Kim, Ha-Jung
(Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine)
,
Kim, Hyung Young
(Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University College of Medicine)
,
Lee, So-Yeon
(Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine)
,
Seo, Ju-Hee
(Department of Pediatrics, Korea Cancer Center Hospital)
,
Lee, Eun
(Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine)
,
Hong, Soo-Jong
(Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine)
A complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors partially contributes to the development of allergic diseases by affecting development during prenatal and early life. To explain the dramatic increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases, the hygiene hypothesis proposed that early exp...
A complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors partially contributes to the development of allergic diseases by affecting development during prenatal and early life. To explain the dramatic increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases, the hygiene hypothesis proposed that early exposure to infection prevented allergic diseases. The hygiene hypothesis has changed to the microbial hypothesis, in which exposure to microbes is closely linked to the development of the early immune system and allergic diseases. The intestinal flora may contribute to allergic disease through its substantial effect on mucosal immunity. Based on findings that exposure to microbial flora early in life can change the Th1/Th2 balance, thus favoring a Th1 cell response, probiotics may be beneficial in preventing allergic diseases. However, evidence from clinical and basic research to prove the efficacy of probiotics in preventing allergy is lacking. To date, studies have yielded inconsistent findings on the usefulness of probiotics in allergic diseases. It is difficult to demonstrate an exact effect of probiotics on asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy because of study limitations, such as different first supplementation period, duration, different strains, short follow-up period, and host factors. However, many studies have demonstrated a significant clinical improvement in atopic dermatitis with the use of probiotics. An accurate understanding of the development of human immunity, intestinal barrier function, intestinal microbiota, and systemic immunity is required to comprehend the effects of probiotics on allergic diseases.
A complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors partially contributes to the development of allergic diseases by affecting development during prenatal and early life. To explain the dramatic increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases, the hygiene hypothesis proposed that early exposure to infection prevented allergic diseases. The hygiene hypothesis has changed to the microbial hypothesis, in which exposure to microbes is closely linked to the development of the early immune system and allergic diseases. The intestinal flora may contribute to allergic disease through its substantial effect on mucosal immunity. Based on findings that exposure to microbial flora early in life can change the Th1/Th2 balance, thus favoring a Th1 cell response, probiotics may be beneficial in preventing allergic diseases. However, evidence from clinical and basic research to prove the efficacy of probiotics in preventing allergy is lacking. To date, studies have yielded inconsistent findings on the usefulness of probiotics in allergic diseases. It is difficult to demonstrate an exact effect of probiotics on asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy because of study limitations, such as different first supplementation period, duration, different strains, short follow-up period, and host factors. However, many studies have demonstrated a significant clinical improvement in atopic dermatitis with the use of probiotics. An accurate understanding of the development of human immunity, intestinal barrier function, intestinal microbiota, and systemic immunity is required to comprehend the effects of probiotics on allergic diseases.
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후속연구
Future research based on extending this concept may help to improve the efficacy of probiotics for preventing and treating allergic diseases, particularly atopic dermatitis. Confirmation of the association between the gut microbiota and the development of allergic diseases in humans awaits future research.
Moreover, the advent of the microbial hypothesis has raised new concerns about the association between immune responses and human gut microbiota and the impact of this association on the development of allergic diseases. Future research based on extending this concept may help to improve the efficacy of probiotics for preventing and treating allergic diseases, particularly atopic dermatitis. Confirmation of the association between the gut microbiota and the development of allergic diseases in humans awaits future research.
We are focusing on how Th2, Th17, and Treg cells along with TSLP influence the effects of probiotics on allergic diseases. However, further studies are needed to identify the additional mechanisms of probiotics on allergic diseases in humans and animal models.
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