[논문]청소년 체험활동 만족도가 사회적 위축에 미치는 영향: 자아존중감과 공동체의식의 매개효과

조연수; 한세영

doi:10.6115/fer.2019.017

[국내논문] 청소년 체험활동 만족도가 사회적 위축에 미치는 영향: 자아존중감과 공동체의식의 매개효과
Relationship between satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities and social withdrawal: The mediating effect of self-esteem and sense of community 원문보기

Family and environment research : fer, v.57 no.2, 2019년, pp.243 - 255

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

This study examines the effect of satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities on social withdrawal with a focus on the mediating effect of self-esteem and sense of community. We used data from the 3rd wave (2012) of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) collected by the National Youth Policy Institute for path analysis. Participants were 1,139 first year middle school students who participated in adolescent extracurricular activities. First, the degree of satisfaction with the adolescent extracurricular activities had an indirect effect on social withdrawal via self-esteem. Second, satisfaction with the adolescent extracurricular activities had an indirect effect on social withdrawal via a sense of community. Lastly, satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities had an indirect effect on social withdrawal via self-esteem and a sense of community. The research findings indicate that the level of social withdrawal is less when adolescents are satisfied with adolescent extracurricular activities and have a high level of self-esteem and sense of community. The results demonstrate that a satisfactory level of adolescent extracurricular activity would help adolescents decrease their social withdrawal by increasing the level of self-esteem and sense of community.

주제어

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper

* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.

문제 정의

Lastly, this study used the overall average of the satisfaction score of four sections of adolescent extracurricular activities determined as social activities to draw a broader conclusion not limited to one area. The findings from this study provide basic information to develop policies about adolescent extracurricular activities that assist the efforts of adolescents to develop socioemotionally as well as help develop intervention programs to protect adolescents from the risks of social withdrawal.
This study investigated the indirect effect of satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities on social withdrawal through self-esteem and a sense of community in adolescent respondents. The current project used data from the third wave of in the 2010 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) that consisted of 1,139 adolescent participants who were in their first year of middle school in 2010.
Paths among the factors exist in part; however, most research has focused on the quantitative aspects of adolescent extracurricular activities with few studies investigating the role of self-esteem, sense of community between adolescent extracurricular activities and social withdrawal. This study therefore examines the path by which satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities affects social withdrawal via self-esteem and a sense of community indirectly.
In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the community contribute to the cultivation of sociality and ameliorate symptoms such as social withdrawal by establishing mutual dependence, democracy, and openness based on a sound conscience, solidarity, and social responsibility (Park, 2009). Thus, this study tested how self-esteem and a sense of community, among various contextual factors which affect social withdrawal, mediate the relationship between adolescent extracurricular activities and social withdrawal.

제안 방법

Third, precedent studies have suggested the importance of the quantitative aspects of adolescent extracurricular activities, such as participation and length of participation; however, this study found a significant influence in the qualitative aspects of adolescent extracurricular activities on adolescent emotional problems. Lastly, this study used the overall average of the satisfaction score of four sections of adolescent extracurricular activities determined as social activities to draw a broader conclusion not limited to one area. The findings from this study provide basic information to develop policies about adolescent extracurricular activities that assist the efforts of adolescents to develop socioemotionally as well as help develop intervention programs to protect adolescents from the risks of social withdrawal.
The measurement is a revised version of ‘Development of behavior problem scale for children and adolescence’ (Kim & Kim, 1998) by the National Youth Policy Institute (NYPI) (e.g., “I am shy.”, “It’s difficult to express my opinion clearly.”, and “I don’t like to stand out.”).
The survey investigated adolescents’ experience with extracurricular activities that included 9 sections (health activities, scientific information activities, interchange activities, adventure and pioneering activities, culture and art activities, volunteer activities, work experience activities, environmental conservation activities, and self-improvement activities).
They were asked to respond to five positive items and five negative items on a four-point scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree (e.g., “On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.”, “I feel that I have a number of good qualities”, and “All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure.”).

