[논문]GIS기반 InVEST모형을 이용한 네팔 Bagmati유역의 물생산량 산정

쉬크샤 바스톨라; 성연정; 이상협; 정영훈

doi:10.3741/jkwra.2019.52.9.637

GIS기반 InVEST모형을 이용한 네팔 Bagmati유역의 물생산량 산정
Water yield estimation of the Bagmati basin of Nepal using GIS based InVEST model 원문보기

Journal of Korea Water Resources Association = 한국수자원학회논문집, v.52 no.9, 2019년, pp.637 - 645

쉬크샤 바스톨라 (경북대학교 건설방재공학과) , 성연정 (경북대학교 건설방재공학과) , 이상협 (경북대학교 건설방재공학과) , 정영훈 (경북대학교 건설방재공학과)

초록
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본 연구는 유역에서 제공하는 다양한 생태서비스 가운데 네팔의 Bagmati 유역의 물생산량(Water yield)을 산정하였다. 물 공급, 관개 수력 등 다양한 시설에 사용되는 물생산량 지도는 계획 및 관리에 도움이 되며 생태서비스의 공급과 생산에 의도하지 않은 부정적 영향을 줄일 수 있다. 여러 문헌들은 네팔 Bagmati유역에 대한 탄소저장과 식수공급과 같은 생태서비스 제공 연구에 중점을 두었으나 토양피복별 혹은 소유역별 물 생산량에 대한 연구는 매우 미흡했다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 네팔 바그 마티 유역에서 소유역 규모와 함께 유역의 총 물생산량을 계산하고 유역의 토지피복 유형별로 물생산량을 산정하기 위해 시작되었다. 이를 위해, 생태서비스 평가를 위해 가장 많이 사용되는 Budyko 수문학적 방법에 바탕을 둔 ArcGIS기반 InVEST Water Yield 모형이 사용되었다. 본 연구로부터의 결과는 단위면적(ha)e당 물 생산량이 소유역 5 ($15216.32m^3/ha$)에서 가장 높았으며 소유역 6 ($10847.15m^3/ha$)에서 가장 낮았다. 토지피복별 물생산량은 도시화지역에서 가장 높게 산정되었으며, 초원과 농경지가 도시화지역 다음으로 높게 산정되었다. 본 연구에서 산정된 소유역별, 토지피복별 물생산량은 지역 규모의 상호 관련 서비스 개발을 위한 효율적인 시나리오를 제공하고 지속 가능한 토지 이용 정책 및 상호 관련된 물 관리 서비스를 촉진시킬 것으로 기대한다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Among various ecosystem services provided by the basin, this study deals with water yield (WY) estimation in the Bagmati basin of Nepal. Maps of where water used for different facilities like water supply, irrigation, hydropower etc. are generated helps planning and management of facilities. These maps also help to avoid unintended impacts on provision and production of services. Several studies have focused on the provision of ecosystem services (ES) on the basin. Most of the studies have are primarily focused on carbon storage and drinking water supply. Meanwhile, none of the studies has specifically highlighted water yield distribution on sub-basin scale and as per land use types in the Bagmati basin of Nepal. Thus, this study was originated with an aim to compute the total WY of the basin along with computation on a sub-basin scale and to study the WY capacity of different landuse types of the basin. For the study, InVEST water yield model, a popular model for ecosystem service assessment based on Budyko hydrological method is used along with ArcGIS. The result shows water yield per hectare is highest on sub-basin 5 ($15216.32m^3/ha$) and lowest on sub-basin 6 ($10847.15m^3/ha$). Likewise, built-up landuse has highest WY capacity followed by grassland and agricultural area. The sub-basin wise and LULC specific WY estimations are expected to provide scenarios for development of interrelated services on local scales. Also, these estimations are expected to promote sustainable land use policies and interrelated water management services.

