[보고서]해양방위 및 안전기술 개발

정섬규

해양방위 및 안전기술 개발 원문보기

보고서 정보
주관연구기관	한국해양과학기술원 Korea Institute of Ocean Science ＆ Technology
연구책임자	정섬규
참여연구자	송태윤 , 편석준 , 김병권 , 최선한
보고서유형	최종보고서
발행국가	대한민국
언어	한국어
발행년월	2022-12
과제시작연도	2022
주관부처	해양수산부 Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries
등록번호	TRKO202300006532
과제고유번호	1525013622
사업명	한국해양과학기술원운영지원(주요사업비)
DB 구축일자	2023-09-13
키워드	무인체계.해양방위.수중음향.4기 단층해석.인공지능기반 자료해석.unmanned system.maritime defence.underwater acoustic.seismic interpretation.Ai-based interpretation.

초록 ▼

연구개발 목표 및 내용
최종 목표
○ 무인체계를 이용한 다목적 해양환경탐사 및 해양방위지원 분석 기술 개발
○ 해양방위 지원용 해양환경 기반의 수중음향 분석체계 통합기술 개발
○ 한반도 남동해역 해저 활성단층 분포와 지진유발 위험성 평가
연구 내용
○ 무인체계 통신망확장 및 다목적센서 연동을 통한 해양방위지원 체계 구축
○ 해양환경 자료융합기반의 해양방위 지원용 음향탐지 체계 구축 및 운용
○ 4기 단층의 분포와 활동특성 규명
○ 인공지능 탄성파해석시스템 개발

1년차
목표
· 해양방위 탐사임무에 최적화된 통신 및 통제체계 자체 개발
· 해양방위 및 안전을 위한 무인체계, 수중음향 분석체계 및 해저 활성단층 요소기술 개발
· 부산-기장간 근해 해저 단층의 분포와 활동특성 해석
· 탄성파AI 학습자료구축
내용
· 수중글라이더 동체설계 연구
· 동역학 방정식 기반 6자유도 운동 시뮬레이션 개발
· LTE 통신모듈 연동/통신망 확장 및 통제체계 개발
· 해양환경 DB 구축 (해역별 대표 구역)
· 서버 기반 음탐 모델 연산 최적화
· 선박 기인 수중소음 분석 기법 확보
· 수중소음원 분석용 AIS 측정 체계 시범 구축 (부산)
· 1000 km 이상의 고해상 다중채널 탄성파자료 획득과 처리
· 4기층서 해석과 구조해석
· 탄성파 기계학습 모델 시험/비교/분석
· 인공지능 학습자료 관리를 위한 DB 시스템 구축
· 탄성파해석 기계학습을 위한 학습자료구축 및 전처리 적용

2년차
목표
· 자율주행 알고리즘 개발을 통한 무인탐사체계 관련 기술 확보
· 해양방위 지원용 해양환경 기반의 수중음향 분석체계 통합기술 확보
· 울산해역 진앙지 해저 단층의 분포와 활동특성 해석
· 탄성파해석 인공지능모델 수립
내용
· 수중글라이더 자율주행 알고리즘 개발
· 해류모델 및 실시간 관측자료를 이용한 수중글라이더 최적경로 계획 연구
· 전방주시소나 연동 시스템 구축
· 원격제어방식을 통한 수중장애물 회피 기능 개발
· 수중소음원 분석용 AIS 측정 체계 시범 구축 (동해)
· 실시간 AIS 정보 기반 수중소음 분석 체계 기술 확보
· 음향탐지 체계용 실시간 선박 위치 및 수중소음 분석 tool 개발
· 근해에서 1000 km 내외의 고해상 다중채널 탄성파자료 획득과 처리
· 기층서 해석, 단층의 4기 활동성 해석
· 머신러닝 모델수립/학습수행/결과평가 및 모델보완
· 탄성파해석 머신러닝 모델수립을 위한 학습자료 생성

3년차
목표
· 해양방위 지원용 다목적 센서 연동
· 해양환경 및 선박운항정보 융합 기반의 수중음향 분석체계 기술 확보
· 기장-울산간 4기 단층지도 작성
· 인공지능 해석시스템 프로토타입 완성
내용
· 수중글라이더에 적합한 해양관측/음향 센서 연동에 대한 연구
· 자체 소음 저감에 대한 하드웨어/소프트웨어 적인 방안 연구
· 자력계(Magnetometer)/사이드스캔소나 연동
· 해양환경 및 AIS 정보 합 기반의 수중음향 분석체계 기술확보
· 해양환경 및 수중소음 자료를 이용한 가시화 체계 기술 확보
· 1000 km 이상의 고해상 다중채널 탄성파자료 획득과 처리
· 4기층서 해석과 구조해석
· 단층의 분포와 활동특성
· 인공지능 탄성파해석시스템 초기타입 구축 및 시험자료 적용
· 기존 자료의 적용 및 결과 feedback을 통한 모델 수정/보완
· 탄성파해석 기계학습을 위한 학습자료구축 및 전처리 적용

