Kim, Ji Yoon
(Department of Food and Nutrition, Inha University)
,
Lee, Soo-Kyung
(Department of Food and Nutrition, Inha University)
,
Kim, Sin Gon
(Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University)
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: North Korean refugees (NKRs) in South Korea are a unique population as they must adapt in a new country with similar cultural traits but different social, political, and economic systems, but little research has been conducted on diet and nutrition in this population. This stu...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: North Korean refugees (NKRs) in South Korea are a unique population as they must adapt in a new country with similar cultural traits but different social, political, and economic systems, but little research has been conducted on diet and nutrition in this population. This study examined food security, dietary behaviors, and nutrient intakes among adult NKRs living in South Korea and compared them to those of South Koreans. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The subjects were 139 adult NKRs (25 men, 114 women) living in the Seoul metropolitan area, and 417 age- and sex- matched South Korean controls (SKCs; 75 men, 342 women) selected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Food security and dietary behaviors (meal skipping, eating-out, meals with family, nutrition education and counseling, and nutrition label knowledge and utilization) were obtained using self-administered questionnaires. Nutrient intakes were assessed by 24-hr recall. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS ver. 23.0. RESULTS: In South Korea, food security had improved over the previous 12 months, but remained significantly poorer for NKR women than SKC women. Meal skipping was three times more frequent than for SKCs and eating-out was rare. Average energy intake was 1,509 kcal for NKR men and 1,344 kcal for NKR women, which was lower than those of SKCs (2,412 kcal and 1,789 kcal, respectively). Significantly more NKRs (men 24.0%, women 21.9%) showed simultaneously deficient intake in energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin than SKCs (men 2.7% (P = 0.003), women 7.0% (P < 0.001)). NKR women had a significantly higher index of nutrient quality (INQ) for some nutrients than SK women. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports significant differences in food security, dietary behaviors, and nutrient intakes between NKRs and SKCs. Generally, NKRs reported lower intakes despite improved food security, but relatively good INQs across nutrients. Further research is needed to understand processes of food choice and consumption among NKRs to provide appropriate support aimed at improving diets.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: North Korean refugees (NKRs) in South Korea are a unique population as they must adapt in a new country with similar cultural traits but different social, political, and economic systems, but little research has been conducted on diet and nutrition in this population. This study examined food security, dietary behaviors, and nutrient intakes among adult NKRs living in South Korea and compared them to those of South Koreans. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The subjects were 139 adult NKRs (25 men, 114 women) living in the Seoul metropolitan area, and 417 age- and sex- matched South Korean controls (SKCs; 75 men, 342 women) selected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Food security and dietary behaviors (meal skipping, eating-out, meals with family, nutrition education and counseling, and nutrition label knowledge and utilization) were obtained using self-administered questionnaires. Nutrient intakes were assessed by 24-hr recall. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS ver. 23.0. RESULTS: In South Korea, food security had improved over the previous 12 months, but remained significantly poorer for NKR women than SKC women. Meal skipping was three times more frequent than for SKCs and eating-out was rare. Average energy intake was 1,509 kcal for NKR men and 1,344 kcal for NKR women, which was lower than those of SKCs (2,412 kcal and 1,789 kcal, respectively). Significantly more NKRs (men 24.0%, women 21.9%) showed simultaneously deficient intake in energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin than SKCs (men 2.7% (P = 0.003), women 7.0% (P < 0.001)). NKR women had a significantly higher index of nutrient quality (INQ) for some nutrients than SK women. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports significant differences in food security, dietary behaviors, and nutrient intakes between NKRs and SKCs. Generally, NKRs reported lower intakes despite improved food security, but relatively good INQs across nutrients. Further research is needed to understand processes of food choice and consumption among NKRs to provide appropriate support aimed at improving diets.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
문제 정의
In the present study, we examined food security, dietary habits, and energy and nutrient intakes of North Korean refugees residing in South Korea and compared these with those of South Koreans. The study was undertaken to fill data gap regarding NKRs, who represent a nutritionally vulnerable group in South Korea, and to provide an information source for those devising appropriate interventions to improve nutritional status and health among NKRs and North Koreans.