대상 데이터

Factor analysis was executed on nine sections of extracurricular activities, and only four sections of extracurricular activities, which were considered as social activities, are included in this study. Participants included in the study included 1,139 middle school adolescents who participated in at least one adolescent extracurricular activity such as interchange activities, adventure and pioneering activities, culture and art activities, and volunteer activities. Also, 1,212 adolescents who have never participated in the four sections of extracurricular activities were excluded from the analysis of this study.
This study investigated the indirect effect of satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities on social withdrawal through self-esteem and a sense of community in adolescent respondents. The current project used data from the third wave of in the 2010 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) that consisted of 1,139 adolescent participants who were in their first year of middle school in 2010.
The data used in this study was the third wave data (2012) of ‘2010 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS)’ conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute (NYPI).
The data used in this study was the third wave data (2012) of ‘2010 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS)’ conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute (NYPI). The survey participants in 2010 were 2,351 first year middle school students recruited using a stratified multi-stage cluster sampling from 12 regions (Seoul Metropolitan City and 11 metropolitan cities and provinces) in South Korea. The survey investigated adolescents’ experience with extracurricular activities that included 9 sections (health activities, scientific information activities, interchange activities, adventure and pioneering activities, culture and art activities, volunteer activities, work experience activities, environmental conservation activities, and self-improvement activities).

이론/모형

Adolescents reported on self-esteem using Rosenberg’s (1965) Self-Esteem Scale, which was translated by the Behavioral Science Research Center of Korea University.
Despite the limitations, these findings have several important implications. First, this study can be generalized due to its use of panel data from a representative sample gathered using a stratified sampling method of the 2010 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS). Second, we investigated adolescent extracurricular activities as antecedents that influence social withdrawal due to the lack of research on emotions.

성능/효과

First, regarding the indirect path that the satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities affected social withdrawal via self-esteem, satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities was positively associated with a sense of self-esteem (β=.12, p＜.001), and a sense of self-esteem was negatively associated with social withdrawal (β=-.39, p ＜.001).
First, satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities had an indirect effect on social withdrawal via self-esteem. Adolescents who displayed greater levels of satisfaction with extracurricular activities also had higher levels of self-esteem, which led to less social withdrawal.
All variables except for social withdrawal were significantly correlated with each other. First, satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities was positively correlated with a sense of self-esteem (r=.12, p＜.01), a sense of community (r=.21, p＜.01), but not correlated with social withdrawal. Also, a sense of self-esteem was positively related to a sense of community (r=.
Second, regarding the indirect path by which satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities affected social withdrawal via a sense of community, satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities was positively associated with a sense of community (β=.186, p＜.001), and a sense of community was negatively associated with social withdrawal (β=-.094, p＜.001).
Second, satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities as perceived by adolescents affected social withdrawal via a sense of community. The more adolescents perceived satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities, the greater their perceived a sense of community, leading to less social withdrawal.
The mean satisfaction score from the four types of activity was used in the analysis; in addition, the internal reliability of this scale was good (Cronbach’s alpha = .85).
This result follows previous studies which reported that groups that had more participated in adolescent activities (higher participation rates and longer time spent) in the first and second years showed higher social relationship development in the third year (Hwang & An, 2013) and that the peer relationships of adolescents who participated in an adolescent swimming class had a positive effect on a sense of community and improved their social maturity (Kim & Yoo, 2009). The results indicate that the pleasurable perception and experience of an adolescent extracurricular activity enhanced the level of group solidarity, which contributed to promoting a sense of community and assertive social participation, lessening social withdrawal. This suggests a need in adolescents to consider satisfaction with extracurricular activities but also a sense of community when examining social withdrawal.
Third, among the paths in our research model, satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities was associated with self-esteem that first affected a sense of community and then social withdrawal. In this process, adolescents’ self-esteem, one mediator variable, affected a sense of community, another mediator variable.
Third, regarding the indirect path by which satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities affected social withdrawal via a sense of self-esteem and a sense of community, satisfaction with adolescent extracurricular activities was positively associated with a sense of self-esteem (β=.118, p＜.001), and a sense of self-esteem was positively associated with a sense of community (β=.214, p＜.001), which had a negative impact on social withdrawal (β =-.094, p＜.001).

후속연구

Second, this study has limitations regarding the crosssectional design used to examine only students in the first year of middle school. Accordingly, further work in the form of longitudinal studies can examine relationships between earlier extracurricular activities and subsequent effect by such activities on social withdrawal. Lastly, this study has the potential problem of shared variance due to the use of a self-report survey by adolescents.
There are several limitations of this study as well as valid proposals for future work. First, the main variables selected for this study used a simplified questionnaire conducted by KCYPS; therefore, further studies can scrutinize the relationships among variables by in-depth measurements. Second, this study has limitations regarding the crosssectional design used to examine only students in the first year of middle school.
Accordingly, further work in the form of longitudinal studies can examine relationships between earlier extracurricular activities and subsequent effect by such activities on social withdrawal. Lastly, this study has the potential problem of shared variance due to the use of a self-report survey by adolescents. Thus, future studies could use multiple assessments with more objective measurements.