4년차
목표
· 해양방위 지원 분석기술 연구
· 수중음향 통합 분석 및 가시화 체계 시범 운용
· 남동해역 (거제-부산-울산-구룡포) 단층지도 작성
· 한반도 주변해역 탄성파자료에 대한 인공지능 해석 적용
내용
· 해양방위 지원 분석기술 연구
· 한반도 주변해역에 최적화된 무인탐사체계 운용기법 개발
· 다양한 센서 모듈과 연동시스템을 통한 수중장애물 탐지기술 개발
· 해양방위 분야인 대잠전, 기뢰전 등의 분석 기술 적용
· 해양환경 및 수중소음 자료를 이용한 가시화 체계 기술 확보 및 시범 운용
· 1000 km 이상의 고해상 다중채널 탄성파자료 획득과 처리
· 4기층서 해석과 구조해석
· 단층의 분포와 활동특성
· 실해역 탄성파자료의 인공지능 해석 적용
· 한반도주변 남동해역자료에 대한 단층해석 및 분석

연구개발성과
· 무인수상선을 이용한 자력계와 사이드스캔소나 연동시스템 구축
· 기뢰전과 같은 해군작전 관련 해양방위지원 가능
· 해양환경 및 AIS 정보 융합 기반의 수중음향 분석체계 기술 확보
· 해양환경 및 수중소음 자료를 이용한 가시화 체계 기술 확보
· 인공지능 탄성파 층서구분 프로토타입 구축 및 시험
· 인공지능 탄성파 단층해석 프로토타입 구축 및 시험
· 탄성파해석 기계학습을 위한 학습자료 구축 및 전처리 적용

연구개발성과 활용계획 및 기대 효과
· 수중글라이더를 이용한 해군 주요 작전해역 잠수함 탐지환경 분석 및 지원
· 무인수상선을 이용한 접근제한 해역에서 다목적 조사 및 해양방위 지원
· 해양방위용 수중 음탐 분석 체계 확대 기술 개발 및 KIOST 수행 역량 제시
· 주변해역 4기 단층의 분포와 활동특성은 확률적 지진재해의 계산과 지진규모와 재래주기의 추정에 직접 활용
· 지진재해를 대비하고 사회적 재난비용을 경감할 수 있는 선제적 정책 마련
· 한반도 주변의 잠재적 위험요인을 파악하고 그 특성을 정량적으로 분석함으로써 자연재해의 피해를 최소화

(출처 : 요약문 2p)

목차 Contents

표지 ... 1
요 약 문 ... 2
목차 ... 4
1 연구개발과제 개요 ... 5
1-1. 연구개발 목표 및 내용 ... 5
1-2. 연차별 연구개발 로드맵 ... 7
2 연구개발과제의 수행 과정 및 수행 내용 ... 9
2-1. 주요 연구 변경사항 현황 ... 9
2-2. 연구개발 수행 내용 ... 9
3 연구개발과제의 수행 결과 및 목표 달성 정도 ... 200
3-1. 정성적 연구개발성과 ... 200
3-2. 정량적 연구개발성과 ... 205
3-3. 세부 정량적 연구개발성과 ... 210
3-4. 연구개발과제의 대표적 연구 실적 ... 214
3-5. 연구성과의 의의 ... 218
4 연구개발성과의 관련 분야에 대한 기여 정도 ... 219
4-1. 목표 달성도 ... 219
4-2. 관련 분야 기여도 ... 220
5 연구개발성과의 관리 및 활용 계획 ... 221
5-1. 연구개발성과의 관리 계획 ... 221
5-2. 연구개발성과의 활용 계획 ... 221
기타 1. 4기 단층의 분포와 활동특성 규명 ... 223
기타 2. 참고 문헌 ... 304
끝페이지 ... 305

표/그림 (63)

표 자력계 센서 테스트를 위해 차륜 투입전과 후의 무인수상선 조사 측선

표 자력계 노이즈를 측정하기 위해 거리별 자기노이즈 측정 방법 예

표 2020년 10월 15일 00시부터 30분 간격의 선박 소음준위의 시/공간 분포 예

표 겨울과 여름철 2D 능동 음향탐지 성능 분석 가시화 체계 예

표 Line 01의 (a) 잡음제거전 탄성파단면, (b) 인공지능으로 예측된 잡음, (c) 잡음제거후 탄성파단면

표 각 루프에서의 유사 레이블링된 학습 자료와 전이 학습 후 예측된 속도 구조

표 (a) Plate boundaries in NE Asia (modified from Taira 2001). PA, PP, and OP = Pacific, Philippine Sea, and Okhotsk Sea plates; SI = Sakhalin Island; ISTL = Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line. (b) Physiography of the East Sea (Japan Sea). The red rectangle indicates the area with detailed bathymetry of the Korean margin shown in 그림 1-2. JB, UB, and YB = Japan, Ulleung, and Yamato Basins, respectively; NKP = North Korea Plateau; SKP = South Korea Plateau; OK = Oki Bank; YM = Yamato Bank; SI = Sakhalin Island; NT = Nankai Trough; JT = Japan Trench; KS = Korea Strait; TS = Tsushima Strait

표 Detailed bathymetry of the eastern Korean margin with the overlay of faults associated with back-arc rifting and the zone of breakup. The arrows indicate the direction of extension inferred from fault configuration. The epicenters and magnitude of the earthquakes that occurred at the Korean margin from 1978 to 2016 (from Kang et al. 2013 and the Korea Meteorological Administration) are shown. WSKP and ESKP = western and eastern blocks of the South Korea Plateau; UB = Ulleung Basin; BB, ON, OB, and HB = Bandal, Onnuri, Okgye, and Hupo Basins, respectively, created by back-arc rifting; OK = Oki Bank. Focal mechanism solutions are from Choi et al. (2012) and Kang et al. (2013)

