[논문]탄소섬유를 활용한 구조용 배터리 연구 동향

권동준; 남상용

doi:10.14478/ace.2021.1037

탄소섬유를 활용한 구조용 배터리 연구 동향
A Review of Structural Batteries with Carbon Fibers 원문보기

공업화학 = Applied chemistry for engineering, v.32 no.4, 2021년, pp.361 - 370

권동준 (경상국립대학교 나노신소재융합공학부 그린에너지융합연구소) , 남상용 (경상국립대학교 나노신소재융합공학부 그린에너지융합연구소)

초록
AI-Helper

탄소 섬유 강화플라스틱은 가볍지만 우수한 기계적 강도를 가지는 복합재의 한 종류이다. 가벼우면서 우수한 기계적 강도를 가지는 탄소 섬유 강화플라스틱은 산업 전반에 널리 이용되고 있으며, 최근 활발히 연구되고 있는 전기자동차 및 무인기 등의 무게 감소 핵심 대체 부품으로 연구되고 있다. 배터리를 전원으로 사용하는 운송수단 등은 외부 충격에 이차 폭발의 위험이 있기 때문에 배터리를 안전하게 보호할 수 있는 덮개가 필수적인 동시에, 무게를 줄여 주행거리를 늘려야 하는 요구조건을 만족해야 한다. 이러한 요구 조건에 부합하는 재료로 탄소섬유 강화플라스틱이 손꼽히고 있고, 배터리 보호 덮개 및 다양한 대체품으로의 활용이 연구되고 있다. 한편, 우수한 전기적 특성을 가진 탄소 섬유를 배터리 구성품으로 활용하는 연구가 배터리 분야에서 진행 중이고, 이에 더 나아가 탄소 섬유가 배터리를 보호하고 배터리 전극 및 집전체 역할까지 동시에 수행하는 구조용 배터리에 대한 연구가 스웨덴과 미국을 중심으로 활발히 연구 중이다. 본 총설에서는 탄소 섬유의 역할에 따른 구조용 배터리의 분류 및 해당 배터리들에서 발생하는 문제점 등을 포괄하는 최근 연구 동향을 요약하고, 구조용 배터리에 대한 전망을 간략히 논의하고자 한다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is one of the composite materials, which has a unique property that is lightweight but strong. The CFRPs are widely used in various industries where their unique characteristics are required. In particular, electric and unmanned aerial vehicles critically need lightweight parts and bodies with sufficient mechanical strengths. Vehicles using the battery as a power source should simultaneously meet two requirements that the battery has to be safely protected. The vehicle should be light of increasing the mileage. The CFRP has considered as the one that satisfies the requirements and is widely used as battery housing and other vehicle parts. On the other hand, in the battery area, carbon fibers are intensively tested as battery components such as electrodes and/or current collectors. Furthermore, using carbon fibers as both structure reinforcements and battery components to build a structural battery is intensively investigated in Sweden and the USA. This mini-review encompasses recent research trends that cover the classification of structural batteries in terms of functionality of carbon fibers and issues and efforts in the battery and discusses the prospect of structural batteries.

주제어

표/그림 (16)