참고문헌 (80)

Adamski, D. (2018). The influence of new technologies on the social withdrawal (Hikikomori syndrome) among developed communities, including Poland. Social Communication. Online Journal, 1 (17), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.2478/sc-2018-0007
Altmann, E. O., & Gotlib, I. H. (1988). The social behavior of depressed children: An observational study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16 (1), 29-44.

상세보기
Arbuckle, J. L. (2012). AMOS 21.0. Crawforville: Amos Development Corporation.
An, Y., & Park, S. (2017). A study on the effects of community spirit on interpersonal relationships of adolescents and the mediating effects of self-esteem. Journal of School Social Work, 39, 95-117. https://doi.org/10.20993/jSSW.39.5
Bailey, B., & Davidson, J. (2007). Psychological and physical benefits of participation in vocal performance. In J. Edwards (Ed.), Music: Promoting health and creating community in healthcare contexts (pp. 52-63). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Bohnert, A. M., Kane, P., & Gaber, J. (2008). Organized activity participation and internalizing and externalizing symptoms: Reciprocal relations during adolescence. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 37 (2), 239-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-007-9195-1

상세보기
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development, Vol. 6. Six theories of child development: Revised reformulations and current issues (pp. 187-249). London: JAI Press.
Brown, T. (2007). Predicting young adult outcomes from adolescent activities and family structure: A social capital approach (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Arizona State University, Arizona, U.S.
Chipuer, H. M. (2001). Dyadic attachments and community connectedness: Links with youths'loneliness. Journal of Community Psychology, 29 (4), 429-446. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.1027

상세보기
Cho, J. H., Lee, S. H., & Ko, D. H. (2014). The differences of adolescence's leisure activities depending on the parent's socio-economic status. Journal of Tourism Science, 38 (5), 139-158.
Cho, M. (2007). The effects which the group spirit could have on the school life and academic achievement (Unpublished master's thesis). Chungnam National University, Daejon, Korea.
Choi, B. O. (2014). The effects of community-based creative experience activities on career-related and emotion-related factors. Teacher Education Research, 53 (4), 693-705.
Choi, K. I. (2018). An effect of satisfaction at youth's experiential activities on multicultural acceptance: An mediating effect of the interpersonal relationship and sense of community. Journal of Youth Welfare, 20 (1), 117-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.19034/KAYW.2018.20.1.05
Choi, M. (2002). The relationship between volunteering service level and self-esteem of the youth (Unpublished master's thesis). Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea.
Conrad, D., & Hedin, D. (1989). High school community service: A review of research and programs. Wisconsin: Madison Center for Education Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Coplan, R. J., Rose-Krasnor, L., Weeks, M., Kingsbury, A., Kingsbury, M., & Bullock, A. (2013). Alone is a crowd: Social motivations, social withdrawal, and socioemotional functioning in later childhood. Developmental Psychology, 49 (5), 861-875. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028861

상세보기
Digital News Team. (2014, November 14). Korean children 'satisfaction of life' is lowest in OECD ... Increased stress and depression. Kyunghyang Shinmun . Retrieved October 1, 2018, from http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?code940702&artid201411041508151
Do, J. S., & Sung, J. M. (2013). The effects of youth activity on sociality development. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 15 (2), 145-173.
Du, H., Bernardo, A. B., & Yeung, S. S. (2015). Locus-of-hope and life satisfaction: The mediating roles of personal self-esteem and relational self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 228-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.026

상세보기
Fauth, R. C., Roth, J. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2007). Does the neighborhood context alter the link between youth's after-school time activities and developmental outcomes? A multilevel analysis, Developmental Psychology, 43 (3), 760-777. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.760

상세보기
Hall, G. S. (1904). Adolescence: Its psychology and its relations to physiology, anthropology, sociology, sex, crime, religion, and education. NY: Appleton.
Gunnar, M. R., & Quevedo, K. (2007). The neurobiology of stress and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 145-173. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605

상세보기
Harrison, P. A., & Narayan, G. (2003). Differences in behaviour, psychological; factors, and environmental factors associated with participation in school sports and other activities in adolescence. Journal of School Health, 73 (3), 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2003.tb03585.x