표 Seismic profile showing the structure of the Onnuri Basin in the western block of the South Korea Plateau (WSKP) (see Fig.3-12 for location). Note that domino-style normal faulting is a dominant rift fabric. See text for explanations

표 (a) P-wave velocity cross-section of the mantle along transect A-A’ (see Fig. 4b for location) from the GAP-P4 model (Obayashi et al. 2013) available at http://csmap.jamstec. go.jp/csmap/ (b) Horizontal slice of S-wave velocity at 70 km depth in the East Sea and its surrounding regions

표 Schematic diagram showing episodes of back-arc rifting to spreading sequentially from the northern to southern parts of the Korea margin (modified from Kim et al. 2015). (a) Initiation of ack-arc rifting and breakup at the northern margin. The position of the SW Japan Arc before its separation from the continental margin of the Korean Peninsula is from Kojima et al. (2008) and Hisada et al. (2008). (b) Back-arc rifting and breakup at the southern margin. (c) Back-arc spreading and clockwise rotation of the SW Japan Arc. See text for explanations

표 (a) Map showing the tectonic plates around the Korean Peninsula (from Kim et al., 2016). The rectangle indicates the area in 그림 2-3. The arrows indicate the direction of the maximum compressive stress in the southeastern Korean Peninsula inferred from the slip analysis of Quaternary faults (from Park et al., 2006). PA, PP, and OP = Pacific, Philippine Sea, and Okhotsk plates, respectively. (b) Geological map of the southeastern Korean Peninsula (modified from Ree et al., 2003)

표 Focal mechanism solutions of selected events from the 2016 ML 5.8 earthquake sequence. Focal mechanisms of the foreshock (ML 5.1), mainshock (ML 5.8), and largest aftershock (ML 4.5) are represented by green, red, and cyan stars, respectively. Inset shows a potential generating mechanism with a geometry similar to the orientation of faults in the area. YSF = Yangsan fault. (From Kim et al., 2018)

표 Locations of seismic profiles overlain with the offshore extension of the Yangsan Fault (“F1”) and Riedel shears (“F2, F3, and F4”) (from Kim et al., 2016). The seismic profiles shown in this study are plotted as thick yellow lines labeled with a figure number

표 (a) Seismic profile A-08 showing faults F1, F2, and F3, and (b) its interpretive line drawings. U-1, U-2a, U-2b, and U-3 denote Pliocene, Early and Late Pleistocene, and Holocene sequences, respectively. Reflector R1 is the top of the acoustic basement. Reflectors R2, Rp, and R3 are bases of U-2a, U-2b, and U-3, respectively. Green dots are used as offset piercing points. See 그림 2-3 for location

표 (a) Seismic profile A-09 showing faults F1, F3, and F4, and (b) its interpretive line drawings. U-1, U-2a, U-2b, and U-3 denote Pliocene, Early and Late Pleistocene, and Holocene sequences, respectively. Reflector R1 is the top of the acoustic basement. Reflectors R2, Rp, and R3 are bases of U-2a, U-2b, and U-3, respectively. Green dots are used as offset piercing points. See 그림 2-3 for location

표 (a) Seismic profile D-05 showing faults F1 and F4, and (b) its interpretive line drawings. Green dots are used as offset piercing points. See 그림 2-3 for location

표 Model for movement of the Yangsan Fault. (a) Before and (b) after right-lateral slip in the Quaternary

표 Along-strike elevation profiles of unconformity R2 on the upthrown eastern (red) and downthrown western (blue) blocks of fault F1

표 Schematic diagrams showing the processes of back-arc evolution associated with the separation of the Japan Arc from the Korean continental margin (modified from Kim et al. 2018). (a) Initiation of back-arc rifting and breakup behind the Japan Arc. (b) Back-arc rifting and breakup at the eastern Korean margin. (c) Back-arc spreading and clockwise rotation of the SW Japan Arc. (d) Back-arc closing

표 Locations of seismic profiles. The seismic profiles referred to in the text are highlighted as thick lines and labeled with a figure number. The yellow rectangle denotes the area of 3-D seismic data acquisition. The blue rectangle indicates the area showing fault traces in 그림 1-9

표 Vertical profiles showing Vs structure along (a) C-1 and (b) C-2 (see Fig. 1b for location). The Moho (yellow line) is estimated to be represented by the 4.0 km/s contour in the Korean Peninsula and the 3.75 km/s contour under the back-arc oceanic crust. The upper and lower crust boundary in continental crust is denoted by the red line. The red star denotes the hypocenter of the 2016 MW 5.0 earthquake. The profiles were obtained by interpolation of the 3-D Vs structure in Zheng et al. (2011). The profiles were obtained by the interpolation of the 3-D Vs structure in Zheng et al. (2011)

표 (a) Seismic profile crossing the epicentral area in a NW-SE direction and (b) its interpretation showing pop-up structures (in rectangles)

표 (a) Seismic profile crossing the epicentral area in a NW-SE direction and (b) its interpretation showing pop-up structures (in rectangles)

