최근들어 항만도시에서의 대기오염이 심각한 문제로 대두되고 있다. 그러나 항만의 하역기계에서 배출되는 온실가스는 선박, 트럭 등 타 수단에 비해 상대적으로 주목받지 못하였다. 본 연구에서는 인천항에서 디젤엔진으로 가동되는 하역기계로부터 배출되는 대기오염물질 배출량을 산정하였다. 이를 위해 각 항만하역사로부터 2017년 기준 하역장비의 대수, 제원, 가동시간 등 활동자료를 수집하였다. 분석 결과, CO 105.6톤, NOX 243.2톤, SOX 0.005톤, PM 22.8톤, VOC 26.0톤, NH3 0.2톤이 발생한 것으로 나타났다. CO와 NOX의 배출은 하역기계 전체 배출량의 87.71%를 차지하였으며, 크레인, 지게차, 트랙터, 로더의 배출량이 하역기계 전체 배출량의 84.79%를 차지하였다. 또한 노후화된 디젤엔진을 장착한 하역기계가 주 배출원임을 규명하였다. 분석된 대기오염물질 배출량 수치는 하역기계에 의한 항만 대기 오염의 심각성을 나타내며, 다음과 같은 친환경장비 도입이 시급함을 시사한다. 첫째, 오래된 디젤 장비의 LNG연료 또는 전기장비로의 교체가 필요하다. 둘째, NOX의 배출을 감소시킬 수 있는 선택적환원촉매(SCR)와 같은 후처리장비의 사용이 필요하다. 향후 체계적이고 공식적인 국가 대기오염배출 인벤토리 정립 방법을 설정하고, 매년 하역기계에서 배출되는 대기오염물질 배출량을 모니터링 및 평가하는 것이 필요하다.
최근들어 항만도시에서의 대기오염이 심각한 문제로 대두되고 있다. 그러나 항만의 하역기계에서 배출되는 온실가스는 선박, 트럭 등 타 수단에 비해 상대적으로 주목받지 못하였다. 본 연구에서는 인천항에서 디젤엔진으로 가동되는 하역기계로부터 배출되는 대기오염물질 배출량을 산정하였다. 이를 위해 각 항만하역사로부터 2017년 기준 하역장비의 대수, 제원, 가동시간 등 활동자료를 수집하였다. 분석 결과, CO 105.6톤, NOX 243.2톤, SOX 0.005톤, PM 22.8톤, VOC 26.0톤, NH3 0.2톤이 발생한 것으로 나타났다. CO와 NOX의 배출은 하역기계 전체 배출량의 87.71%를 차지하였으며, 크레인, 지게차, 트랙터, 로더의 배출량이 하역기계 전체 배출량의 84.79%를 차지하였다. 또한 노후화된 디젤엔진을 장착한 하역기계가 주 배출원임을 규명하였다. 분석된 대기오염물질 배출량 수치는 하역기계에 의한 항만 대기 오염의 심각성을 나타내며, 다음과 같은 친환경장비 도입이 시급함을 시사한다. 첫째, 오래된 디젤 장비의 LNG연료 또는 전기장비로의 교체가 필요하다. 둘째, NOX의 배출을 감소시킬 수 있는 선택적환원촉매(SCR)와 같은 후처리장비의 사용이 필요하다. 향후 체계적이고 공식적인 국가 대기오염배출 인벤토리 정립 방법을 설정하고, 매년 하역기계에서 배출되는 대기오염물질 배출량을 모니터링 및 평가하는 것이 필요하다.
Currently, in-port emissions are a serious problem in port cities. However, emissions, especially non-greenhouse gases, from the operation of cargo handling equipment (CHE) have received significant attention from scientific circles. This study estimates the amount of emissions from on-land port die...
Currently, in-port emissions are a serious problem in port cities. However, emissions, especially non-greenhouse gases, from the operation of cargo handling equipment (CHE) have received significant attention from scientific circles. This study estimates the amount of emissions from on-land port diesel-powered CHE in the Port of Incheon. With real-time activity data provided by handling equipment operating companies, this research applies an activity-based approach to capture an up-to-date and reliable diesel-powered CHE emissions inventory during 2017. As a result, 105.6 tons of carbon monoxide (CO), 243.2 tons of nitrogen oxide (NOx), 0.005 tons of sulfur oxide (Sox), 22.8 tons of particulate matter (PM), 26.0 tons of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and 0.2 tons of ammonia (NH3) were released from the landside CHE operation. CO and NOx emissions are the two primary air pollutants from the CHE operation in the Port of Incheon, contributing 87.71% of the total amount of emissions. Cranes, forklifts, tractors, and loaders are the four major sources of pollution in the Port of Incheon, contributing 84.79% of the total in-port CHE emissions. Backward diesel-powered machines equipped in these CHE are identified as a key cause of pollution. Therefore, this estimation emphasizes the significant contribution of diesel CHE to port air pollution and suggests the following green policies should be applied: (1) replacement of old diesel powered CHE by new liquefied natural gas and electric equipment; (2) the use of NOx reduction after-treatment technologies, such as selective catalytic reduction in local ports. In addition, a systematic official national emission inventory preparation method and consecutive annual in-port CHE emission inventories are recommended to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of green policies conducted in the future.