주제어

표/그림 (8)

그림 Fig. 1. Location of study basin
그림 Fig. 2. Sub-basin of Bagmati basin
그림 Fig. 3. LULC map of Bagmati basin
그림 Fig. 4. Location of meteorological stations used in the study
그림 Fig. 5. Water yield distribution on Sub-basins
표 Table 1. Sub-basin (SB) wise WY distribution
그림 Fig. 6. Water yield distribution (unit: m³/ha)
표 Table 2. WY capacity of each land use and land cover

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문제 정의

This study basically focused on water availability on sub-basin scales with an aim that sub-basin evaluation of water yield can estimate surplus or deficit amount of water required for regional water plans. As well, the quantitative capacities of each LULC for water yield is focused.
In the recent decade, the basin has faced severe problems due to urban flood, inadequate water supply and the issues like unsystematic irrigation is hampering the crop production. This study was thus initiated in Bagmati basin to evaluate the total WY and to study the impacts of LULC conversion on it. Many researchers have studied impacts of landuse change on flow of Bagmati basin using sophisticated tools like SWAT (Pokhrel, 2018; Davids et al.

제안 방법

Also, the detail sensitivity analysis of the parameters and validation with comparison to results of other hydrological models is needed for accurate results. Despite model and data limitations, the results from the study provide an overview of general tendency and are expected to help in decision making and scenario analysis.
The focus of most of the study has been on total discharge or WY response to typical LULC types such as forest or built-up area but little attention has been given to the quantitative evaluation of WY capacities of different LULC types. In this context, the objectives of this study are:1) to estimate the total WY of the basin along with computation on a sub-basin scale and2) to determine the water yield based on land use and land cover types. The quantification of WY based on individual LULC type improves the predictability of WY response to LULC dynamics which promotes future integration of LULC planning and water resources management.
For the spatial mapping of WY in the Bagmati basin, InVEST WY model is applied. The model is based on Budyko theory and it requires low amounts of data, making it superior to other sophisticated models when the objective is to provide information for decision and policymaking on the local scale. Nevertheless, the model is very sensitive to precipitation and evapotranspiration and hence careful selection and preparation of input parameters is must for accuracy of the results.
In this study, sub-basin wise and WY capacity of each LULC of the Bagmati basin is computed using InVEST WY model. The model is based on simple Budyko hydrological process and requires data on precipitation, evapotranspiration, LULC, soil depth, plant available water content and a biophysical table reflecting the attributes of each LULC. The total annual WY was estimated to be 3.
0 version is used. The model is based on the Budyko curve and annual average precipitation. The annual WY Y(x) for each pixel on the landscape x is determined as Eq.

대상 데이터

The study area, Bagmati Basin lies at middle mountain region of Nepal at latitude 26°42´ to 27°50´ N and longitude 85°22´ to 85°58´E with a total area of 3750 km2 (Fig. 1).
The study area, Bagmati basin of Nepal incorporates capital city Kathmandu and major cities like Bhaktapur and Lalitpur in the upper part of the basin. As a result, service and facilities like education, health, economic activities are centralized and hence, anthropogenic activities are everincreasing.

이론/모형

Calculation and mapping of water yield is thus of great importance for design, protection and sustainable management of water resources and related facilities. In this study, sub-basin wise and WY capacity of each LULC of the Bagmati basin is computed using InVEST WY model. The model is based on simple Budyko hydrological process and requires data on precipitation, evapotranspiration, LULC, soil depth, plant available water content and a biophysical table reflecting the attributes of each LULC.
4) for 30 years, 1984-2013 was obtained from Department of hydrology and meteorology (DHM), Nepal. The annual mean precipitation raster was generated using an ordinary method of Kriging interpolation method in Arc GIS. This study assumed constant unknown mean only over the search neighborhood of the estimation location.

성능/효과

38*10⁹ m³ and sub-basin 5 has the highest WY followed by sub-basin 3 and sub-basin 7. The analysis of the WY capacity showed that the built-up LULC has highest WY followed by the grassland and the agriculture area. The information on WY capacity of basins and each LULC can be used for prediction of surplus or deficit WY in future landuse scenarios.
As well, the quantitative capacities of each LULC for water yield is focused. This study has shown that built-up area has highest WY and vegetated land use has the lowest WY capacity. For the optimum utilization of WY at present, well-positioned infrastructure for water collection, delivery and treatment are necessary.

후속연구

Also, the LULC specific WY estimations can be used to evaluate benefit-cost ratio between development works and environment protection. Thus, the outcomes of this study are expected to assist future land-use and water-related ecosystem services management.

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