Owing to the increase in price of cigarettes in Korea, herbal cigarettes have received increasing attention as a non-smoking aid; however, its safety has hardly been studied. We analyzed some of the toxic components in the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarettes, performed a mutagenicity test on smoke...
Owing to the increase in price of cigarettes in Korea, herbal cigarettes have received increasing attention as a non-smoking aid; however, its safety has hardly been studied. We analyzed some of the toxic components in the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarettes, performed a mutagenicity test on smoke condensates for safety assessment, and compared the results with the corresponding values of a general cigarette with the same tar content. Herbal cigarette "A" was smoked using automatic smoking machine under ISO conditions in a manner similar to general cigarette "T". The tar content measured was higher than that inscribed on the outside of a package. The mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette "A" did not contain detectable levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines and nicotine. Carbon monoxide and benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene contents in herbal cigarette "A" were higher than those in the general cigarette "T". The phenolic contents such as hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol in herbal cigarette "A" were higher than those in the general cigarette "T", but cresol contents in herbal cigarette "A" were lower than those in the general cigarette "T". The content of aromatic amines such as 4-aminobiphenyl in herbal cigarette "A" was higher than that in the general cigarette "T"; however, this difference was not statistically significant. On the other hand, 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 3-aminobiphenyl contents in herbal cigarette "A" were lower than those in the general cigarette "T". The smoke condensates of herbal cigarette "A" exhibited a higher mutagenic potential than the condensates from the general cigarette "T" at the same concentration. We concluded that the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette contains some toxic components, the smoke condensates of herbal cigarettes are mutagenic similar to general cigarette because of combustion products, and that the evaluation of the chemical and biological safety of all types of herbal cigarettes available on the market.
Owing to the increase in price of cigarettes in Korea, herbal cigarettes have received increasing attention as a non-smoking aid; however, its safety has hardly been studied. We analyzed some of the toxic components in the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarettes, performed a mutagenicity test on smoke condensates for safety assessment, and compared the results with the corresponding values of a general cigarette with the same tar content. Herbal cigarette "A" was smoked using automatic smoking machine under ISO conditions in a manner similar to general cigarette "T". The tar content measured was higher than that inscribed on the outside of a package. The mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette "A" did not contain detectable levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines and nicotine. Carbon monoxide and benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene contents in herbal cigarette "A" were higher than those in the general cigarette "T". The phenolic contents such as hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol in herbal cigarette "A" were higher than those in the general cigarette "T", but cresol contents in herbal cigarette "A" were lower than those in the general cigarette "T". The content of aromatic amines such as 4-aminobiphenyl in herbal cigarette "A" was higher than that in the general cigarette "T"; however, this difference was not statistically significant. On the other hand, 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 3-aminobiphenyl contents in herbal cigarette "A" were lower than those in the general cigarette "T". The smoke condensates of herbal cigarette "A" exhibited a higher mutagenic potential than the condensates from the general cigarette "T" at the same concentration. We concluded that the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette contains some toxic components, the smoke condensates of herbal cigarettes are mutagenic similar to general cigarette because of combustion products, and that the evaluation of the chemical and biological safety of all types of herbal cigarettes available on the market.
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제안 방법
2). The R-factor confirmation test was performed using a strain that has the pKM101 plasmid, which is resistant to ampicillin. The results of the test confirmed normal growth of the S.
The histidine requirement test was performed in a plate supplemented with histidine using S. Typhimurium TA98 strains that were histidine auxotrophic mutants of S. Typhimurium LT-2. The Typhimurium TA98 strains grew on a histidine/biotin plate, but did not grow on a MGA plate and a biotin plate (Fig.
This study was performed to determine the contents of some major toxic components in the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette “A” and to evaluate the mutagenicity of smoke condensates and compare them with the corresponding values of general cigarette “T” with the same tar level.