상세보기
Hong, B., & Nam, M. (2004). Social welfare with youth. Seoul: Yangseowon.
Hong, J. (2001). The effects of voluntary service activities of middle school students on self-esteem and achievement motivation (Unpublished master's thesis). Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea.
Hong, N. (2015). The effects of youth volunteering on school adjustment mediated by self-esteem and community spirit. Forum for Youth Culture, 44, 157-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.17854/ffyc.2015.10.44.157
Hong, S. H. (2000). The criteria for selecting appropriate fit indices in structural equation modeling and their rationales. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19 (1), 161-177.
Hwang, J., Huh, H., & An, H. (2013). Changes in youths'participation in youth activities, their self-recognition and social development: A longitudinal analysis from middle school year 1 to year 3 (National Youth Policy Institute (Report No. 13-R14-3). Seoul: National Youth Policy Institute..
Ji, S. (2006). The study of high school student's activities of Marine Sports on the development of their sociality. Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education, 18 (3), 329-340.
Jung, S. B., Kim, J. T., & Kim, E. S. (2016). Structural relationship model among physical competence, self-esteem, sense of community and school adjustment of adolescent. Journal of the Korean Society for Wellness, 11 (3), 327-343. https://doi.org/10.21097/ksw.2016.08.11.3.327
Jwa, H., & Oh, S. (2011). Gender differences in developmental trajectory and predictors of internalizing problem. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 13 (4), 119-147.
Kim, D. J. (2009). Influence of volunteer service upon sociality development of adolescence. Journal of Social Welfare Support, 4 (1), 123-146.
Kim, G. S. (2010). Analysis of AMOS 18.0 structural equation model. Seoul: Hannarea Academy.
Kim, H. (1999). The influence of youth volunteer activity on the social development (Unpublished master's thesis). Dong-A university, Busan, Korea.
Kim, H. (2014). The effects of latent classes in adolescents' social activity participation on their sense of community. Journal of School Social Work, 28, 195-214.
Kim, J. H., & Yoo, H. C. (2009). The same age relationship of the young people swim classroom participant affects in community spirit and social maturity degree. Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies, 35, 609-619.
Kim, K. (2007). The influences of high school students' volunteer activities on their self-esteem (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Daegu University, Daegu, Korea.
Kim, S., & Kim, K. (1998). Development of behavior problem scale for children and adolescence. Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 16 (4), 155-166.
Kim, S. S., & Ahn, J. J. (2012). The effects of adolescents' volunteer activities on their sense of community: Focusing on the mediating role of self-esteem and peer attachment. Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies, 43 (1), 339-363.
Kuhlberg, J. A., Pena, J. B., & Zayas, L. H. (2010). Familism, parentadolescent conflict, self-esteem, internalizing behaviors and suicide attempts among adolescent Latinas. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 41 (4), 425-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0179-0

상세보기
Kwon, H. (2004). Study on the democratic citizenship of middle school students (Unpublished master's thesis). Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
Kwon, M. (2014). Effects of social withdrawal and depression on physical education record of adolescents. The Korea Journal of Sports Science, 22 (3), 351-360.
Lee, J. H., Jung, J. S., & Lee, S. J. (2014). A research on the effects of art media on adolescents'depression, anxiety, and interpersonal relationship. Journal of Arts Psychotherapy, 10 (2), 263-286.
Lee, B., Min, W., & Kim, J. (2014). A study for developmental trajectories of social withdrawal in adolescence: An exploratory approach based on developmental-contextualism perspective. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 21 (8), 317-346.
Lee, T., Lee, S., & Han, Y. (2015). The moderating effect of gender in the relationship between physical education and adolescents'internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors: Using multi-level growth modeling. The Korean Journal of School Psychology: Culture and Social Issue, 21 (2), 131-158.
Lindblad, F., Hogmark, A., & Theorell, T. (2007). Music intervention for 5th and 6th graders e effects on development and cortisol secretion. Stress and Health, 23 (1), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1109

상세보기
Mash, E. J., & Barkley, R. A. (2003). Child psychopathology (2nd ed). New York: Guilford.
Mcdonald, E. J., McCabe, K., Yeh, M., Lau, A., Garland, A., & Hough, R. L. (2005). Cultural affiliation and self-esteem as predictors of internalizing symptoms among Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34 (1), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_15

상세보기
McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14 (1), 6-23.

