying and sun-drying specimen extracts, and it showed slightly higher activity which was harvested in May and June among harvest times.
4. A total of 14 kinds of phenolic compounds of Seomaeyakssuk were identified by HPLC-MS/MS which were comprised with 8 kinds of flavonoids (Apigenin-6, 8–di–C-β-D-glucopyranoside (Vicenin Ⅱ), 6–C–arabinosyl–8–C- glucosyl apigenin, Kaempferol-3-Ο-rutinoside, Kaempferol-3-Ο-glucuronide, Quercetin-dimethyl-ether, Amentoflavone isomer(1), Amentoflavone isomer(2), SkullcapflavoneⅡ), and 4 kinds of hydroxyl cinnamate (Caffeoylquinic acid isomer(1), Caffeoylquinic acid isomer(2), Dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4,5‐Ο‐Tricaffeoylquinic acid), lignin (Secoisolariciresinol), and phenylethanoid glycosides (Calcelarioside A).
5. This experiment was conducted to estimate the liver-protecting effect of ethanolic extract from Seomaeyakssuk (Artemisia argyi H.) on alcohol-induced fatty liver rats. As a result of feeding SD rat 30% of alcohol and 0.2, 0.5 and 0.7% Seomaeyakssuk ethanol extract for 5 weeks, total protein and albumin contents in serum increased significantly in the Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. Total lipid and triglyceride contents in serum were decreased in the Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. Total lipid content was significantly decreased in the Seomaeyakssuk 0.2% supplemented group while the triglyceride content significantly decreased in 0.5% or higher level Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group. HDL-Cholesterol content significantly increased in the 0.5% or higher Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. Total lipid, triglyceride, and total cholesterol content significantly decreased in the Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. AST, ALT, and ALP activities in serum significantly decreased in the Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. Especially, ALT activity significantly decreased in Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the normal group while ALP activity significantly decreased in the 0.5% or higher level Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the normal group. DPPH radical scavenging activity in liver tissue was significantly higher in 0.7% Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the normal group, and TBARS contents decreased with higher Seomaeyakssuk intake amount. SOD and GSH-Px activity of liver tissue was significantly higher in the 0.7% Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the normal group. Especially, catalase activity was significantly higher in the 0.7% Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group.
6. The liver-protecting effect of ethanolic extract of Seomaeyakssuk (Artemisia argyi H.) on liver-damage by CCl4 in SD rats was investigated. As a result of inducing liver damage by CCl4 when feeding SD rat 0.2, 0.5 and 0.7% of Seomaeyakssuk 70% ethanol extract for 5 weeks, total protein content in serum significantly increased in the 0.2, 0.5% Seomaeyakssuk supplemented groups compared to the control group while albumin content in serum significantly increased in the 0.7% Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. Total lipid and triglyceride content in serum significantly decreased in the Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. Total cholesterol content significantly decreased in the Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the normal group. HDL-cholesterol content significantly increased only in the 0.7% Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. AST, ALT and ALP activities in serum significantly decreased in 0.5% or higher level Seomaeyakssuk supplemented groups compared to the control group. DPPH radical scavenging activity of liver tissue was significantly higher in 0.5% or higher level Seomaeyakssuk supplemented groups compared to the normal group. TBARS contents significantly decreased in the 0.7% Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the normal group.
Hepatic antioxidative enzyme activities increased with higher Seomaeyakssuk intake amount compared to the control group. GSH-Px activity significantly increased in the 0.5% or higher level Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the normal group.
The result of feeding shade-drying Seomaeyakssuk harvested in June to alcohol-induced fatty liver rats and liver damage-induced rats by CCl4 showed that Seomaeyakssuk was effective in strengthening antioxidative enzyme activity and thus, we suggest that Seomaeyakssuk can be extensively utilized as a functional material for protecting liver.
Artemisia (princeps var. Orientalis) is one of the prolific perennial plants of Compositae family, and it is widely used as a medicinal plant known as Artemisia herb as well as edible plant used in Chinese medicine and folk remedies. In addition, Artemisia is known as an excellent food with green leaf protein, essential fatty acids, dietary fiber, and variety of minerals and vitamins. In particular, it is reported that phenolic compounds such as flavonoids which has protective antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticancer and antioxidant effects in the liver as well as lipid peroxidation prevention, control of a blood pressure, and diabetes, prevention with treatment. A variety of Artemisia argyi Leveille & Vaniot, Seomaeyakssuk (Artemisia argyi H.) is being harvested at Namhae in South Gyeongnam Province of the Republic of Korea. Partial differences in its appearance, flavor, and secondary metabolites from Artemisia argyi Leveille & Veniot have been identified; however, as its genetic and morphological properties are recognized, it was named “Seomaeyakssuk” in 2008 and now it is registered for plant variety protection. There are various ongoing studies conducted on Artemisia in Korea, but little is known about studies of A. argyi H., as only short time has passed since its registration. Currently, some of the systematic studies are partially conducted on antioxidant activity and immune activity aspects in the Namhae sea region and studies in terms of identifying effective compounds or liver protecting activation aspects. This study analyzed the physicochemical properties and physiological activities of A. argyi H. for different drying methods (shade-drying, hot-air drying, and sun-drying) and harvest times (May, June, July and August), respectively. We have selected a drying method and harvest time that separate and identify HPLC-MS/MS phenolic compounds which act as effective agents for physiological activity. We also used SD rats to investigate feasibility and applicability of A. argyi H. as functional material through analyzing liver-protecting effects of feeding A. argyi H. damages induced by alcohol and CCl4.