표 (a) Seismic profile V-1 showing anticlinal structures Gorae V and Dolgorae in a NW-SE direction and (b) its interpretive line drawings. The epicenter of the 2016 Mw 5.0 earthquake is above the Gorae V structure. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 (a) Seismic profile V-2 showing anticlinal structure Gorae V in a NE-SW direction and (b) its interpretive line drawings. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 Fault traces on the 16.5 Ma boundary in the epicentral area of the 2016 MW 5.0 earthquake. The focal mechanism solutions of the four events denoted by green circles in the epicentral area of the 2016 MW 5.0 earthquake are from Hong et al. (2020). Note that the faults in the F1 group and F2-1 typically consist of northern and southern portions striking NNE-SSW and NW-SE, respectively. The dotted lines represent the locations of seismic profiles labeled with a figure number in the text. The yellow rectangle denotes the area of 3-D seismic data acquisition

표 Sequential restoration of depth model of profile V-1. The star denotes the epicenter of the 2016 Mw 5.0 earthquake

표 Sequential restoration of depth model of profile V-2. The star denotes the epicenter of the 2016 Mw 5.0 earthquake

표 Sparker profile showing the sedimentary structure of the Gorae V anticline. The star denotes the epicenter of the 2016 MW 5.0 earthquake. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 The maximum magnitude of earthquakes (Mmax) expected at the SE continental margin of the Korean Peninsula computed by the HA3 software (Kijko et al., 2016)

표 The mean P-axis trajectories in east Asia created by India-Asia collision compiled from Xu et al. (1992) and Park et al. (2006). The P-axis orientations (red bars) in and around the Korean Peninsula are from Choi et al. (2012). The white and cyan arrows represent the present the direction of compression at the Korean margin (Kim et al., 2016) and the deformation on the back-arc side of the SW Japan Arc (Nishimura & Takada, 2017), respectively

표 Horizontal slices of Vs (km/s) at the depth of (a) 120, (b) 110, (c) 100, (d) 90, (e) 80, (f) 70 km. The P-axis orientations (red bars) in and around the Korean Peninsula are from Choi et al. (2012). The white and cyan arrows represent the present the direction of compression at the Korean margin (Kim et al., 2016) and the deformation on the back-arc side of the SW Japan Arc (Nishimura & Takada, 2017), respectively

표 Map showing the Korean Peninsula (KP) and the Japan Arc. Plate boundaries are denoted by yellow lines. The red rectangle indicates the study area shown in 그림 1-3. PA, PP = Pacific and Philippine Sea Plates, respectively. JB, UB, and YB = Japan, Ulleung, and Yamato Basins, respectively. The inset shows the satellite image of the SE Korean Peninsula depicted by a dashed-line rectangle (from Google Earth)

표 Schematic diagram showing back-arc rifting and spreading associated with the separation of the SW Japan Arc from (near) the Korean Peninsula (modified from Kim et al., 2018). (A) Positon of the SW Japan Arc before back-arc rifting. (B) Initiation of back-arc rifting in the Late Oligocene and breakup. (C) Main phase of separation of the SW Japan Arc with clockwise rotation in the Early to Middle Miocene. (D) Back-arc closing since the Middle Miocene. The tectonic event chart of the Korean margin was drawn from Ingle, Jr. (1992) and Lee and Kim (2002). Qt and Plio = Quaternary and Pliocene, respectively

표 Locations of high-resolution seismic profiles in the study area. Seismic profiles referred to in the text are plotted as thick red lines labeled with a figure number

표 (a) Seismic profile 11 and (b) its interpretive line drawings. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 (a) Seismic profile 15 and (b) its interpretive line drawings. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 (a) Seismic profile 17 and (b) its interpretive line drawings. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 (a) Seismic profile 19 and (b) its interpretive line drawings. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 (a) MCS profile from Lee et al. (2011) with stratigraphic interpretation and (b) seismic profile 30 and interpretive drawings. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 Locations of faults in the study area

표 Model for the development of the duplex with the strain diagram under (a) NNW-SSE (or N-S) compression since ~15 Ma and (b) ENE-SWS compression since sometime after 5.5 Ma

표 Regional map of the eastern continental margin of the Korean Peninsula in the East Sea (Japan Sea). JP, UB, and YB = Japan, Ulleung, and Yamato Basins, respectively; KP = Korea Plateau. The epicenters and magnitude of the earthquakes offshore the Korean Peninsula are shown. The red rectangle indicates the area in 그림 1-2 encompassing the study area

표 Detailed bathymetry of the middle eastern Korean margin overlain with the locations of high-resolution reflection seismic profiles. The seismic profiles that are referred to in the text are highlighted as thick lines and labeled with a figure number. The epicenters and magnitude of the earthquakes since 1982 are shown. The black dotted-line rectangle indicates the area of the geologic map in 그림 1-8. The trace of the Hupo Fault is from Han et al. (2019). HB = Hupo Basin; HP = Hupo Bank. SSP, MSP, and MAP = single-channel sparker, multi-channel sparker, and multi-channel air gun profiles, respectively

표 Annual number of seismic events larger than (a) ML 3.0 and (b) ML 1.0 at the middle eastern Korean margin from 36°N to 37.5°N and from 129.2°E to 132.3°E since 1982

표 Schematic diagrams showing the processes of back-arc rifting with the separation of the SW Japan Arc at the middle eastern Korean margin (modified from Kim et al. 2018). (a) Back-arc rifting. (b) Breakup, back-arc spreading, and clockwise rotation of the SW Japan Arc. SKP = South Korean Plateau, HF = Hupo Fault, and UB = Ulleung Basin

