초록 ▼

■ GIS 데이터베이스 구축을 위한 수치지형도, 임상도 등 기초자료 수집
■ 분광해상도, 공간해상도, 주기해상도 등 영상 선정기준에 따른 위성영상 선정
■ MRV 기준과 누출(leakage)효과를 고려한 연구지역 경계추출과 단위 소유역 경계 생성
■ 토지이용변화 추적을 통한 소유역별 산림전용 면적 산출과 시계열 분석
■ 위성 영상이 산림과 비산림 구분 등 UN-REDD에서 요구하고 있는 MRV (과거 5,10, 15년 동안의 산림 변화량)에 필요한 정보를 도출하는지 평가
■ 금강산 지역에 적절한 탄소배출량

■ GIS 데이터베이스 구축을 위한 수치지형도, 임상도 등 기초자료 수집
■ 분광해상도, 공간해상도, 주기해상도 등 영상 선정기준에 따른 위성영상 선정
■ MRV 기준과 누출(leakage)효과를 고려한 연구지역 경계추출과 단위 소유역 경계 생성
■ 토지이용변화 추적을 통한 소유역별 산림전용 면적 산출과 시계열 분석
■ 위성 영상이 산림과 비산림 구분 등 UN-REDD에서 요구하고 있는 MRV (과거 5,10, 15년 동안의 산림 변화량)에 필요한 정보를 도출하는지 평가
■ 금강산 지역에 적절한 탄소배출량과 탄소저장량 산정 계수 제시
■ 탄소저장량 평가에 의거하여 금강산의 REDD 등록 잠재력 평가
■ 탄소 저장량 감시에서 배수구역과 행정구역의 비교
■ 금강산 인접 지역인 설악산과 산림자원 비교
■ GIS 공간 모델링을 활용한 식생분포 특성 평가
■ 기회비용 차원의 REDD MRV 적용여건 평가
(출처:요약서 3p)

Abstract ▼

Korea-based enterprises are currently exploring REDD (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) project in a number of territories across the world. Geumgang Mountain could be model project site of REDD since South Korean company’s investment system is already established there. T