상세보기
Ministry of gender equality and family of Republic of Korea. (2012). White paper on youth (Report No. 11-1383000-000102-10). Seoul: Ministry of gender equality and family of Republic of Korea.
Moon, S. H., & Moon, H. Y. (2009). A comparative analysis on the realities and effects of youth volunteer work. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 11 (1), 101-120.
Moon, S. H., & Moon, H. Y. (2010). A study on the participation situation, satisfaction and effectiveness of youth activities. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 12 (2), 95-122.
National Youth Policy Institute. (2014). Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) the first to fifth survey sample. Seoul: National Youth Policy Institute.
National Youth Policy Institute. (2014). Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) the first to fourth survey data code book. Seoul: National Youth Policy Institute.
OECD. (2017). How does KOREA compare on child well-being? Retrieved Feb 1, 2019, from https://www.oecd.org/els/family/CWBDP_Factsheet_KOR.pdf.
Oh, W., Rubin, K. H., Bowker, J. C., Booth-LaForce, C., Rose-Krasnor, L., & Laursen, B. (2008). Trajectories of social withdrawal from middle childhood to early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36 (4), 553-566.

상세보기
Park, A. (2014). The effect of perceived neglect on children's depressive symptoms: focusing on mediating effects of self-esteem and social withdrawal. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 16 (4), 397-416.
Park, K. W. (2014). The effects of parents' neglect and abuse on the school adjustment in adolescents: The mediating effects of social withdrawal. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 35 (1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.5723/KJCS.2014.35.1.1
Park, G. N. (2009). The effect of youth participation on a sense of community. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 16 (10), 273-306.
Park, H., & Hong, S. (2014). The relationships between rejection sensitivity and victimization of children: mediating effects of selfesteem, social withdrawal and inhibition. The Journal of Korea Elementary Education, 25 (3), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.20972/kjee.25.3.201409.1
Park, J., & Lee, T. (2015). The effects of participation duration and satisfaction in youth's experiential activities on life satisfaction and sense of community: The mediating effect on school adjustment. Journal of the Korea Institute of Youth Facility and Environment, 13 (2), 237-248.
Park, K. W. (2014). The effects of parents' neglect and abuse on the school adjustment in adolescents: The mediating effects of social withdrawal. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 35 (1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.5723/KJCS.2014.35.1.1
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.
Rubin, K. H., & Burgess, K. B. (2001). Social withdrawal and anxiety. In M. W. Vasey & M. R. Dadds (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of anxiety (pp. 407-434). New York: Oxford University Press.
Rubin, K. H., Chen, X., & Hymel, S. (1993). Socioemotional characteristics of withdrawn and aggressive children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 39 (4), 518-534.

상세보기
Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, H. C. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 60 , 141-171. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642

상세보기
Ryu, M. G. (2013). Mediating effects of self-regulation on the relationship between sociality development and participation satisfaction to the youth culture zone. Journal of Adolescent Behavior Science, 18 , 113-136.
Ryu, S., & Kang, B. (2012). The effects of adolescents'leisure experiences on self-esteem and happiness. Studies on Korean Youth, 23 (4), 27-50.
Schwartz, C. E., Snidman, N., & Kagan, J. (1999). Adolescent social anxiety as an outcome of inhibited temperament in childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38 (8), 1008-1015. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199908000-00017

상세보기
Seo, M. (2008). The effects of gender and perceived academic achievement upon early adolescents'internalization of behavior problems: depression/anxiety. Studies on Korean Youth, 19 (4), 115-138.
Seoul National University Hospital (2018). Prevalence and risk factors of psychiatric disorders in child and adolescent population -school based research- (Report No. HM16C1994). Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare.
Shin, Y. L. (2007). Social withdrawal and friendships in childhood. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 28 (5), 193-207.
Shin, K., & You, S. (2013). Leisure type, leisure satisfaction and adolescents'psychological wellbeing. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 7 (2), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2013.6

상세보기
Smokowski, P. R., Rose, R. A., & Bacallao, M. (2009). Influence of risk factors and cultural assets on Latino adolescents'trajectories of self-esteem and internalizing symptoms. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 41 (2), 133-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-009-0157-6
Woo, Y. R., & Nho, C. R. (2014). Mediating effects of sense of community solidarity between emotional and aggressive problems and school adjustments among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 16 (2), 203-227.
Seo, U. (2007). Impacts of the socioeconomic environments on the leisure activities of the youth. Studies on Korean Youth, 18(1), 273-302.
Yang, Y., & Kim, J. (2015). Relationship between children's self-esteem, sense of community, and multicultural receptivity. Journal of Youth Welfare, 17 (4), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.19034/KAYW.2015.17.4.14
Yang, J. W., Kim, J. H., & Oh, K. J. (2006). Selective attentional bias for negative emotional faces in social anxiety: comparison of three age groups. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 237-255.
Yoon, C. (2011). Adolescent activity participations and the civic mind of adolescents: Focusing on Kwangmyeong city adolescents (Unpublished master's thesis). Chungang University, Seoul, Korea.

저자의 다른 논문 :

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format