BACKGROUND/OBJECTTIVES: The purposes of the study were to investigate folate intakes and plasma folate concentrations as well as estimate folate status in Korean healthy adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 254 healthy 19- to 64-year-old adults (68 men and 186 women) living in Seoul metropolitan are...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTTIVES: The purposes of the study were to investigate folate intakes and plasma folate concentrations as well as estimate folate status in Korean healthy adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 254 healthy 19- to 64-year-old adults (68 men and 186 women) living in Seoul metropolitan area, Gumi, and Kwangju, Korea participated. Three consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls, information on folate supplementation, and fasting blood samples were collected from the subjects. RESULTS: The mean dietary folate intakes were 587.4 and $499.2{\mu}g$ dietary folate equivalent (DFE)/day for men and women, respectively. The median dietary intakes of men and women were 566.6 and $474.6{\mu}g\;DFE/day$, respectively. Forty subjects (16.7% of total) less total folate than the estimated average requirement (EAR). Folate intakes of 23.3% of men and 34.8% of women aged 19-29 years did not meet the EAR for folate. Major food sources consumed for dietary folate were baechukimchi (Chinese cabbage kimchi), rice, spinach, eggs, and laver, which provided 44% of dietary folate intake for the subjects. Plasma folate concentrations were 23.4 nmol/L for men and 28.3 nmol/L for women, and this level was significantly lower in men than in women. Approximately 13% of men and 3% of women were folate-deficient, and the percentages of subjects showing folate concentrations lower than 10 nmol/L were 27.9% of men and 6.4% of women. CONCLUSIONS: Folate intakes of Korean adults in this study were generally adequate. However, one-third of young adults had inadequate folate intakes.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTTIVES: The purposes of the study were to investigate folate intakes and plasma folate concentrations as well as estimate folate status in Korean healthy adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 254 healthy 19- to 64-year-old adults (68 men and 186 women) living in Seoul metropolitan area, Gumi, and Kwangju, Korea participated. Three consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls, information on folate supplementation, and fasting blood samples were collected from the subjects. RESULTS: The mean dietary folate intakes were 587.4 and $499.2{\mu}g$ dietary folate equivalent (DFE)/day for men and women, respectively. The median dietary intakes of men and women were 566.6 and $474.6{\mu}g\;DFE/day$, respectively. Forty subjects (16.7% of total) less total folate than the estimated average requirement (EAR). Folate intakes of 23.3% of men and 34.8% of women aged 19-29 years did not meet the EAR for folate. Major food sources consumed for dietary folate were baechukimchi (Chinese cabbage kimchi), rice, spinach, eggs, and laver, which provided 44% of dietary folate intake for the subjects. Plasma folate concentrations were 23.4 nmol/L for men and 28.3 nmol/L for women, and this level was significantly lower in men than in women. Approximately 13% of men and 3% of women were folate-deficient, and the percentages of subjects showing folate concentrations lower than 10 nmol/L were 27.9% of men and 6.4% of women. CONCLUSIONS: Folate intakes of Korean adults in this study were generally adequate. However, one-third of young adults had inadequate folate intakes.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
문제 정의
In addition, the limited numbers and random selection of subjects in this study might limit the representability of Korean healthy adults. Nonetheless, this study provides practicable information to assess the folate status of Korean adults.
Moreover, as sources of folate may have changed among younger generations in Korea, it is necessary to evaluate the current diet of adults using dietary intake and biomarkers in order to address public health interventions. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine folate intakes and food sources in adults living in South Korea as well as assess folate status.
제안 방법
A 3-day recall method was used to record the dietary intakes of the subjects: 2 days during the week and 1 day on the weekend. Dietary intakes were converted by using the computerized dietary analysis program Can-pro 4.
Retention of folate in foods after cooking is variable and highly dependent on type and method of food preparation [28], and it has been reported that food folate is reduced by 50% to 80% with food processing and preparation [29]. In this study, dietary intakes were analyzed based on a food composition table based on nutrient contents of foods generally in the raw state. In Western countries, major food sources such as ready-to-eat cereals, breads, and folatefortified foods are not affected by cooking method.