표 Seismic profile showing the structure of the Hupo Basin. See 그림 1-2 for location. The inset shows the uninterpreted profile. The sediment fill consists of U-1 (syn-rift) and U-2 (post-rift) units. HF = Hupo Fault

표 Seismic profile crossing the Hupo Basin. The inset shows the uninterpreted profile. The sediment fill consists of U-1 (syn-rift) and U-2 (post-rift) units. See 그림 1-2 for location. Fault F-1 is interpreted as domino faults synthetic to the Hupo Fault. Deformation by fault F-1 is recognized in the overlying sediments. HF = Hupo Fault

표 Seismic profile crossing earthquake cluster B in the Hupo Basin. The inset shows the uninterpreted profile. See 그림 1-2 for location. HF = Hupo Fault

표 Geologic map showing offshore fault traces at the middle eastern Korean margin. The white dotted-line rectangle denotes the zone of clustered earthquakes (see 그림 1-9a for detailed locations of epicenters). HB = Hupo Basin; HP = Hupo Bank. The focal mechanism solutions are from Kang et al. (2012). The focal mechanism solutions in red color are representative of the areas depicted by a dotted circle

표 (a) Epicenters of the clustered earthquakes, (b) and (c) locations hypocenters of cluster A, B, respectively, plotted on the crustal Vs (km/s) sections along lines through the clusters (lines 1 - 1’ and 2 - 2’ in 그림 1-9a). The yellow dotted line indicates the inferred upper and lower crustal boundary. The Vs sections are displayed with the same horizontal and vertical scales

표 Maximum magnitude of earthquakes (Mmax) expected at the middle eastern Korean margin computed by the HA3 software (Kijko et al., 2016)

표 Physiography of the continental margin of the Korean Peninsula in the East Sea (Japan Sea). JB, UB and YB = Japan, Ulleung, and Yamato Basins, respectively. NKP, SKP, and YM (= North Korea Plateau, South Korea Plateau, and Yamato Bank, respectively) are fragmented continental crust. The red rectangle indicates the study area covering the SKP with detailed bathymetry shown in 그림 2-2

표 Detailed bathymetry of the SKP overlain with the epicenters of earthquakes instrumentally recorded by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) from 1982 to 2020. The black and white tracks are reflection seismic lines shot by the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) and the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), respectively. The locations of seismic profile sections that are referred to in the text are highlighted as thick red lines and labeled with a figure number. The dotted rectangle indicates the area for estimating the maximum expected magnitude of earthquakes (Mmax) in this study

표 Annual number of seismic events larger than ML 0.8 at the SKP from 1982 to 2020. The events were recorded by the KMA

표 Schematic diagrams showing the processes of back-arc rifting to breakup at the eastern Korean margin associated with the separation of the SW Japan Arc (modified from Kim et al. 2018). (a) Initiation of back-arc rifting and breakup at the northern Korean margin. (b) Back-arc rifting and breakup at the eastern Korean margin

표 (a) Seismic profile showing the structure of the Bandal Rift (see 그림 2-2 for location) and (b) its interpretive line drawings. The rift-bounding fault is depicted in red. WFB = western bounding fault of the Bandan Rift. U-1 and U-2 = syn-rift and post-rift sedimentary units, respectively

표 (a) Seismic profile showing the structure of the Onnuri Rift (see 그림 2-2 for location) and (b) its interpretive line drawings. Note that the basement of the Onnuri Rift is deformed by domino-style normal faulting between the eastern and antithetic western bounding faults, EFO and WFO, respectively (see the text). The rift-bounding fault is depicted in red. U-1 and U-2 = syn-rift and post-rift sedimentary units, respectively

표 (a) Seismic profile showing the structure of the Okgye Rift (see 그림 2-2 for location) and (b) its interpretive line drawings. The rift-bounding fault is depicted in red. U-1 and U-2 = syn-rift and post-rift sedimentary units, respectively

표 Geologic structural map of the South Korea Plateau overlain with the epicenters of earthquakes. WFO = Western bounding fault of the Onnuri Rift

표 Seismic profile showing sedimentary structure above the acoustic basement in the Onnuri Rift (see 그림 2-2 for location). The arrows indicate faults that enable the recognition of increasing vertical separations of the sedimentary layers with depth in post-rift unit U-2

표 Maximum magnitude of earthquakes (Mmax) expected at the SKP and their return period (RP) computed by the HA3 software (Kijko et al., 2016)

표/그림 (63)

표 자력계 센서 테스트를 위해 차륜 투입전과 후의 무인수상선 조사 측선

표 자력계 노이즈를 측정하기 위해 거리별 자기노이즈 측정 방법 예

표 2020년 10월 15일 00시부터 30분 간격의 선박 소음준위의 시/공간 분포 예

표 겨울과 여름철 2D 능동 음향탐지 성능 분석 가시화 체계 예

표 Line 01의 (a) 잡음제거전 탄성파단면, (b) 인공지능으로 예측된 잡음, (c) 잡음제거후 탄성파단면

표 각 루프에서의 유사 레이블링된 학습 자료와 전이 학습 후 예측된 속도 구조

표 (a) Plate boundaries in NE Asia (modified from Taira 2001). PA, PP, and OP = Pacific, Philippine Sea, and Okhotsk Sea plates; SI = Sakhalin Island; ISTL = Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line. (b) Physiography of the East Sea (Japan Sea). The red rectangle indicates the area with detailed bathymetry of the Korean margin shown in 그림 1-2. JB, UB, and YB = Japan, Ulleung, and Yamato Basins, respectively; NKP = North Korea Plateau; SKP = South Korea Plateau; OK = Oki Bank; YM = Yamato Bank; SI = Sakhalin Island; NT = Nankai Trough; JT = Japan Trench; KS = Korea Strait; TS = Tsushima Strait