To establish the optimal concentration of the inducer for mutagenic experiments prior to this test, the experiment was repeated three times at each of the following concentrations of smoke condensate; 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 μg/plate using a 3R4F of reference cigarette.
대상 데이터
Herbal cigarette “A”, Artemisia (A), which is most favorite in Korea market, and general cigarette (T) with similar to tar content was used in this study.
데이터처리
Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test (using SPSS version 14.0 statistical software).
Differences were considered statistically significant if P-values were < 0.05 and < 0.01 by using ANOVA.
(n = 3). Statistical analysis of data was analyzed using ANOVA.
(n = 3). Statistical analysis of data was performed using ANOVA.
이론/모형
The content of B[α]P was analyzed using GC/MS 5975 (Agilent Technologies, USA) according to the ISO 22634 method (19).
The smoke was collected using SM 500 automatic smoking machines (Cerulean, UK) according to the ISO 3308 method (13). The content of aromatic amines was analyzed using GC/MS 5975 (Agilent Technologies, USA) according to the HC T-102 method (18).
The smoke was collected using SM 500 automatic smoking machines (Cerulean, UK) according to the ISO 3308 method (13). The content of phenolic compounds was analyzed using HPLC 1100 Series (Agilent Technologies, USA) according to the HC T-114 method (20).
The nicotine and water are extracted by adding trapped CFP and extraction solution into the flask, the supernatant was placed in a vial for analysis. The nicotine and water content were analyzed using a gas chromatograph 6890N (GC; Agilent Technologies, USA) according to the ISO 10315 and ISO 10362-1 method. According to the ISO 8454 method, the CO content was automatically measured by trapping gas in a gas bag that passed, through the smoke trap in a RM 20 equipped with a CO analyzer (Borgwaldt, Germany) (15-17).
(Germany), and ethanol (Merck, Germany) was used as an internal standard to measure the content of water. The smoke was collected using RM 20 automatic smoking machines (Borgwaldt, Germany), according to the ISO 3308 method (13). Total particulate matter (TPM) was calculated by measuring weight of the Cambridge filter pad (CFP; Borgwaldt, Germany), in the cigarettes holder, before and after smoking (14).
(Germany), and ethanol (Merck, Germany) was used as an internal standard to measure the content of water. The smoke was collected using RM 20 automatic smoking machines (Borgwaldt, Germany), according to the ISO 3308 method (13). Total particulate matter (TPM) was calculated by measuring weight of the Cambridge filter pad (CFP; Borgwaldt, Germany), in the cigarettes holder, before and after smoking (14).
The reference substances were 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) and N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) (Sigma Aldrich, USA) to analyze the content of TSNAs. The smoke was collected using SM 450 automatic smoking machines (Cerulean, UK) according to the ISO 3308 method (13). The content of TSNAs was analyzed using HPLC/MS/MS API 4000 (AB SCIEX, USA) according to the CORESTA Recommended Method N° 75 (21).
The reference substances were 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, and 4-aminobiphenyl (Sigma Aldrich, USA) and the internal standards were 2-aminonaphthalene-d7 and 4-aminobiphenyld9 (CDN Isotopes, Canada) to analyze the content of aromatic amines. The smoke was collected using SM 500 automatic smoking machines (Cerulean, UK) according to the ISO 3308 method (13). The content of aromatic amines was analyzed using GC/MS 5975 (Agilent Technologies, USA) according to the HC T-102 method (18).
성능/효과
The measured contents of NNN, NAT, NAB, and NNK among the TSNA components of the general cigarette “T” were 45.78 ± 9.33 ng/cig, 41.62 ± 7.24 ng/cig, 4.72 ± 0.33 ng/cig, and 16.38 ± 1.39 ng/cig, respectively.
The R-factor confirmation test was performed using a strain that has the pKM101 plasmid, which is resistant to ampicillin. The results of the test confirmed normal growth of the S. Typhimurium TA98 strain on an ampicillin plate (Fig. 2). Therefore, the suitability of the S.
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