조선후기 회화식 고지도를 통해 본 평양성의 인문경관 특성 A Study on the Characteristics of Humanistic Landscape in Pyongyang Castle through Pictorial Maps in the Late Joseon Dynasty원문보기
본 연구는 조선후기 회화식 고지도가 제작 당시 선조들이 인지했던 장소명이 표기된 개념도라는 점에 착안하였다. 이에 평양성(平壤城)의 회화식 고지도 다섯 점을 대상으로 하여 역사적 고도(古都), 상업 도시, 풍류 도시라는 문화적 정체성을 지닌 평양성의 인문경관 특성을 다음과 같이 도출하였다. 첫째, 평양성의 역사적 정통성은 제례·종교시설이 대표하였는데, 국가의 시조와 관련된 '단군전(檀君殿)'과 '기자궁(箕子宮)', 고구려 유적인 '문무정(文武井)', 그리고 '사직단(社㮨壇)', '평양강단(平壤江壇)' 등 국가 제사를 지내던 곳, 교육과 제례 기능을 담당한 향교와 서원, 불교 사찰과 도교 시설들, '용신당(龍神堂)', '산신당(山神堂)', '제신단(諸神壇)'과 같은 민간신앙 공간이 포함되었다. 소중화(小中華) 의식과 기자 존숭 풍조로 평양성의 상징이 된 기자 관련 시설이 평양성 전체 영역에 분포된 반면, 북성에는 고구려 동명왕 관련 시설, 대동강 변에는 기복신앙 공간이 분포한다. 둘째, 평안도 경제 중심도시 평양의 상업 경관은 물류·교통시설로 드러났는데, 운수 기능을 담당한 대동강에 '양명포(揚命浦)', '청룡포(靑龍浦)', '왜성진(倭城津)' 등 포구와 주요 교통로를 연결하는 '영제교(永濟橋)', '강동교(江東橋)' 등 많은 다리가 있었다. 외성 영역에 물류 운반과 관리에 편리하도록 '정전도로'가 펼쳐지고, 주요 성문의 도로변과 감영 근처에 평양부 관할 읍의 이름이 붙여진 많은 창고들이 분포하였다. 또한 위계를 가진 도로로 질서정연하게 구획된 시가지와 평양성 주요 진입 도로변에 조성된 버드나무의 '북장림(北長林)'과 느릅나무가 포함된 혼합림으로 구성된 '십리장림(十里長林)'이 만든 선형 경관이 특징적이었다. 셋째, 풍류 도시는 위락시설의 분포로 가시화되었다. 내성에 인접한 대동강변은 성 안쪽으로 연결되는 운하와 축대를 쌓은 접안시설, 화물선이 정박한 포구 등 인공경관 특성을 보이지만, 자연스러운 하안을 가진 북성 주변은 '부벽루(浮碧樓)', '을밀대(乙密臺)', '최승대(最勝臺)', '함벽정(涵碧亭)' 등 다수의 누·정·대와 '청류벽(淸流壁)', '장방호(長房壺)'라는 바위글씨가 있었다. 대동강이 보이지 않는 내성에는 '오순정(五詢亭)'과 '벽월지(壁月池)', '사창(司倉)' 인근 반월지, 방지 내 섬에 조성된 '애련당(愛蓮堂)'이 수경관을 연출하고, 중성 서쪽 성곽에는 실용적 목적으로 지당들이 배치되었으며, 기자와 관련된 버드나무 식생 경관이 반복되었다. 또한 칠성문(七星門) 부근에 입지한 기생들의 장지 '선연동(嬋娟洞)'은 문인들의 시제로 사용되며 평양성의 풍류 이미지를 만드는데 기여하였다.