표 Detailed bathymetry of the eastern Korean margin with the overlay of faults associated with back-arc rifting and the zone of breakup. The arrows indicate the direction of extension inferred from fault configuration. The epicenters and magnitude of the earthquakes that occurred at the Korean margin from 1978 to 2016 (from Kang et al. 2013 and the Korea Meteorological Administration) are shown. WSKP and ESKP = western and eastern blocks of the South Korea Plateau; UB = Ulleung Basin; BB, ON, OB, and HB = Bandal, Onnuri, Okgye, and Hupo Basins, respectively, created by back-arc rifting; OK = Oki Bank. Focal mechanism solutions are from Choi et al. (2012) and Kang et al. (2013)

표 Seismic profile showing the structure of the Onnuri Basin in the western block of the South Korea Plateau (WSKP) (see Fig.3-12 for location). Note that domino-style normal faulting is a dominant rift fabric. See text for explanations

표 (a) P-wave velocity cross-section of the mantle along transect A-A’ (see Fig. 4b for location) from the GAP-P4 model (Obayashi et al. 2013) available at http://csmap.jamstec. go.jp/csmap/ (b) Horizontal slice of S-wave velocity at 70 km depth in the East Sea and its surrounding regions

표 Schematic diagram showing episodes of back-arc rifting to spreading sequentially from the northern to southern parts of the Korea margin (modified from Kim et al. 2015). (a) Initiation of ack-arc rifting and breakup at the northern margin. The position of the SW Japan Arc before its separation from the continental margin of the Korean Peninsula is from Kojima et al. (2008) and Hisada et al. (2008). (b) Back-arc rifting and breakup at the southern margin. (c) Back-arc spreading and clockwise rotation of the SW Japan Arc. See text for explanations

표 (a) Map showing the tectonic plates around the Korean Peninsula (from Kim et al., 2016). The rectangle indicates the area in 그림 2-3. The arrows indicate the direction of the maximum compressive stress in the southeastern Korean Peninsula inferred from the slip analysis of Quaternary faults (from Park et al., 2006). PA, PP, and OP = Pacific, Philippine Sea, and Okhotsk plates, respectively. (b) Geological map of the southeastern Korean Peninsula (modified from Ree et al., 2003)

표 Focal mechanism solutions of selected events from the 2016 ML 5.8 earthquake sequence. Focal mechanisms of the foreshock (ML 5.1), mainshock (ML 5.8), and largest aftershock (ML 4.5) are represented by green, red, and cyan stars, respectively. Inset shows a potential generating mechanism with a geometry similar to the orientation of faults in the area. YSF = Yangsan fault. (From Kim et al., 2018)

표 Locations of seismic profiles overlain with the offshore extension of the Yangsan Fault (“F1”) and Riedel shears (“F2, F3, and F4”) (from Kim et al., 2016). The seismic profiles shown in this study are plotted as thick yellow lines labeled with a figure number

표 (a) Seismic profile A-08 showing faults F1, F2, and F3, and (b) its interpretive line drawings. U-1, U-2a, U-2b, and U-3 denote Pliocene, Early and Late Pleistocene, and Holocene sequences, respectively. Reflector R1 is the top of the acoustic basement. Reflectors R2, Rp, and R3 are bases of U-2a, U-2b, and U-3, respectively. Green dots are used as offset piercing points. See 그림 2-3 for location

표 (a) Seismic profile A-09 showing faults F1, F3, and F4, and (b) its interpretive line drawings. U-1, U-2a, U-2b, and U-3 denote Pliocene, Early and Late Pleistocene, and Holocene sequences, respectively. Reflector R1 is the top of the acoustic basement. Reflectors R2, Rp, and R3 are bases of U-2a, U-2b, and U-3, respectively. Green dots are used as offset piercing points. See 그림 2-3 for location

표 (a) Seismic profile D-05 showing faults F1 and F4, and (b) its interpretive line drawings. Green dots are used as offset piercing points. See 그림 2-3 for location

표 Model for movement of the Yangsan Fault. (a) Before and (b) after right-lateral slip in the Quaternary

표 Along-strike elevation profiles of unconformity R2 on the upthrown eastern (red) and downthrown western (blue) blocks of fault F1

표 Schematic diagrams showing the processes of back-arc evolution associated with the separation of the Japan Arc from the Korean continental margin (modified from Kim et al. 2018). (a) Initiation of back-arc rifting and breakup behind the Japan Arc. (b) Back-arc rifting and breakup at the eastern Korean margin. (c) Back-arc spreading and clockwise rotation of the SW Japan Arc. (d) Back-arc closing

표 Locations of seismic profiles. The seismic profiles referred to in the text are highlighted as thick lines and labeled with a figure number. The yellow rectangle denotes the area of 3-D seismic data acquisition. The blue rectangle indicates the area showing fault traces in 그림 1-9

