[국내논문]국제물품매매계약에 있어서 하자담보책임에 관한 법리 - CISG를 중심으로 - The Rules of Law on Warranty Liability in Contracts for the International Sale of Goods - With Special Reference to CISG -원문보기
In contracts for the international sale of goods, a seller must deliver appropriate goods and hand over relevant documents according to a contract, which will transfer the ownership of the goods to a buyer. In this case, if there are defects in the contracted goods, the warranty liability will occur...
In contracts for the international sale of goods, a seller must deliver appropriate goods and hand over relevant documents according to a contract, which will transfer the ownership of the goods to a buyer. In this case, if there are defects in the contracted goods, the warranty liability will occur. However, in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), a term-the conformity of the goods to the contract-is used universally instead of the warranty. According to the CISG, a seller must deliver goods in conformance with the relevant contract in terms of quantity, quality, and specifications, and they must be contained in vessels or in packages according to the specifications in the contract. In addition, a certain set of requirements for conformity will be applied implicitly except when there is a separate agreement between parties. Further, the base period of conformity concerning the defects of goods is the point when the risk is transferred to the buyer. A seller shall be obliged to deliver goods that do not belong to a third party or subject to a claim then, and such obligations shall affect the right or claim of a third party to some extent based on intellectual property rights clauses. If the goods delivered by the seller lack conformity, or incur right infringement or claim of a third party, then it shall be regarded as a default item per the obligation of the seller. Thus, the buyer can exercise diverse means of relief as specified in Chapter 2, Section 3 (Article 45-Article 52) of the CISG. However, such means of relief have been utilized in various ways for individual cases as shown in judicial precedents made until now. Contracting parties shall thus keep in mind that it is best for them to make every contract airtight and they should implement each contract thoroughly and faithfully to cope with any possible occurrence of a commercial dispute.
In contracts for the international sale of goods, a seller must deliver appropriate goods and hand over relevant documents according to a contract, which will transfer the ownership of the goods to a buyer. In this case, if there are defects in the contracted goods, the warranty liability will occur. However, in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), a term-the conformity of the goods to the contract-is used universally instead of the warranty. According to the CISG, a seller must deliver goods in conformance with the relevant contract in terms of quantity, quality, and specifications, and they must be contained in vessels or in packages according to the specifications in the contract. In addition, a certain set of requirements for conformity will be applied implicitly except when there is a separate agreement between parties. Further, the base period of conformity concerning the defects of goods is the point when the risk is transferred to the buyer. A seller shall be obliged to deliver goods that do not belong to a third party or subject to a claim then, and such obligations shall affect the right or claim of a third party to some extent based on intellectual property rights clauses. If the goods delivered by the seller lack conformity, or incur right infringement or claim of a third party, then it shall be regarded as a default item per the obligation of the seller. Thus, the buyer can exercise diverse means of relief as specified in Chapter 2, Section 3 (Article 45-Article 52) of the CISG. However, such means of relief have been utilized in various ways for individual cases as shown in judicial precedents made until now. Contracting parties shall thus keep in mind that it is best for them to make every contract airtight and they should implement each contract thoroughly and faithfully to cope with any possible occurrence of a commercial dispute.
이에 대하여 국제통일계약법으로 큰 역할을 하고 있는 국제물품매매계약에 관한 UN 협약(United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods; 이하‘CISG’라 한다)에서는 인도의무와 함께 물품의 하자 및 권리의 하자에 관한 매도인의 의무를 규정하고 있다. 그러나 CISG에서는 영미법에서 사용하고 있는 ‘하자담보(Warranty)’라는 표현 대신 ‘물품의 적합성에 관한 매도인의 의무’라는 표현을 쓰고 있으며, 물품이 계약에 적합하지 않은 경우 ‘물품의 적합성 결여(lack of conformity of the goods)’가 된다. 즉, CISG에서는 물품의 하자담보책임의 문제에 대하여 ‘계약의 적합성(conformity of goods with the contract)’이라는 통일개념을 일원적으로 사용하여 처리하고 있다.
국제물품매매계약에서 매도인은 물품의 소유권을 어떻게 이전하는가?
국제물품매매계약에 있어서 매도인은 계약에 적합한 물품을 인도하고 관련 서류를 교부함으로써 물품에 대한 소유권을 매수인에게 이전하게 된다. 따라서 인도하는 계약목적물에 하자가 있는 경우에는 계약법상 매도인의 채무불이행과 하자담보책임이라는 책임체계가 존재한다.
CISG가 계약부적합의 경우 매도인과 매수인의 법률관계가 어떻게 규율되고 있는지 검토해야 하는 이유는 무엇인가?
한편, CISG는 제1조의 적용기준을 만족시키는 국제물품매매계약에 적용되는데, 매도인이 인도한 물품에 하자(보다 정확하게는 계약부적합)가 있는 경우 매도인과 매수인의 법률관계는 어떻게 규율되고 있는지를 검토할 필요가 있다. 그 이유는 물품의 계약적합성 여부를 판단하는 법원의 관행이 각국의 국내법 및 개별사건의 실제적인 상황에 따라 다양하게 나타나기 때문이다.3)
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