대상 데이터
The participants were interviewed to collect information regarding age, previous and current illnesses, recent changes of appetite and food intake, and medications being taken by well-trained interviewers. Subjects with current diagnosed diseases such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease, subjects taking medications affecting folate metabolism, subjects showing recent changes appetite and food intake, and subjects that did not finish their 3-day food recall were excluded; therefore, final subjects were 253 adults. Characteristics of the participants are given in Table 1.
Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The participants were interviewed to collect information regarding age, previous and current illnesses, recent changes of appetite and food intake, and medications being taken by well-trained interviewers. Subjects with current diagnosed diseases such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease, subjects taking medications affecting folate metabolism, subjects showing recent changes appetite and food intake, and subjects that did not finish their 3-day food recall were excluded; therefore, final subjects were 253 adults.
데이터처리
One-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test was used determine differences in intake and plasma concentrations of folate among age groups.
Pearson’s partial correlation coefficient was calculated to determine possible relationships among folate intakes and plasma folate level after controlling for age, gender, body mass index, and energy intake [16].
Student’s t-test was used to investigate the differences between men and women in general characteristics.
ab Means within a row followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P < 0.05 by Duncan’s multiple-range test.
성능/효과
In conclusion, folate intakes of Korean adults in this study were generally adequate, whereas one-third of young adults were characterized by inadequate folate intake. The prevalence rates of folate deficiency were 13% in men and 3% in women.
The prevalence rates of folate deficiency were 13% in men and 3% in women. In this study, men were shown to be at higher risk of inadequate plasma folate levels, although folate intake was higher in men than in women. Health policies in the future should focus on increasing the supply and education related to a folate-rich diet for Korean men as well as young women.
후속연구
Health policies in the future should focus on increasing the supply and education related to a folate-rich diet for Korean men as well as young women. Future research is needed to assess folate status via other biochemical indices, including red blood cell folate or plasma total homocysteine, for more feasible assessment of folate status in Koreans.
Total homocysteine level in plasma is used as a functional test of folate deficiency. Future studies should confirm findings based on red blood cell folate or total homocysteine. Second, lifestyle factors that affect folate status were not assessed in this study.
Cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol use, and oral contraceptive agents may cause lowering of plasma folate levels [2,7]. In addition, the limited numbers and random selection of subjects in this study might limit the representability of Korean healthy adults. Nonetheless, this study provides practicable information to assess the folate status of Korean adults.
1 Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B 6 , Folate, Vitamin B 12 , Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline Washington, D.C. National Academies Press 1998
2 Gibson RS Principles of Nutritional Assessment 2nd ed New York (NY) Oxford University Press 2005
3 EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for folate EFSA J 2014 12 3893
4 Chan YM Bailey R O'Connor DL Folate Adv Nutr 2013 4 123 125 23319130
5 Han YH Yon M Hyun TH Folate intake estimated with an updated database and its association to blood folate and homocysteine in Korean college students Eur J Clin Nutr 2005 59 246 254 15483632
6 Kim JH Lee E Hyun T Dietary folate intake and food sources of children and adolescents in Chungcheong area: using nutrient database revised by measured folate in selected foods J Nutr Health 2015 48 94 104
7 Ministry of Health and Welfare (KR) The Korean Nutrition Society Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015 Sejong Ministry of Health and Welfare 2016
8 World Health Organization Nutritional anaemias: report of a WHO scientific group [Internet] Geneva World Health Organization 1968 cited 2017 June 7 Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/40707/1/WHO_TRS_405.pdf
9 World Health Organization (WHO) Serum and red blood cell folate concentrations for assessing folate status in populations [Internet] Geneva World Health Organization 2012 cited 2016 July 19 Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75584/1/WHO_NMH_NHD_EPG_12.1_eng.pdf