본 연구는 조선후기 회화식 고지도가 제작 당시 선조들이 인지했던 장소명이 표기된 개념도라는 점에 착안하였다. 이에 평양성(平壤城)의 회화식 고지도 다섯 점을 대상으로 하여 역사적 고도(古都), 상업 도시, 풍류 도시라는 문화적 정체성을 지닌 평양성의 인문경관 특성을 다음과 같이 도출하였다. 첫째, 평양성의 역사적 정통성은 제례·종교시설이 대표하였는데, 국가의 시조와 관련된 '단군전(檀君殿)'과 '기자궁(箕子宮)', 고구려 유적인 '문무정(文武井)', 그리고 '사직단(社㮨壇)', '평양강단(平壤江壇)' 등 국가 제사를 지내던 곳, 교육과 제례 기능을 담당한 향교와 서원, 불교 사찰과 도교 시설들, '용신당(龍神堂)', '산신당(山神堂)', '제신단(諸神壇)'과 같은 민간신앙 공간이 포함되었다. 소중화(小中華) 의식과 기자 존숭 풍조로 평양성의 상징이 된 기자 관련 시설이 평양성 전체 영역에 분포된 반면, 북성에는 고구려 동명왕 관련 시설, 대동강 변에는 기복신앙 공간이 분포한다. 둘째, 평안도 경제 중심도시 평양의 상업 경관은 물류·교통시설로 드러났는데, 운수 기능을 담당한 대동강에 '양명포(揚命浦)', '청룡포(靑龍浦)', '왜성진(倭城津)' 등 포구와 주요 교통로를 연결하는 '영제교(永濟橋)', '강동교(江東橋)' 등 많은 다리가 있었다. 외성 영역에 물류 운반과 관리에 편리하도록 '정전도로'가 펼쳐지고, 주요 성문의 도로변과 감영 근처에 평양부 관할 읍의 이름이 붙여진 많은 창고들이 분포하였다. 또한 위계를 가진 도로로 질서정연하게 구획된 시가지와 평양성 주요 진입 도로변에 조성된 버드나무의 '북장림(北長林)'과 느릅나무가 포함된 혼합림으로 구성된 '십리장림(十里長林)'이 만든 선형 경관이 특징적이었다. 셋째, 풍류 도시는 위락시설의 분포로 가시화되었다. 내성에 인접한 대동강변은 성 안쪽으로 연결되는 운하와 축대를 쌓은 접안시설, 화물선이 정박한 포구 등 인공경관 특성을 보이지만, 자연스러운 하안을 가진 북성 주변은 '부벽루(浮碧樓)', '을밀대(乙密臺)', '최승대(最勝臺)', '함벽정(涵碧亭)' 등 다수의 누·정·대와 '청류벽(淸流壁)', '장방호(長房壺)'라는 바위글씨가 있었다. 대동강이 보이지 않는 내성에는 '오순정(五詢亭)'과 '벽월지(壁月池)', '사창(司倉)' 인근 반월지, 방지 내 섬에 조성된 '애련당(愛蓮堂)'이 수경관을 연출하고, 중성 서쪽 성곽에는 실용적 목적으로 지당들이 배치되었으며, 기자와 관련된 버드나무 식생 경관이 반복되었다. 또한 칠성문(七星門) 부근에 입지한 기생들의 장지 '선연동(嬋娟洞)'은 문인들의 시제로 사용되며 평양성의 풍류 이미지를 만드는데 기여하였다.
This study focuses on the fact that pictorial maps in the late Joseon Dynasty were conceptual diagrams with the place names perceived by the people at the time of their production. In this regard, targeting on five pictorial maps, the humanistic landscape characteristics of Pyongyang, which had cult...
This study focuses on the fact that pictorial maps in the late Joseon Dynasty were conceptual diagrams with the place names perceived by the people at the time of their production. In this regard, targeting on five pictorial maps, the humanistic landscape characteristics of Pyongyang, which had cultural identities such as a historically old, commercial, and Pungnyu(appreciation for the arts) city, were derived as follows. First, the historic legitimacy of Pyongyang Castle was represented by ritual and religious facilities. They include 'Dangunjeon' and 'Gijagung' related to the nation founder, 'Munmujeong': the remains of Goguryeo, 'Sajikdan' & 'Pyongyanggangdan': the place of the national rites, Hyanggyo and Seowon: education & rite functions, Buddhism and Taoist facilities, 'Yongsindang', 'Sanshindang', and 'Jesindan': folk religion facilities. Gija-related facilities, which became symbols of Pyongyang due to the importance of Small-Sinocentrism and Gija dignity tendency, were distributed throughout Pyongyang Castle though, the facilities related to King Dongmyeong of Goguryeo and the spaces of religion praying for blessings are spread in Bukseong and on the riverside of Daedonggang each. Second, as a Pyongando Province's economic center, Pyongyang's commercial landscape was represented by logistics and transportation facilities. The Daedonggang River, which was in charge of transportation functions, had many decks such as 'Yangmyeongpo', 'Cheongryongpo' and 'Waeseongjin' and bridges, such as 'Yeongjegyo' and 'Gangdonggyo', which connected major transportation routes. The road network was created in Oeseong area to facilitate logistics transportation and management, and many warehouses named after the jurisdiction of Pyongyangbu were distributed near the roads and Provincial Offices of the main gates. In addition, it was characterized by the urban area systematically divided with hierarchical roads, 'Bukjangnim' of willow trees planted on the main entrance roads of Pyongyang Castle, a linear landscape created by 'Simnijangnim' consisting of mixed forests with elm trees. Third, Pungnyu City is realized by the distribution of amusement facilities. The riverside of Daedonggang adjacent to Naeseong exhibits characteristics of artificial landscape such as a canal leading to the inside of the castle, a docking facility with embankments, and a port with cargo ships anchored. However, Bukseong of the natural surroundings had numerous pavilions and platforms such as 'Bubyeongnu', 'Eulmildae', 'Choeseungdae', 'Jebyeokjeong' and engraved letters such as 'Cheongnyubyeok', 'Jangbangho'. 