1. We divided drying conditions of Seomaeyakssuk into shade-drying, hot-air drying, and sun-drying and compared with control sample. As a result we found that decrease in moisture content was the highest in hot-air drying. Seomaeyakssuk is high in mineral content in the order of potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Only a small amount of selenium was detected. The contents of L-asparagine, L-proline, γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) were at least 50% of total 16 kinds of free amino acids and these were the largest contents in shade-drying specimen.
2. When we extracted Seomaeyakssuk with water and 70% ethanol in different methods of drying and harvest times, the extract yield of shade-drying Seomaeyakssuk was the highest of all. Cholesterol absorption activity of the water extract was significantly higher in the hot-drying specimens and it showed significantly higher activity in Seomaeyakssuk harvested in August among harvest times regardless of the extract.
3. The total contents of phenols and flavonoids were significantly higher in shade-drying specimens regardless of the extracted solvent and it showed significantly higher contents of extracts of Seomaeyakssuk, harvested in May and June. Antioxidant activity was significantly higher in shade-drying and sun-drying specimen extracts, and it showed slightly higher activity which was harvested in May and June among harvest times.
4. A total of 14 kinds of phenolic compounds of Seomaeyakssuk were identified by HPLC-MS/MS which were comprised with 8 kinds of flavonoids (Apigenin-6, 8–di–C-β-D-glucopyranoside (Vicenin Ⅱ), 6–C–arabinosyl–8–C- glucosyl apigenin, Kaempferol-3-Ο-rutinoside, Kaempferol-3-Ο-glucuronide, Quercetin-dimethyl-ether, Amentoflavone isomer(1), Amentoflavone isomer(2), SkullcapflavoneⅡ), and 4 kinds of hydroxyl cinnamate (Caffeoylquinic acid isomer(1), Caffeoylquinic acid isomer(2), Dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4,5‐Ο‐Tricaffeoylquinic acid), lignin (Secoisolariciresinol), and phenylethanoid glycosides (Calcelarioside A).
5. This experiment was conducted to estimate the liver-protecting effect of ethanolic extract from Seomaeyakssuk (Artemisia argyi H.) on alcohol-induced fatty liver rats. As a result of feeding SD rat 30% of alcohol and 0.2, 0.5 and 0.7% Seomaeyakssuk ethanol extract for 5 weeks, total protein and albumin contents in serum increased significantly in the Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. Total lipid and triglyceride contents in serum were decreased in the Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. Total lipid content was significantly decreased in the Seomaeyakssuk 0.2% supplemented group while the triglyceride content significantly decreased in 0.5% or higher level Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group. HDL-Cholesterol content significantly increased in the 0.5% or higher Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. Total lipid, triglyceride, and total cholesterol content significantly decreased in the Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. AST, ALT, and ALP activities in serum significantly decreased in the Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. Especially, ALT activity significantly decreased in Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the normal group while ALP activity significantly decreased in the 0.5% or higher level Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the normal group. DPPH radical scavenging activity in liver tissue was significantly higher in 0.7% Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the normal group, and TBARS contents decreased with higher Seomaeyakssuk intake amount. SOD and GSH-Px activity of liver tissue was significantly higher in the 0.7% Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the normal group. Especially, catalase activity was significantly higher in the 0.7% Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group.
6. The liver-protecting effect of ethanolic extract of Seomaeyakssuk (Artemisia argyi H.) on liver-damage by CCl4 in SD rats was investigated. As a result of inducing liver damage by CCl4 when feeding SD rat 0.2, 0.5 and 0.7% of Seomaeyakssuk 70% ethanol extract for 5 weeks, total protein content in serum significantly increased in the 0.2, 0.5% Seomaeyakssuk supplemented groups compared to the control group while albumin content in serum significantly increased in the 0.7% Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. Total lipid and triglyceride content in serum significantly decreased in the Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. Total cholesterol content significantly decreased in the Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the normal group. HDL-cholesterol content significantly increased only in the 0.7% Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the control group. AST, ALT and ALP activities in serum significantly decreased in 0.5% or higher level Seomaeyakssuk supplemented groups compared to the control group. DPPH radical scavenging activity of liver tissue was significantly higher in 0.5% or higher level Seomaeyakssuk supplemented groups compared to the normal group. TBARS contents significantly decreased in the 0.7% Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the normal group.
Hepatic antioxidative enzyme activities increased with higher Seomaeyakssuk intake amount compared to the control group. GSH-Px activity significantly increased in the 0.5% or higher level Seomaeyakssuk supplemented group compared to the normal group.
The result of feeding shade-drying Seomaeyakssuk harvested in June to alcohol-induced fatty liver rats and liver damage-induced rats by CCl4 showed that Seomaeyakssuk was effective in strengthening antioxidative enzyme activity and thus, we suggest that Seomaeyakssuk can be extensively utilized as a functional material for protecting liver.
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