Ru, Y.J.
(Livestock Systems, South Australian Research and Development Institute)
,
Glatz, P.C.
(Livestock Systems, South Australian Research and Development Institute)
,
Miao, Z.H.
(Livestock Systems, South Australian Research and Development Institute)
,
Swanson, K.
(Livestock Systems, South Australian Research and Development Institute)
,
Falkenberg, S.
(Livestock Systems, South Australian Research and Development Institute)
,
Wyatt, S.
(Livestock Systems, South Australian Research and Development Institute)
Two experiments were conducted to compare digestibility of 12 diets in sheep, red and fallow deer. No differences (p>0.05) between sheep, red and fallow deer in digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and digestible energy content for all diets were found except for the sorghum diet and medic ha...
Two experiments were conducted to compare digestibility of 12 diets in sheep, red and fallow deer. No differences (p>0.05) between sheep, red and fallow deer in digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and digestible energy content for all diets were found except for the sorghum diet and medic hay. Sheep and fallow deer digested the sorghum diet better than red deer. An in vitro study showed that sheep had a lower in vitro dry matter digestibility and digestible energy content than both red and fallow deer, with a significant interaction between animal species and feed ingredient. Deer digested straws and hays better (p<0.05) than sheep. In vitro digestibility was lower (p<0.05) than in vivo digestibility, but significantly correlated with in vivo digestibility for red and fallow deer. The in vitro method for digestibility estimation has potential as a rapid feed evaluation system for deer, but needs further validation.
Two experiments were conducted to compare digestibility of 12 diets in sheep, red and fallow deer. No differences (p>0.05) between sheep, red and fallow deer in digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and digestible energy content for all diets were found except for the sorghum diet and medic hay. Sheep and fallow deer digested the sorghum diet better than red deer. An in vitro study showed that sheep had a lower in vitro dry matter digestibility and digestible energy content than both red and fallow deer, with a significant interaction between animal species and feed ingredient. Deer digested straws and hays better (p<0.05) than sheep. In vitro digestibility was lower (p<0.05) than in vivo digestibility, but significantly correlated with in vivo digestibility for red and fallow deer. The in vitro method for digestibility estimation has potential as a rapid feed evaluation system for deer, but needs further validation.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
문제 정의
The establishment and validation of a rapid in vitro assay for digestibility estimation is required by the industry although these in vitro methods are available for other ruminants (sheep and cattle). The objectives of this study were to compare the in vivo and in vitro digestibility between these three species and to explore the potential of using an in vitro method to evaluate feed for deer.
제안 방법
Deer and sheep were fed a basic diet consisting of 50% lucerne chaff and 50% oaten chaff. During November, December and January, one sheep, 1 red and 1 fallow deer were slaughtered and the rumen fluid collected for in vit^o digestibility estimation. CO2 was passed through the rumen fluid to maintain anaerobic conditions and the container was sealed and kept in the water bath at 39°C before adding to the incubation tubes.
Feed ingredients evaluated included grains (barley, wheat, sorghum, oats and lupin), straw (barley straw and pea straw) and hays (lucerne chaff, oaten chaff, wheaten chaff and medic hay). The experimental diets were fed ad libitum for two weeks, followed by a week oftotal faecal collection. Water was available at all times.
The in vivo experiment was a Latin square design. Main effects (diet, animal species and interaction) were analysed using a general linear model from Systat software (Wilkinson et al.
대상 데이터
Animals andfeeds : Three fallow deer, 3 red deer (male, 8-10 months old) and 3 Merino wethers were obtained from Farm Services, Adelaide University, Roseworthy Campus. All deer were held in a paddock at the Deer Farm on Roseworthy Campus, and 3 sheep were housed in the Animal House at Roseworthy Campus. Deer and sheep were fed a basic diet consisting of 50% lucerne chaff and 50% oaten chaff.
In each period, 6 diets (table 1) were tested using a 6x6 Latin Square design. Feed ingredients evaluated included grains (barley, wheat, sorghum, oats and lupin), straw (barley straw and pea straw) and hays (lucerne chaff, oaten chaff, wheaten chaff and medic hay). The experimental diets were fed ad libitum for two weeks, followed by a week oftotal faecal collection.
Six Merino wethers, 12 months of age, were sourced from Farm Services, Adelaide University, Roseworthy and housed in individual pens. The average body weight for sheep was 62 kg (SD=1.