Currently, in-port emissions are a serious problem in port cities. However, emissions, especially non-greenhouse gases, from the operation of cargo handling equipment (CHE) have received significant attention from scientific circles. This study estimates the amount of emissions from on-land port diesel-powered CHE in the Port of Incheon. With real-time activity data provided by handling equipment operating companies, this research applies an activity-based approach to capture an up-to-date and reliable diesel-powered CHE emissions inventory during 2017. As a result, 105.6 tons of carbon monoxide (CO), 243.2 tons of nitrogen oxide (NOx), 0.005 tons of sulfur oxide (Sox), 22.8 tons of particulate matter (PM), 26.0 tons of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and 0.2 tons of ammonia (NH3) were released from the landside CHE operation. CO and NOx emissions are the two primary air pollutants from the CHE operation in the Port of Incheon, contributing 87.71% of the total amount of emissions. Cranes, forklifts, tractors, and loaders are the four major sources of pollution in the Port of Incheon, contributing 84.79% of the total in-port CHE emissions. Backward diesel-powered machines equipped in these CHE are identified as a key cause of pollution. Therefore, this estimation emphasizes the significant contribution of diesel CHE to port air pollution and suggests the following green policies should be applied: (1) replacement of old diesel powered CHE by new liquefied natural gas and electric equipment; (2) the use of NOx reduction after-treatment technologies, such as selective catalytic reduction in local ports. In addition, a systematic official national emission inventory preparation method and consecutive annual in-port CHE emission inventories are recommended to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of green policies conducted in the future.
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제안 방법
The real-time operating activity data of CHE was collected from all port handling companies. In this study, CHE is classified into 8 groups with different characteristics and functions in port operation: Crane, Container Handling Equipment (CtHE), Yard Tractor, Forklift, Loader, Excavator, and Sweeper. The collected data were summarized and shown in [Table 3].
The bottom-up approach with detailed activity time data of all CHE was applied to capture CHE emission inventory in this study. The estimation is followed NONROAD model of EPA (EPA, 2008; EPA, 2010a; EPA, 2010b).
The calculation of SOx emission factor for a given engine is different from above pollutants while NONROAD model of EPA computed SOx emission factor directly (not using EF0) based on brake-specific fuel consumption and adjusted HC emission factor. However, the effect of HC emission factor is minor [16].
The goal of this paper is summarized as follows: (1) to generate the up-to-date and reliable diesel CHE emission inventory for 7 target pollutants of CAPSS: CO, NOx, SOx, PM (including PM10 and PM2.5), volatile organic compounds (VOC), and NH3 according geographical areas and CHE types based on activity-based approach and real-time activity hour to emphasize the contribution of diesel engines to port pollution; (2) to contribute to the literature of non-GHG diesel CHE emissions estimation; (3) to suggest appropriate green port policies for CHE in Korea seaports, especially application of green alternative fuel. Therefore, LNG and diesel-electric (hybrid) engines are not taken into consideration.
This study reviewed the literature to select the most appropriate model for CHE emission estimation, then calculate the corresponding emission factors. However, LF, EFs, and other parameters were constructed based on other foreign situation.
대상 데이터
The exhausted amounts are assessed as the products of emission factors and activity levels for all non-road mobile sources. The model covers more than 80 basic and 260 specific types of non-road equipment (EPA, 2008).
This study will cover all CHE activities in 5 key component ports of Port of Incheon, including North Port, Inner Port, Coastal Port, South Port, and New Port, with 3 other specialized ports named Geocheom-do Port, Song-do Port, and Yeongheung-do Port. 17 berths in North Port are specialized for handling industrial raw materials (timber, steel…) with the handling maximum capacity of 50,000DWT.
성능/효과
In this study, with the application of the bottom-up approach and real-time activity, the 2017 diesel CHE emission inventory in Port of Incheon was estimated. The estimation results show that 105.6 tons of CO, 243.2 tons of NOx, 0.005 tons of SOx, 22.8 tons of PM10 (including 22.1 tons of PM2.5), 26.0 tons of VOC and 0.2 tons of NH3 were generated by CHE operation in Port of Incheon during 2017. CO and NOx emissions are the two primary air pollutants from CHE operation, which contributed 87.
The 2017 CHE emission inventory in Port of Incheon was estimated according to the foregoing method. The results show that during 2017, CHE operation in Port of Incheon released 105.6 tons of CO, 243.2 tons of NOx, 0.005 tons of SOx, 22.8 tons of PM10 (including 22.1 tons of PM2.5), 26.0 tons of VOC and 0.2 tons of NH3, among which NOx was accounted for the highest percentage (61.15%). CO ranked second with 26.
후속연구
Thus, further research on localized EFs and LFs is promising and interesting realm to obtain reliable basis data for the emission preparation in the future. In terms of weight contribution, PM emissions were not considerable air pollutant, however, due to their size and weight, they would be a significant threat to the environment and the local community’s health.
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