This study compared the food security statuses, dietary behaviors, and energy and nutrient intake statuses of adult NK refugees living in South Korea with those of age and sex matched South Korean controls. Food security status improved after leaving North Korea to a transit country and again on moving to South Korea, but NKR women still had a significantly lower food security status than SK women.
제안 방법
Deficient intake was defined as simultaneously having an energy intake of < 75% of EER, calcium, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, and vitamin C intakes below Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), and a fat energy intake below 15% of total daily energy intake, which is the lower limit of the adult fat energy intake acceptable distribution range (AMDR).
Third, we collected 24-hr recall data for one day only, and thus, comparisons were made at the group level and not at the individual level. We tried to duplicate the 24-hr recall method used in KNHANES as much as possible by repeated training of our research team, utilizing similar recall formats, and using visual aids. Nonetheless, the 24-hr recall method is sensitive to researchers, and the use of the fact that different research teams for conducting 24-hr recalls for NKRs in the present study, and for SKCs in KNHANES may have affected nutrient intake data.
데이터처리
Categorical variables, such as general participant characteristics, dietary behaviors, and food security, were expressed as frequencies and percentages, and significance was determined using the Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test.
Categorical variables, such as general participant characteristics, dietary behaviors, and food security, were expressed as frequencies and percentages, and significance was determined using the Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test. Continuous variables, such as average daily nutrient intake, were expressed as means and standard deviations, and the significances of differences were determined using the independent sample t-test. Statistical significance was accepted for two-sided P-values of < 0.
이론/모형
Diet quality was examined using nutrition quality index (NQIs), which reflected individual differences in energy consumption level [24]. NQI provides a measure of nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal, and thus, eliminate variations arising from different energy consumption levels.
Dietary behavior data were collected using a questionnaire based on the KNHANES questionnaire created for the present study. This questionnaire addressed dietary habits and food security in North Korea, transit countries, and in South Korea.
성능/효과
This study had several limitations. First, the total number of NK refugees included was relatively small, which limited statistical power. Nevertheless, statistical power was sufficient to enable significant findings.
General characteristics of NKRs included date of entry into South Korea, marital status, number of family members, education level, current occupation, and household income. North Korean education levels were reclassified to match those of the South Korean education system.
참고문헌 (37)
1 Satia JA Dietary acculturation and the nutrition transition: an overview Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2010 35 219 223 20383236
2 Lee SK Sobal J Frongillo EA Jr Acculturation, food consumption, and diet-related factors among Korean Americans J Nutr Educ 1999 31 321 330
3 Bermudez OI Falcon LM Tucker KL Intake and food sources of macronutrients among older Hispanic adults: association with ethnicity, acculturation, and length of residence in the United States J Am Diet Assoc 2000 100 665 673 10863569
5 Pan YL Dixon Z Himburg S Huffman F Asian students change their eating patterns after living in the United States J Am Diet Assoc 1999 99 54 57 9917732
7 Ayala GX Baquero B Klinger S A systematic review of the relationship between acculturation and diet among Latinos in the United States: implications for future research J Am Diet Assoc 2008 108 1330 1344 18656573
8 Kudo Y Falciglia GA Couch SC Evolution of meal patterns and food choices of Japanese-American females born in the United States Eur J Clin Nutr 2000 54 665 670 10951516
9 Berry JW Kim U Minde T Mok D Comparative studies of acculturative stress Int Migr Rev 1987 21 491 511
10 Lee AR Changes of the dietary habits of North Koreans before and after the 1990s [doctoral thesis] Seoul Ewha Womans University 2009
11 Duk YJ Globalization and recent changes to daily life in the Republic of Korea Lewis JB Sesay A Korea and Globalization: Politics, Economics and Culture London Routledge 2002 10