'Osunjeong', 'Byeogwolji', 'Banwolji' near 'Sachang', and 'Aeryeondang', built on the island of a square pond, created waterscape in Naeseong invisible from the Daedonggang, and for practical purposes, ponds and repeated willow vegetation landscape related to Gija were placed in the western rampart of Jungseong. In addition, 'Seonyeondong', a cemetery of Gisaeng, located near by Chilseongmun, was used as poem titles and themes by literary people, contributing to the creation of the Pungnyu image of Pyongyang.
This study focuses on the fact that pictorial maps in the late Joseon Dynasty were conceptual diagrams with the place names perceived by the people at the time of their production. In this regard, targeting on five pictorial maps, the humanistic landscape characteristics of Pyongyang, which had cultural identities such as a historically old, commercial, and Pungnyu(appreciation for the arts) city, were derived as follows. First, the historic legitimacy of Pyongyang Castle was represented by ritual and religious facilities. They include 'Dangunjeon' and 'Gijagung' related to the nation founder, 'Munmujeong': the remains of Goguryeo, 'Sajikdan' & 'Pyongyanggangdan': the place of the national rites, Hyanggyo and Seowon: education & rite functions, Buddhism and Taoist facilities, 'Yongsindang', 'Sanshindang', and 'Jesindan': folk religion facilities. Gija-related facilities, which became symbols of Pyongyang due to the importance of Small-Sinocentrism and Gija dignity tendency, were distributed throughout Pyongyang Castle though, the facilities related to King Dongmyeong of Goguryeo and the spaces of religion praying for blessings are spread in Bukseong and on the riverside of Daedonggang each. Second, as a Pyongando Province's economic center, Pyongyang's commercial landscape was represented by logistics and transportation facilities. The Daedonggang River, which was in charge of transportation functions, had many decks such as 'Yangmyeongpo', 'Cheongryongpo' and 'Waeseongjin' and bridges, such as 'Yeongjegyo' and 'Gangdonggyo', which connected major transportation routes. The road network was created in Oeseong area to facilitate logistics transportation and management, and many warehouses named after the jurisdiction of Pyongyangbu were distributed near the roads and Provincial Offices of the main gates. In addition, it was characterized by the urban area systematically divided with hierarchical roads, 'Bukjangnim' of willow trees planted on the main entrance roads of Pyongyang Castle, a linear landscape created by 'Simnijangnim' consisting of mixed forests with elm trees. Third, Pungnyu City is realized by the distribution of amusement facilities. The riverside of Daedonggang adjacent to Naeseong exhibits characteristics of artificial landscape such as a canal leading to the inside of the castle, a docking facility with embankments, and a port with cargo ships anchored. However, Bukseong of the natural surroundings had numerous pavilions and platforms such as 'Bubyeongnu', 'Eulmildae', 'Choeseungdae', 'Jebyeokjeong' and engraved letters such as 'Cheongnyubyeok', 'Jangbangho'. 'Osunjeong', 'Byeogwolji', 'Banwolji' near 'Sachang', and 'Aeryeondang', built on the island of a square pond, created waterscape in Naeseong invisible from the Daedonggang, and for practical purposes, ponds and repeated willow vegetation landscape related to Gija were placed in the western rampart of Jungseong. In addition, 'Seonyeondong', a cemetery of Gisaeng, located near by Chilseongmun, was used as poem titles and themes by literary people, contributing to the creation of the Pungnyu image of Pyongyang.
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