Korea-based enterprises are currently exploring REDD (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) project in a number of territories across the world. Geumgang Mountain could be model project site of REDD since South Korean company’s investment system is already established there. The credible measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) is among the most critical elements in UN-REDD (United Nations programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in Developing Countries). Satellite data could be accepted as legally binding proof when it comes to REDD enforcement since several cases exist where remote sensing has been used as legal evidence in international agreements and UN resolution. In this regard, the aim of this project is to test whether the satellite remote sensing could provide the desired level of detailed information, as required in UN-REDD MRV of Geumgang Mountain.
Information gathering is an essential part in UN-REDD MRV since the forest carbon credit is determined, based on the information provided. Field surveys are frequently criticized: they are costly, labor􍾢intensive, and time􍾢consuming for area-wide targets (e.g. deforestation trends) because they require large sample sizes. Nevertheless, many regulatory agencies give greater weight to the forest carbon stock assessment conducted by field surveys, since they believe that in-situ observation provides a safeguard against potential fraud. Carbon trade agreements are, in effect, a kind of international commercial transaction. The extent to how much carbon credit may be earned cannot be determined at this time of initiating MRV, since it depends on the unknown amount of forest carbon reserves that can be technically exploited. There is a significant range and variability of carbon stock, due to site-specific factors such as the type of forest in an area and forest density. A number of issues must be clarified before satellite-based-MRV can be conducted.
Clarification is needed regarding potential legal constraints on emissions inventories and accounting based on satellite monitoring. Several satellite techniques are available for the monitoring and verification of carbon stock from forests, but these vary in applicability, detection limits, and uncertainties. It is impossible for field􍾢based monitoring systems to investigate inaccessible targets, such as those in North Korea. UN-REDD project will not generate revenue from the forest unless it actually stores carbon and/or reduces greenhouse gas emissions; this is demonstrated by measuring how many tons of carbon dioxide a forestry carbon project has taken out of the atmosphere, or has prevented from being emitted.
The permanent record provided by standard satellite remote sensing systems demonstrates its capability to present area-wide visual evidences of forest condition in Geumgang mountain (such as the identification of forested area, and degradation trends for forested space). In the less-populated areas, the mountains are heavily forested and well preserved. The forests in the populated areas of lowlands are severely degraded. Nevertheless, the portion of forested area in the county is still high, where carbon project potential is still relatively high. Project developers can identify different type of forest communities based on landform characteristics such as elevation, aspect, solar intensity, slope, or hydrology, which can be identified from topographic maps. For instance, some landform types are associated with specific plant communities and forest types. After identifying the baseline by satellite image, the project team needs to conduct baseline inventory in detail, to calculate available carbon stocks in sample plots in each stratum. Some carbon pools must be measured directly, while others can be estimated indirectly (for example, by using conversion factors to calculate above ground biomass from basic inventory data).
A carbon stock mapping approach using satellite mapping would have a number of benefits, not only by providing spatially explicit information on the location of carbon stocks, but also by avoiding the ambiguities of land use classifications. This research demonstrates that satellite mapping is a practical and feasible means to collect information requested when initiating the MRV, determining baseline deforestation rates against which future rates of change can be based, provided that adequate validation and accuracy assessments are conducted after the carbon project is agreed to by both sides. Satellite remote sensing can play an important role in implementing MRV by supporting the establishment of a carbon stock baseline, detecting and quantifying rates of land cover change, and quantifying above ground biomass stocks as specified in the Kyoto Protocol.
It doesn't seem very difficult to comply with MRV requirements for UN-REDD due to the probative value of satellite data. It is anticipated that this research output could be used as a valuable reference for Korea-based enterprises exploring REDD project sites and the carbon traders such as GCF (Green Climate Fund) to ensure MRV potentials using satellite image in UN-REDD project. The inter-governmental legal framework should establish minimum information standards that can be used to compel South Korea to comply with the MRV framework. Such a procedure will allow North Korea to assess information while South Korea retains its initial monitoring capacity. Such an approach could yield more institutionally customized MRV compliance mechanisms for divided Korea, which not only monitors the information provided, but also uses this information to assess MRV compliance for carbon trading, and formulates suggestions for the two Koreas to initiate UN-REDD project.
(출처:SUMMARY 8~10p)

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1제출문 ... 2보고서 요약서 ... 3요약문 ... 4영문 요약서 ... 8목차 ... 11제1장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 13 제1절 북한 산림황폐화와 REDD ... 13 제2절 MRV와 원격탐사 ... 15제2장 국내외 기술개발현황 ... 19제3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 25 제1절 연구수행 전략 및 방법론 ... 25 제2절 연구수행과정 및 내용 ... 30 1. 금강산의 UN-REDD 등록 타당성 분석 ... 30 2. 탄소 저장량 감시를 위한 배수구역과 행정구역의 비교평가 ... 40 3. GWR을 활용한 NDVI와 지형·태양광도의 상관성 평가 ... 55 4. 기회비용 산정을 위한 MRV 여건평가 ... 64 제3절 연구수행결과 및 결과 논의 ... 74 1. 이산화탄소 감축량 산출 결과 논의 ... 74 2. 기회비용 산정 여건 평가 결과 논의 ... 77 3. 결과 논의 ... 80제4장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 83 제1절 연구개발 최종목표 달성도 ... 83 1. 연구개발 최종목표의 달성도 ... 83 제2절 관련분야 기여도 ... 85 1. GIS 데이터베이스와 통합에 의한 식생분포와 주변 환경의 상관성 규명 ... 85 2. 금강산 지역 특성에 적합한 탄소 배출 및 축적계수 도출 및 적용을 통한 탄소감축 잠재량 평가 ... 85 3. 대북 산림탄소상쇄 관련 원격탐사 기술개발 ... 85 4. 국제협약 증거자료 활용 ... 85 5. REDD 프로젝트의 기회비용 MRV 여건 분석 ... 86제5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 87제6장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 91제7장 참고문헌 ... 98끝페이지 ... 105