12 Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention 2016 Health Behavior and Chronic Disease Statistics Cheongju Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention 2017
13 Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Korea Health Statistics 2016: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-1) Cheongju Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention 2017
14 Institute for Unification Education 2017 Understanding North Korea Seoul Institute for Unification Education 2017
15 Lee JH Comparison of nutritional status of children in North Korea: analysis of North Korean children's nutrition survey report from 1998 to 2012 KDI Rev the North Korean Econ 2014 16 19 30
16 Park SY An assessment of the long-term effects of food crisis on children's growth and development in North Korea Korean Cult Anthropol 2000 33 207 240
17 United Nations in DPR Korea 2017 DPR Korea: Needs and Priorities Pyongyang United Nations in DPR Korea 2017
18 Lee YH Lee WJ Kim YJ Cho MJ Kim JH Lee YJ Kim HY Choi DS Kim SG Robinson C North Korean refugee health in South Korea (NORNS) study: study design and methods BMC Public Health 2012 12 172 177 22401814
19 Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention The Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-3), 2012 Cheongju Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention 2013
20 Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention The Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-1), 2013 Cheongju Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention 2014
21 Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention The Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-2), 2014 Cheongju Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention 2015
22 Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention The Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-3), 2015 Cheongju Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention 2016
23 Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korean Nutrition Society Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015 Sejong Ministry of Health and Welfare 2016
24 Hansen RG Wyse BW Sorenson AW Nutrition Quality Index of Food Westport (CT) AVI Publishing Co. 1979
25 Jeong H Lee SK Kim SG Changes in body weight and food security of adult North Korean refugees living in South Korea Nutr Res Pract 2017 11 307 318 28765777
26 Lee KI Hwang YJ Ban HJ Lim SJ Jin HJ Lee HS Impact of the growth of single-person households on the food market and policy tasks Korea Rural Economic Institute 2015 10 Report No. TRKO201600001479
27 Heo YK Sim KH Dietary attitude of single households in metropolitan areas Korean J Food Nutr 2016 29 735 745
28 Nam SY Differences in dietary, nutritional and health status between single-person households and non-single-person households in Korean adults by sex and age group [doctoral thesis] Incheon Inha University 2016
29 Ma H Huan J Fuller F Rozelle S Getting rich and eating out: consumption of food away from home in urban China Can J Agric Econ 2006 54 101 119
30 Yoon HR The study of dining-out behavior and preference on Korean foods by age groups Korean J Food Cult 2005 20 608 614
31 Jang IS Shin HS Kwon ES Baek MJ Yoon SA Wang YM Kang MJ Oh GH Sung DS 2016 Investigation on North Korean Refugee Settlement Status Seoul Korea HANA Foundation 2016
32 Moon SI Song YM Lee GO An empirical study on the relation between participation in leisure activities and social adaptability of North Korean refugees J Tourism Sci 2015 29 19 28
33 Hwang JY Lee H Ko A Han CJ Chung HW Chang N Dietary changes in Vietnamese marriage immigrant women: the KoGES follow-up study Nutr Res Pract 2014 8 319 326 24944778
34 Yang EJ Khil JM Food intake and nutritional status of female marriage immigrants residing in Gwangju, Korea J Nutr Health 2016 49 358 366
35 Lachat C Nago E Verstraeten R Roberfroid D Van Camp J Kolsteren P Eating out of home and its association with dietary intake: a systematic review of the evidence Obes Rev 2012 13 329 346 22106948
36 Sanou D O'Reilly E Ngnie-Teta I Batal M Mondain N Andrew C Newbold BK Bourgeault IL Acculturation and nutritional health of immigrants in Canada: a scoping review J Immigr Minor Health 2014 16 24 34 23595263
37 Patil CL Hadley C Nahayo PD Unpacking dietary acculturation among new Americans: results from formative research with African refugees J Immigr Minor Health 2009 11 342 358 18253832
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.