[논문]시정계와 위성 관측 자료를 활용한 남한 안개의 객관적인 유형 분류와 특성 분석

이현경; 서명석

doi:10.14191/atmos.2019.29.5.639

시정계와 위성 관측 자료를 활용한 남한 안개의 객관적인 유형 분류와 특성 분석
Objective Classification of Fog Type and Analysis of Fog Characteristics Using Visibility Meter and Satellite Observation Data over South Korea 원문보기

대기 = Atmosphere, v.29 no.5, 2019년, pp.639 - 658

이현경 (국립기상과학원) , 서명석 (공주대학교 대기과학과)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

The classification of fog type and the characteristics of fog based on fog events over South Korea were investigated using a 3-year (2015~2017) visibility meter data. One-minute visibility meter data were used to identify fog with present weather codes and surface observation data. The concept of fog events was adopted for the better definition of fog properties and more objective classification through the detailed investigation of life cycle of fog. Decision tree method was used to classify the fog types and the final fog types were radiation fog, advection fog, precipitation fog, cloud base lowering fog and morning evaporation fog. We enhanced objectivity in classifying the types of fog by adding the satellite and the buoy observations to the conventional usage of AWS and ceilometer data. Radiation fog, the most common type in South Korea, frequently occurs in inland during autumn. A considerable number of advection fogs occur in island area in summer, especially in July. Precipitation fog accounts for more than a quarter of the total fog events and frequently occurs in islands and coastal areas. Cloud base lowering fog, classified using ceilometer, occurs occasionally for all areas but the occurrence rate is relatively high in east and west coastal area. Morning evaporation fog type is rarely observed in inland. The occurrence rate of thick fog with visibility less than 100 meters is amount to 21% of total fog events. Although advection fog develops into thick fog frequently, radiation fog shows the minimum visibility, in some cases.

주제어

표/그림 (19)

그림 Fig. 1. Spatial distribution selected 86 visibility meters matched with ceilometers operated by KMA over South Korea (57 inland stations, 2 mountain stations, 20 coastal stations, and 7 island stations).
그림 Fig. 2. Flowchart diagram illustrating the fog-type classification (grey conditional statements are added to classify for advection fog using COMS fog detection data and relative humidity of the adjacent buoy).
그림 Fig. 3. COMS (a) fog retrieval image and (b) image with fog binary data at 15:00 KST on March 5, 2016.
그림 Fig. 4. Distribution map of the annual mean number of a) fog events with visibility less than 1 kilometers and (b) thick fog events with visibility less than 100 meters, averaged over the three-year study period from 2015 to 2017.
그림 Fig. 5. Distribution of seasonal mean fog events in (a) spring, (b) summer, (c) autumn, and (d) winter.
그림 Fig. 6. Same as Fig. 5 but for thick fog events with visibility less than 100 meters.
그림 Fig. 7. Monthly variation of occurrence of fog events and fog intensity averaged for the 3 years (2015~2017) for the subregions.
그림 Fig. 8. Monthly mean frequency of occurrence of fog events from 2015 to 2017 for (a) Yellow sea, (b) South sea, and (c) East sea.
그림 Fig. 9. Frequency distribution of minimum atmospheric visibility for annual fog events from 2015 to 2017 at (a) inland stations, (b) mountain stations, (c) coastal stations and (d) island stations.
그림 Fig. 10. The spatial distribution of annual mean number of the types of fog, (a) radiation fog type, (b) precipitation fog type, (c) advection fog type, and (d) cloud base lowering fog type for each visibility-meter stations over the three-year study period from 2015 to 2017.
표 Table 1. Percentages of fog types for fog events with visibility less than 1 kilometer. The predominant fog type is radiation fog, which accounts for more than half of all fog events in South Korea. Precipitation fog, advection fog, and cloud base lowering fog fallow up.
그림 Fig. 11. Horizontal visibility, temperature, relative humidity, cloud base height with summation sky coverage (O: overcast (8/8), B: Broken (5/8-7/8), F: obstacle), wind speed and precipitation of Baekryeongdo (102) for 22~23 July 2016.
표 Table 2. Percentages of fog types for thick fog events with visibility less than 100 meters.
그림 Fig. 12. Frequency of the wind direction observed at the onset of radiation fog events (including advection-radiation fog events that moist air previously advected from the West sea is brought to saturation through radiative cooling over the coastal region) in west coastal region, Incheon (112), Gunsan (140), and Mokpo (165) from 2015 to 2017.
그림 Fig. 13. Frequency distribution of the fog onset time as a function of time of day and month for main four fog types, radiation fog type (RAD), precipitation fog type (PCP), cloud base lowering fog type (CBL), and advection fog type (ADV).
표 Table 3. Percentages of fog types for coastal areas in South Korea
그림 Fig. 14. Frequency distribution of the fog dissipation time for main four fog types, radiation fog type (RAD), precipitation fog type (PCP), cloud base lowering fog type (CBL), and advection fog type (ADV).
그림 Fig. 15. Distribution of (a) fog event duration and (b) minimum visibility during fog events, for each fog type from 2015 to 2017 over South Korea.
그림 Fig. 16. Same with figure 15 but for thick fog events with visibility less than 100 meters.