표 Vertical profiles showing Vs structure along (a) C-1 and (b) C-2 (see Fig. 1b for location). The Moho (yellow line) is estimated to be represented by the 4.0 km/s contour in the Korean Peninsula and the 3.75 km/s contour under the back-arc oceanic crust. The upper and lower crust boundary in continental crust is denoted by the red line. The red star denotes the hypocenter of the 2016 MW 5.0 earthquake. The profiles were obtained by interpolation of the 3-D Vs structure in Zheng et al. (2011). The profiles were obtained by the interpolation of the 3-D Vs structure in Zheng et al. (2011)

표 (a) Seismic profile crossing the epicentral area in a NW-SE direction and (b) its interpretation showing pop-up structures (in rectangles)

표 (a) Seismic profile crossing the epicentral area in a NW-SE direction and (b) its interpretation showing pop-up structures (in rectangles)

표 (a) Seismic profile V-1 showing anticlinal structures Gorae V and Dolgorae in a NW-SE direction and (b) its interpretive line drawings. The epicenter of the 2016 Mw 5.0 earthquake is above the Gorae V structure. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 (a) Seismic profile V-2 showing anticlinal structure Gorae V in a NE-SW direction and (b) its interpretive line drawings. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 Fault traces on the 16.5 Ma boundary in the epicentral area of the 2016 MW 5.0 earthquake. The focal mechanism solutions of the four events denoted by green circles in the epicentral area of the 2016 MW 5.0 earthquake are from Hong et al. (2020). Note that the faults in the F1 group and F2-1 typically consist of northern and southern portions striking NNE-SSW and NW-SE, respectively. The dotted lines represent the locations of seismic profiles labeled with a figure number in the text. The yellow rectangle denotes the area of 3-D seismic data acquisition

표 Sequential restoration of depth model of profile V-1. The star denotes the epicenter of the 2016 Mw 5.0 earthquake

표 Sequential restoration of depth model of profile V-2. The star denotes the epicenter of the 2016 Mw 5.0 earthquake

표 Sparker profile showing the sedimentary structure of the Gorae V anticline. The star denotes the epicenter of the 2016 MW 5.0 earthquake. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 The maximum magnitude of earthquakes (Mmax) expected at the SE continental margin of the Korean Peninsula computed by the HA3 software (Kijko et al., 2016)

표 The mean P-axis trajectories in east Asia created by India-Asia collision compiled from Xu et al. (1992) and Park et al. (2006). The P-axis orientations (red bars) in and around the Korean Peninsula are from Choi et al. (2012). The white and cyan arrows represent the present the direction of compression at the Korean margin (Kim et al., 2016) and the deformation on the back-arc side of the SW Japan Arc (Nishimura & Takada, 2017), respectively

표 Horizontal slices of Vs (km/s) at the depth of (a) 120, (b) 110, (c) 100, (d) 90, (e) 80, (f) 70 km. The P-axis orientations (red bars) in and around the Korean Peninsula are from Choi et al. (2012). The white and cyan arrows represent the present the direction of compression at the Korean margin (Kim et al., 2016) and the deformation on the back-arc side of the SW Japan Arc (Nishimura & Takada, 2017), respectively

표 Map showing the Korean Peninsula (KP) and the Japan Arc. Plate boundaries are denoted by yellow lines. The red rectangle indicates the study area shown in 그림 1-3. PA, PP = Pacific and Philippine Sea Plates, respectively. JB, UB, and YB = Japan, Ulleung, and Yamato Basins, respectively. The inset shows the satellite image of the SE Korean Peninsula depicted by a dashed-line rectangle (from Google Earth)

표 Schematic diagram showing back-arc rifting and spreading associated with the separation of the SW Japan Arc from (near) the Korean Peninsula (modified from Kim et al., 2018). (A) Positon of the SW Japan Arc before back-arc rifting. (B) Initiation of back-arc rifting in the Late Oligocene and breakup. (C) Main phase of separation of the SW Japan Arc with clockwise rotation in the Early to Middle Miocene. (D) Back-arc closing since the Middle Miocene. The tectonic event chart of the Korean margin was drawn from Ingle, Jr. (1992) and Lee and Kim (2002). Qt and Plio = Quaternary and Pliocene, respectively

표 Locations of high-resolution seismic profiles in the study area. Seismic profiles referred to in the text are plotted as thick red lines labeled with a figure number

표 (a) Seismic profile 11 and (b) its interpretive line drawings. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 (a) Seismic profile 15 and (b) its interpretive line drawings. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 (a) Seismic profile 17 and (b) its interpretive line drawings. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 (a) Seismic profile 19 and (b) its interpretive line drawings. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 (a) MCS profile from Lee et al. (2011) with stratigraphic interpretation and (b) seismic profile 30 and interpretive drawings. See 그림 1-3 for location

표 Locations of faults in the study area

표 Model for the development of the duplex with the strain diagram under (a) NNW-SSE (or N-S) compression since ~15 Ma and (b) ENE-SWS compression since sometime after 5.5 Ma

표 Regional map of the eastern continental margin of the Korean Peninsula in the East Sea (Japan Sea). JP, UB, and YB = Japan, Ulleung, and Yamato Basins, respectively; KP = Korea Plateau. The epicenters and magnitude of the earthquakes offshore the Korean Peninsula are shown. The red rectangle indicates the area in 그림 1-2 encompassing the study area