79) for red deer. The deer were housed as a group in a 7 m x 7 m compound constructed in the middle of an animal house, with 1,900 mm ring-lock fence strained 100 mm offthe floor giving a 2 m high fence, in the Animal Research Centre at Roseworthy Campus located 60 km north ofAdelaide in SouthAustralia.
After 2 months of training the deer to hand-feed using fresh lucerne and grains, the deer were transferred into individual stalls. The dimensions of the stalls were 1,200 mm longx 1,950 mm highx900 mm wide for fallow deer and 1,800 mm long and 1,950 mm highx 1,200 mm wide for red deer. Holes with a diameter of 100 mm were cut in the stalls to allow deer to view each other in the next stall to reduce fretting and fractious behaviour.
데이터처리
, 1996). Data from the in vitro experiment was analysed using ANOVA to compare the difference between animal species for each feed ingredient. The relationship between in vitro and in vivo measurements was tested using the regression procedure in Systat.
이론/모형
After incubation, the samples were centrifuged (3,000 rpm) and the residues dried at 60°C over night. Dry matter and gross energy in the residue were determined using the standard procedure (AOAC, 1980). In each batch, a quality control lucerne sample of known in vivo digestibility and DE content was included to correct the in vit^o measuremen.
Dry matter, ash and crude protein of feed and faeces were determined using standard methods (AOAC, 1980). Gross energy (GE) was measured using a Parr 1261 Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter.
In vitro measurement : The in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) and digestible energy (DE) content was determined using the Tilley-Terry method (Tilley and Terry, 1963). In brief, a sample ofthe feed (0.
성능/효과
The quality of pastures might contribute to the low digestibility of straws and hays. The results of this study showed the in vitro digestibility of lucerne and medics is higher than other samples and similar to the in vivo data without significant difference between animal species, probably due to the high protein content and/or carbohydrates in legume pastures. McCullough (1979) demonstrated that addition of urea and/or starch increased the in vitro dry matter digestibility, with the effect being dependent on the quality ofthe herbage tested.
참고문헌 (22)
AOAC. 1980. Official Methods of Analysis. 13th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
Burbank, R. K., A. Woolf and G. Post. 1979. Influence of pH on in vitro digestibility of white-tailed deer foods. J. Wildl. Manage. 43:788-790.
Charmley, E. and J. F. D. Greenhalgh. 1987. Nutritive value of three cultivars of triticale for sheep, pig and poultry. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol. 18:19-35.
Fennessy, P. F., G. J. Greer and D. A. Forss. 1980. Voluntary intake and digestion in red deer and sheep. Proc. N. Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 40:152-162.
Francois Domingue, B. M, D. W. Dellow, P. R. Wilson and T. N. Barry. 1991. Comparative digestion in deer, goats, and sheep. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 34:45-53.
Grimes J. L. 1968. Nutritive evaluation of various deer foods. Masters Thesis. The Pennsylvania State University. University Park, p. 97.
Hofmann, R. R. 1985. Digestive physiology of the deer-their morphophysiological specialisation and adaptation. Biology of Deer Production. The Royal Society of New Zealand, Bulletin 22, pp. 393-407.
Latupeirissa, C. and G. Dryden. 1998. Comparative in vitro digestibility of feestuffs by deer and sheep. Proc. Nutr. Soc. Aust. 22:53.
McCullough, Y. 1979. Carbohydrate and urea influences on in vitro deer forage digestibility. J. Wildl. Manage. 43:650-656.
Miao, Z. H., Y. J. Ru, T. X. Wu, W. Y. Zhang and S. X. Yang. 1991. Measuring dry matter digestibility (in vitro) using faecal liquid instead of rumen fluid. Gansu J. Anim. Husb. Vet. 5:16-7.
Milne, J. A., J. C. MacRae, A. M. Spence and S. Wilson. 1976. Intake and digestion of hill-land vegetation by the red deer and the sheep. Nature 263:763.
Milne, J. A. J. C. Macrae, A. M. Spence and S. Wilson. 1978. A comparison of the voluntary intake and digestion of a range of forages at different times of the year by the sheep and the red deer. Br. J. Nutr. 40:347-357.
Mothershead, C. L., R. L. Cowan and A. P. Ammann. 1972. Variations in determination of digestive capacity of the whitetailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 36:1052-1060.
Nishimuta, J. F., D. G. Ely and J. A. Boling. 1973. Nitrogen metabolism in lambs fed soybean meal treated with heat, formalin, and tannic acid. J. Nutr. 103:49-53.
Robbins, C. T., P. J. van Soest, W. W. Mautz and A. N. Moen. 1975. Feed analysis and digestion with reference to whitetailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 39:67-79.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.