10 de Benoist B Conclusions of a WHO Technical Consultation on folate and vitamin B 12 deficiencies Food Nutr Bull 2008 29 S238 S244 18709899
11 Lim HS Jin HO Lee JA Dietary intakes and status of folate in Korean women of child-bearing potential Korean J Nutr 2000 33 296 303
12 Kang MH Chang N Effect of dietary folate intakes on serum folate levels of pregnant and lactating women Korean J Nutr 1993 26 433 442
13 Lee GJ Jang HM Ahn HS A change of serum folate and vitamin B 12 concentrations of maternal and umbilical cord blood during pregnancy Korean J Community Nutr 2005 10 615 622
14 Kim H Kim KN Hwang JY Ha EH Park H Ha M Kim Y Hong YC Chang N Relation between serum folate status and blood mercury concentrations in pregnant women Nutrition 2013 29 514 518 23274092
15 Jang HB Han YH Piyathilake CJ Kim H Hyun T Intake and blood concentrations of folate and their association with health-related behaviors in Korean college students Nutr Res Pract 2013 7 216 223 23766883
16 Kim HJ Kim H Kim KN Kim G Son JI Kim SY Chang N Relationship among plasma homocysteine, folate, vitamin B 12 and nutrient intake and neurocognitive function in the elderly Korean J Nutr 2011 44 498 506
17 Min H Folate status and plasma homocysteine concentration of Korean adults Korean J Nutr 2001 34 393 400
18 The Korean Nutrition Society CAN-Pro 4.0 for professionals Seoul The Korean Nutrition Society 2011
19 The Korean Nutrition Society Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 1st rev. ed Seoul The Korean Nutrition Society 2010
20 Kim YN Cho YO Vitamin E status of 20- to 59-year-old adults living in the Seoul metropolitan area of South Korea Nutr Res Pract 2015 9 192 198 25861427
21 Hyun T Han YH Lim EY Blood folate level determined by a microplate reader and folate intake measured by a weighted food record Korean J Community Nutr 1999 4 512 520
22 Selhub J Jacques PF Dallal G Choumenkovitch S Rogers G The use of blood concentrations of vitamins and their respective functional indicators to define folate and vitamin B 12 status Food Nutr Bull 2008 29 S67 S73 18709882
23 O'Keefe CA Bailey LB Thomas EA Hofler SA Davis BA Cerda JJ Gregory JF 3rd Controlled dietary folate affects folate status in nonpregnant women J Nutr 1995 125 2717 2725 7562109
24 Takata Y Cai Q Beeghly-Fadiel A Li H Shrubsole MJ Ji BT Yang G Chow WH Gao YT Zheng W Shu XO Dietary B vitamin and methionine intakes and lung cancer risk among female never smokers in China Cancer Causes Control 2012 23 1965 1975 23065072
25 Buttriss JL Folate status in the UK Nutr Bull 2015 40 153 157
26 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Total nutrient intakes: percent reporting and mean amounts of selected vitamins and minerals from food and beverages and dietary supplements, by gender and age, what we eat in America, NHANES 2011–2012 [Internet] Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Agriculture 2017 cited 2017 May 29 Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/fsrg
27 Halsted CH Villanueva JA Devlin AM Chandler CJ Metabolic interactions of alcohol and folate J Nutr 2002 132 2367S 2372S 12163694
28 McKillop DJ Pentieva K Daly D McPartlin JM Hughes J Strain JJ Scott JM McNulty H The effect of different cooking methods on folate retention in various foods that are amongst the major contributors to folate intake in the UK diet Br J Nutr 2002 88 681 688 12493090
29 Gropper SA Smith JL Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism 6th ed Belmont (CA) Wadsworth/Cengage Learning 2013
30 Ganguly P Alam SF Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease Nutr J 2015 14 6 25577237
31 Winkels RM Brouwer IA Verhoef P van Oort FV Durga J Katan MB Gender and body size affect the response of erythrocyte folate to folic acid treatment J Nutr 2008 138 1456 1461 18641191
32 van der Griend R Haas FJ Biesma DH Duran M Meuwissen OJ Banga JD Combination of low-dose folic acid and pyridoxine for treatment of hyperhomocysteinaemia in patients with premature arterial disease and their relatives Atherosclerosis 1999 143 177 183 10208493
33 Hopkins SM Gibney MJ Nugent AP McNulty H Molloy AM Scott JM Flynn A Strain JJ Ward M Walton J McNulty BA Impact of voluntary fortification and supplement use on dietary intakes and biomarker status of folate and vitamin B-12 in Irish adults Am J Clin Nutr 2015 101 1163 1172 25877491
34 Ganji V Kafai MR Trends in serum folate, RBC folate, and circulating total homocysteine concentrations in the United States: analysis of data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1988–1994, 1999–2000, and 2001–2002 J Nutr 2006 136 153 158 16365075
35 Green R Indicators for assessing folate and vitamin B-12 status and for monitoring the efficacy of intervention strategies Am J Clin Nutr 2011 94 666S 672S 21733877
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.