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Abstract AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

Research results on possible effects caused by radiofrequency fields in children are limited because most of the studies published so far have focused on adults, rather than children. Mobile phone use is now widespread, even among younger children. If a biological risk due to mobile phone exposure i...

Keyword

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper 아이콘 AI-Helper

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문제 정의

  • Nevertheless, some recent publications have examined possible age-related differences in exposure from RF radiation of mobile phones. These are reviewed in this paper to provide a better understanding of the current status of the relevant research.
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참고문헌 (24)

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  2. World Health Organization, Establishing a Dialogue on Risks from Electromagnetic Fields, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2002. 

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  4. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, "ICNIRP statement on the guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)," Health Physics, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 257-258, 2009. 

  5. Korea Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Guidelines for EMF Grade, Target Equipment and Labelling (Notification No. 2013-29). Gwacheon, Korea; 2013. 

  6. International Agency for Research on Cancer, "IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans," 2001; http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2011/pdfs/pr208_E.pdf 

  7. P. J. Dimbylow and S. M. Mann, "SAR calculations in an anatomically realistic model of the head for mobile communication transceivers at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz," Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 1537-1553, 1994. 

  8. O. P. Gandhi, G. Lazzi, and C. M. Furse, "Electromagnetic absorption in the human head and neck for mobile telephones at 835 and 1,900 MHz," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 1884-1897, 1996. 

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  10. A. K. Lee, J. K. Byun, J. S. Park, H. D. Choi, and J. Yun, "Development of 7-year-old Korean child model for computational dosimetry," ETRI Journal, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 237-239, 2009. 

  11. A. Christ, W. Kainz, E. G. Hahn, K. Honegger, M. Zefferer, E. Neufeld, et al., "The virtual family: development of surface-based anatomical models of two adults and two children for dosimetric simulations," Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. N23-N38, 2010. 

  12. F. Schonborn, M. Burkhardt, and N. Kuster, "Differences in energy absorption between heads of adults and children in the near field of sources," Health Physics, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 160-168, 1998. 

  13. IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining the Peak Spatial-Average Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Human Head from Wireless Communications Devices: Measurement Techniques, IEEE Standard 1528-2013, 2013. 

  14. Human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices - Human models, instrumentation, and procedures - Part 1: Procedure to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR) for hand-held devices used in close proximity to the ear (frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz), IEC 62209-1:2005, 2005. 

  15. E. van Rogen, E. W. Roubos, L. M. van Aernsbergen, G. Brussaard, J. Havenaar, F. B. Koops, et al., "Mobile phones and children: Is precaution warranted?," Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 142-144, 2005. 

  16. W. Kainz, A. Christ, T. Kellom, S. Seidman, N. Nikoloski, B. Beard, and N. Kuster, "Dosimetric comparison of the specific anthropomorphic mannequin to 14 anatomical head models using a novel definition for the mobile phone positioning," Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 50, no. 14, pp. 3423-3445, 2005. 

  17. B. B. Beard, W. Kainz, T. Onishi, T. Iyama, S. Watanabe, O. Fujiwara, et al., "Comparisons of computed mobile phone induced SAR in the SAM phantom to that in anatomically correct models of the human head," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 397-407, 2006. 

  18. J. Wiart, A. Hadjem, M. F. Wong, and I. Bloch, "Analysis of RF exposure in the head tissues of children and adults," Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 53, no. 13, pp. 3681-3695, 2008. 

  19. A. K. Lee, H. D. Choi, and J. I. Choi, "Study on SARs in head models with different shapes by age using SAM model for mobile phone exposure at 835 MHz," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 302-312, 2007. 

  20. A. K. Lee and J. Yun, "A comparison of specific absorption rates in SAM phantom and child head models at 835 and 1,900 MHz," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 619-627, 2011. 

  21. A. Peyman, A. A. Rezazadeh, and C. Gabriel, "Changes in the dielectric properties of rat tissue as a function of age at microwave frequencies," Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 1617-1629, 2001. 

  22. J. Wang, O. Fujiwara, and S. Watanabe, "Approximation of aging effect on dielectric tissue properties for SAR assessment of mobile telephones," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 408-413, 2006. 

  23. A. Peyman, C. Gabriel, E. H. Grant, G. Vermeeren, and L. Martens, "Variation of the dielectric properties of tissues with age: the effect on the values of SAR in children when exposed to walkie-talkie devices," Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 227-241, 2009. 

  24. A. Christ, M. C. Gosselin, M. Christopoulou, S. Kuhn, and N. Kuster, "Age-dependent tissue-specific exposure of cell phone users," Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 1767-1783, 2010. 

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