표 Detailed bathymetry of the middle eastern Korean margin overlain with the locations of high-resolution reflection seismic profiles. The seismic profiles that are referred to in the text are highlighted as thick lines and labeled with a figure number. The epicenters and magnitude of the earthquakes since 1982 are shown. The black dotted-line rectangle indicates the area of the geologic map in 그림 1-8. The trace of the Hupo Fault is from Han et al. (2019). HB = Hupo Basin; HP = Hupo Bank. SSP, MSP, and MAP = single-channel sparker, multi-channel sparker, and multi-channel air gun profiles, respectively

표 Annual number of seismic events larger than (a) ML 3.0 and (b) ML 1.0 at the middle eastern Korean margin from 36°N to 37.5°N and from 129.2°E to 132.3°E since 1982

표 Schematic diagrams showing the processes of back-arc rifting with the separation of the SW Japan Arc at the middle eastern Korean margin (modified from Kim et al. 2018). (a) Back-arc rifting. (b) Breakup, back-arc spreading, and clockwise rotation of the SW Japan Arc. SKP = South Korean Plateau, HF = Hupo Fault, and UB = Ulleung Basin

표 Seismic profile showing the structure of the Hupo Basin. See 그림 1-2 for location. The inset shows the uninterpreted profile. The sediment fill consists of U-1 (syn-rift) and U-2 (post-rift) units. HF = Hupo Fault

표 Seismic profile crossing the Hupo Basin. The inset shows the uninterpreted profile. The sediment fill consists of U-1 (syn-rift) and U-2 (post-rift) units. See 그림 1-2 for location. Fault F-1 is interpreted as domino faults synthetic to the Hupo Fault. Deformation by fault F-1 is recognized in the overlying sediments. HF = Hupo Fault

표 Seismic profile crossing earthquake cluster B in the Hupo Basin. The inset shows the uninterpreted profile. See 그림 1-2 for location. HF = Hupo Fault

표 Geologic map showing offshore fault traces at the middle eastern Korean margin. The white dotted-line rectangle denotes the zone of clustered earthquakes (see 그림 1-9a for detailed locations of epicenters). HB = Hupo Basin; HP = Hupo Bank. The focal mechanism solutions are from Kang et al. (2012). The focal mechanism solutions in red color are representative of the areas depicted by a dotted circle

표 (a) Epicenters of the clustered earthquakes, (b) and (c) locations hypocenters of cluster A, B, respectively, plotted on the crustal Vs (km/s) sections along lines through the clusters (lines 1 - 1’ and 2 - 2’ in 그림 1-9a). The yellow dotted line indicates the inferred upper and lower crustal boundary. The Vs sections are displayed with the same horizontal and vertical scales

표 Maximum magnitude of earthquakes (Mmax) expected at the middle eastern Korean margin computed by the HA3 software (Kijko et al., 2016)

표 Physiography of the continental margin of the Korean Peninsula in the East Sea (Japan Sea). JB, UB and YB = Japan, Ulleung, and Yamato Basins, respectively. NKP, SKP, and YM (= North Korea Plateau, South Korea Plateau, and Yamato Bank, respectively) are fragmented continental crust. The red rectangle indicates the study area covering the SKP with detailed bathymetry shown in 그림 2-2

표 Detailed bathymetry of the SKP overlain with the epicenters of earthquakes instrumentally recorded by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) from 1982 to 2020. The black and white tracks are reflection seismic lines shot by the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) and the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), respectively. The locations of seismic profile sections that are referred to in the text are highlighted as thick red lines and labeled with a figure number. The dotted rectangle indicates the area for estimating the maximum expected magnitude of earthquakes (Mmax) in this study

표 Annual number of seismic events larger than ML 0.8 at the SKP from 1982 to 2020. The events were recorded by the KMA

표 Schematic diagrams showing the processes of back-arc rifting to breakup at the eastern Korean margin associated with the separation of the SW Japan Arc (modified from Kim et al. 2018). (a) Initiation of back-arc rifting and breakup at the northern Korean margin. (b) Back-arc rifting and breakup at the eastern Korean margin

표 (a) Seismic profile showing the structure of the Bandal Rift (see 그림 2-2 for location) and (b) its interpretive line drawings. The rift-bounding fault is depicted in red. WFB = western bounding fault of the Bandan Rift. U-1 and U-2 = syn-rift and post-rift sedimentary units, respectively

표 (a) Seismic profile showing the structure of the Onnuri Rift (see 그림 2-2 for location) and (b) its interpretive line drawings. Note that the basement of the Onnuri Rift is deformed by domino-style normal faulting between the eastern and antithetic western bounding faults, EFO and WFO, respectively (see the text). The rift-bounding fault is depicted in red. U-1 and U-2 = syn-rift and post-rift sedimentary units, respectively

표 (a) Seismic profile showing the structure of the Okgye Rift (see 그림 2-2 for location) and (b) its interpretive line drawings. The rift-bounding fault is depicted in red. U-1 and U-2 = syn-rift and post-rift sedimentary units, respectively

표 Geologic structural map of the South Korea Plateau overlain with the epicenters of earthquakes. WFO = Western bounding fault of the Onnuri Rift

표 Seismic profile showing sedimentary structure above the acoustic basement in the Onnuri Rift (see 그림 2-2 for location). The arrows indicate faults that enable the recognition of increasing vertical separations of the sedimentary layers with depth in post-rift unit U-2

표 Maximum magnitude of earthquakes (Mmax) expected at the SKP and their return period (RP) computed by the HA3 software (Kijko et al., 2016)

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저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

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