질의응답

핵심어	질문	논문에서 추출한 답변
	주로 야간 시간대에 구름의 운저가 낮아지면서 발생하는 안개는?	안개 유형 분류에 대한 신뢰도를 높이기 위해 5시간 연속 시정자료를 이용한 안개사례 개념을 적용하였고, 안개의 생성, 발달, 이동 그리고 소산에 영향을 주는 강수, 풍속, 운고, 기온변화(복사냉각), 일출시간 등의 안개 관련 인자들을 이용하여 안개 유형을 복사안개, 이류안개, 강수안개, 운저하강안개(Cloud baselowering fog), 그리고 아침증발안개(Morning evaporationfog) 등 5가지 유형으로 구분하였다. 운저하강안개는 주로 야간 시간대에 구름의 운저가 낮아지면서 발생하는 안개이다(Anderson, 1931; Pilie et al., 1979).
	안개 관련 인자의 종류에는 어떤 것들이 있는가?	Tardif and Rasmussen (2007)는 미국 뉴욕 주에서 발생한 안개를 지형과 지표특성에 따라 도심, 도심주변부, 시골, 그리고 해안 평지 지역으로 나누어 분석하였다. 안개 유형 분류에 대한 신뢰도를 높이기 위해 5시간 연속 시정자료를 이용한 안개사례 개념을 적용하였고, 안개의 생성, 발달, 이동 그리고 소산에 영향을 주는 강수, 풍속, 운고, 기온변화(복사냉각), 일출시간 등의 안개 관련 인자들을 이용하여 안개 유형을 복사안개, 이류안개, 강수안개, 운저하강안개(Cloud baselowering fog), 그리고 아침증발안개(Morning evaporationfog) 등 5가지 유형으로 구분하였다. 운저하강안개는 주로 야간 시간대에 구름의 운저가 낮아지면서 발생하는 안개이다(Anderson, 1931; Pilie et al.
	우리나라에서의 안개 유형 분류를 시도한 선행 연구에서 지역별로 어떤 결과가 나타났는가?	Lee and Ahn (2013)은 기온, 강수, 풍속, 운량, 해기차(대기온도와 해수면온도의 차이), 지리적 위치 등의 요소를 기반으로 한 경험적인 방법을 통해 우리나라에서의 안개 유형 분류를 시도하였다. 내륙 지역에서는 복사안개의 발생빈도가 높았고, 섬지역을 포함한 서해안과 남해안 지역에서는 이류안개의 발생빈도가 높았다. 동해안지역은 다른 해역에 비해 안개 발생빈도가 적었으며 전선안개의 발생빈도가 높은 편이었고 제주 지역에서는 전선안개와 이류안개가 자주발생함을 제시하였다. Lee and Ahn (2013)의 연구는 내륙이나 해안 등 특정 영역이나 지점이 아닌 남한지역 전체에 대해 안개 생성에 영향을 주는 기상요소들을 이용하여 안개 유형을 객관적, 정량적으로 분류한 첫 연구였다.

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표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

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