그림 Figure 1. Estimated breakdowns of the vehicle weights for the studied EVs. The components highlighted with bold text corresponds to parts that potentially can be replaced with SBCs. Images from Refs. [15].
그림 Figure 2. Classification of structural battery: (a) structure-integrated type[29], (b) function-integrated type[30,31].
그림 Figure 3. Schematic of vacuum bag resin infusion (VBRI) process used to fabricate laminates (not to scale) and schematic and dimensions (in mm) of LiPo battery showing components[33].
그림 Figure 4. Carbon fiber battery composite fabrication as shown by SEMs of (a) carbon fiber, (b) graphite, and (c) lithium iron phosphate, (d) a scheme showing the stacking of the individual layers of the composite battery along a picture of these layers cured into a composite material and (e) composite layup process along with a picture of a carbon fiber composite structural battery panel being held[35].
그림 Figure 5. Replacing the interior, external battery pack with structural battery creates free volume within the CubeSat chassis; (a). Electrochemical performance of 4 composite structural battery panels in series in a 1U prototype CubeSat frame, (b) lighting a LED, and (c) operating a fan[35].
그림 Figure 6. Mechano-electrochemical performance of carbon fiber composite battery panels (a) stress-strain curve of tensile testing, (b) charge (outlined bar) and discharge (striped bar) capacity at different stress loadings, (c) energy density at different stress loadings, and galvanostatic charge-discharge curves at stress loadings of (d) 0 MPa, (e) 100 MPa, (f) 200 MPa.
그림 Figure 7. A) As-fabricated MESC coupon. The cross-sectional view shows the MESC's internal components: the perforated battery core, rivets, CFRP facesheets, and edge-filling frame. The building-block unit cell, with the CFRP replaced by translucent glass-fiber composites, shows the battery stack being constrained by rivets at each corner. B~E) Electrochemical results. B) Charge-discharge voltage curves, where the MESC cells show the unaltered and inherent graphite/NMC chemistry characteristics similar to those of a Baseline Pouch cell; C) apparent capacity, where the MESC's apparent capacity is reduced only very slightly because of its construction as compared with its theoretical capacity; D) DC impedance, where a considerable increase in DC impedance suggests that further development is required on the cell design and fabrication process; E) capacity retention, where the MESC shows excellent capacity retention (80% retention at 800 cycles) similar to that of Baseline Pouch cells. The error bars and shaded areas in C~E) represent the standard deviations of five replicated samples[38].
그림 Figure 8. Scaled-up MESC prototypes demonstrating the material's versatility and scalability. A) Three-cell, 5 Wh MESC module in the form of a structural I-beam (30 cm long, 2.5 cm high); B) three-cell, 40 Wh MESC I-beam module (38 cm long, 4 cm high); C) 12-cell, 240 Wh MESC triple-webbed I-beam module (50 cm long, 13 cm high); D) 10-cell, 200 Wh electric skateboard with MESC-integrated deck[38].
그림 Figure 9. The design principle of electrode-position-like electrodes for structural energy storage. (a) An illustration of the intrinsically low mechanical strength of particle-based planar electrodes, suffering from the delamination of active materials or crack of current (Al or Cu foil) during cycling under collectors deformation. (b) An illustration of the delamination of active materials from carbon fibers during cycling under deformation due to the weak solid-solid interactions. (c) An illustration of the enhanced strength via electrodeposition-like reaction on structural skeleton[50].
그림 Figure 10. (a) The surface morphology of OCF after depositing of Li 2 S. (b) Digital image of a piece of OCF after infiltrating the molten lithium. (c) The UTS and (d) Young’s modulus of carbon-fiber-rein- forced electrodes in comparison to conventional particle-based elec- trodes. (e) The cycling performance of the polysulfide cathode with pristine CF (black curve) and OCF 500 ℃ 2 h (red curve). (f) The cycling stability of Li/Li symmetric cells with conventional Li foil (black) and Li/OCF composite in b. The current and the deposited capacity are 1.0 mA cm^-2 and 1.0 mAh cm^-2, respectively. The inset shows the voltage profile at the 150th and 350th cycle[50].
그림 Figure 11. The electrochemical performance of the two cells at various compressive stresses[50].
그림 Figure 13. Schematic of carbon fibers in a structural battery electrolyte. Within a structural battery, the carbon fibers are included in a structural battery electrolyte. This matrix material both transfer load between the reinforcing fibers using a percolating network of solid polymer and conduct lithium ions through a network of liquid electrolyte[57].
그림 Figure 12. (a) Structural Battery Concept (b) Schematic illustration of EPD synthesis of the LiFePO₄/EGO electrode composite (c) Cross Section SEM Images of the LiFePO₄/EGO 5 min electrode composite sample deposited on Carbon Fibers (d) The inset of panel shows a zoom-in of the fibers’ surface (e) Specific capacities (normalized over the total electrode mass) of the three samples at various C-rates, exp. error for each point is +/- 2 mAh.g^-1 (f) Cycling stability of the three samples cycled at 1C[55].
그림 Figure 14. Average interfacial shear strength values measured for the different fibers and SBE systems, including control samples made with vinyl ester (VE) Error bars represent measurement standard deviations with at least three samples per system[57].
그림 Figure 15. SEM micrographs of the structural batteries’ cross-sections, as indicated by the inscribed box in the schematic. Structural battery cross-sections with (a) Whatman GF/A separator and b) GF plain weave separator. Average thicknesses in the regions depicted in the micrographs: a) CF electrode, 65 μm; Whatman GF/A separator, 185 μm; and positive (LFP) electrode, 50 μm; (b) CF electrode, 125 μm; GF separator, 70 μm; and positive (LFP) electrode, 50 μm[63], (c) Configuration of vacuum bag for electrode manufacturing and function of the Si rubber[64].
표 Table 1. Mechanical and Electrochemical Performances of Structural Batteries

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표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

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저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

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