초록 ▼

○ 연구결과
함초의 고유의 녹색을 그대로 유지하는 함초고압열수분무소금의 제조 기술을 확립한 다음, 함초고압열수분무소금이 포장 및 이용 시 날리는 불편함과 보관 중 수분 흡수 방지를 보안한 함초고압열수분무소금원단을 제조하였다. 또한 함초고압열수분무소금원단의 고 생산 단가를 절감할 수 있는 함초미세분말원단과 함초초미세분말원단을, 그리고 함초와 더불어 생물소재의 기능성을 접목시킨 함초식물소금들을 제조하였다. 상기의 제조방법에 따라 제조된 다양한 식물소금들은 55~23%로 기존소금에 비해 짠맛이 약한 단점이 있으나 항산화, 혈당강하,

○ 연구결과
함초의 고유의 녹색을 그대로 유지하는 함초고압열수분무소금의 제조 기술을 확립한 다음, 함초고압열수분무소금이 포장 및 이용 시 날리는 불편함과 보관 중 수분 흡수 방지를 보안한 함초고압열수분무소금원단을 제조하였다. 또한 함초고압열수분무소금원단의 고 생산 단가를 절감할 수 있는 함초미세분말원단과 함초초미세분말원단을, 그리고 함초와 더불어 생물소재의 기능성을 접목시킨 함초식물소금들을 제조하였다. 상기의 제조방법에 따라 제조된 다양한 식물소금들은 55~23%로 기존소금에 비해 짠맛이 약한 단점이 있으나 항산화, 혈당강하, 그리고 혈압 상승 관련 효소 저해 활성 등의 생리활성을 발휘하고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 생리활성 및 관능평가에서 식물소금으로 적합하다고 판정된 함초고압열수분무소금과 함초식물소금은 과음과 과식을 이해 비만과 당뇨가 유발되는 db/db mice에 섭취시킨바 뚜렷한 항당뇨 효과를 나타내지는 않았으나 당뇨와 그 합병증 발병에 밀접하게 관련된 HbA1c 생성 억제 효과를 나타냈으며 간과 지방조직에서 지질과산화물 생성 억제 효과는 매우 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 염 섭취에 의해 자발적으로 혈압이 상승하는 염민감쥐(SS rat)에서는 이들 함초식물소금이 식이 전과 거의 유사한 수축기와 이완기 혈압을 나타냈다. 또한 천일염(SS)에 비해 낮은 ACE 저해 활성을 보였으며 NO 생성량을 증가시켜 혈압을 낮추는데 관여하는 VEGF 발현량을 높이고 myosin phosphatase를 저해하여 혈관긴장도(vascular tone)를 높여 혈압을 상승시키는데 관여하는 RhoA 발현량을 낮추어 혈압 상승을 억제하는 효과를 보였다. 그에 더하여 이들 식물소금은 혈중의 지질과산화물과 간에서의 단백질 산화물의 함량이 낮추어 과다 소금섭취로부터 오는 산화적 스트레스를 줄여 준 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 함초식물소금(GSD, GG)는 미네랄이 풍부한 천일염보다 지방조직에서 인슐린 신호전달에 negative 조절 인자인 pIRS1Ser307의 발현량을 낮추어 이들 소금이 염민감쥐에서 인슐린 신호전달 개선에 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 현재 함초식물소금들의 섭취에 따른 각 조직에서 대사체 산물들도 크게 차이가 있음을 확인하였으며 특이적으로 생성되고 있는 대사체 물질들을 구명 중에 있다.

Abstract ▼

III. Research results and suggestions
Among halophytes, glasswort was used in this study as this plant has been studied well and contains large quantities of NaCl, minerals, and heealth-beneficial substances. The first part was conducted to develop a method to prepare glasswort-derived salt conta

III. Research results and suggestions
Among halophytes, glasswort was used in this study as this plant has been studied well and contains large quantities of NaCl, minerals, and heealth-beneficial substances. The first part was conducted to develop a method to prepare glasswort-derived salt containing high contents of minerals and health-beneficial substances. Then, the salts were evaluated in vitro and in vivo for the blood-pressure-lowering and antidiabetic activities.
1. Preparation of glasswort-derived salt
Glasswort was extracted with water at 130℃ for 5 hrs as this condition extracted higher activities of antioxidant, ACE inhibition, and α-glucosidase inhibition and higher contents of phenolic compounds compared to other condions tested. The high pressure-hot water extract was used for the preparation of salt. The extract was spray-dried (GSD) or heat-concentrated and freeze-dried (GHC). Glasswort heat-concentrated and freeze-dried salt (GHC) and glasswort spray-dried salt (GSD) had similar NaCl contents and functional activities such as ACE inhibition and α-glucosidase inhibition activities. However, sensory evaluation showed that GHC gave burning taste, and was not good in color and overall acceptability. Therefore, GSD was used for further experiments.
It is not easy to use GSD in real situation as it is in powder form and easy to absorb moisture. GSD was specially formulated into a particle (GSDT) that was coated with carboxymethylcellulose to prevent moisture absorption. There were no significant differences in sensory evaluation between GSD and GSDT. However, Formulation of GSD into particle is relatively expensive. Thus, we have produced other type of glasswort-derived salts. Dry glasswort was grinded into fine powder or ultrafine powder (particle size less than 17 μm) and formulated into particles (termed GMT and GHT, respectively). Both glasswort-derived salts made of powder were evaluated for health-beneficial activities including antioxidant, ACE inhibitory, etc and for taste. Both GMT and GHT showed high health-beneficial activities but were not good in sensory evaluation. Therefore, we have decided to use GSD for further experiments.
2. Preparation of other types of plant-derived salts
We have screened other plant sources that may contain activities for lowering blood pressure. We selected two plants, and prepared extracts. These plant extracts were added to glasswort extracts and formulated into salts. These plant-derived salts showed higher ACE inhibitory, antioxidative activities and higher contents of phenolic compounds compared to GSD. One of plant-derived salts is termed GG.
3. Animal experiments using GSD and GG for the evaluation of blood pressure-lowering and antidiabetic actvities
GSD and GG were investigated for antidiabetic activity using db/db mous which is lacking of leptin receptor, eats too much, and becomes type 2 diabetic mouse. The db/db mice were fed 1% mineral-rich solar salt (SS), 2% GSD and GG for 5 weeks that had 50% NaCl contents.
There were no significant differences in blood glucose levels and oral glucose tolerance test among the groups. Blood insulin level was higher in control group (fed no salt), but there was no statistically significant differences among the other groups. The level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was lower in GG and GSD groups than SS and control groups. GG group showed the lowest HbA1c level, indicating that GG group had been exposed to the lowest level of blood glucose. GSD group showed the next lowest level of HbA1c. It is known that the oxidative stress induces most of metabolic syndromes including diabetes, high blood pressure, and hyperlipidemia, etc.. The oxidation of lipids was determined by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The TBARS values of plasma in GSD and GG groups were lower than those in SS and control groups. GG group showed the lowest TBARS value, indicating that GG group had the lowest oxidative stress.
GSD and GG were investigated for the blood pressure-lowering activity compared to solar salt (SS). Diets containing three different types of salts (GSD, GG, and SS) were fed to Dahl salt-sensitive rats and blood pressure was measured using telemetry blood pressure measurement instrument in which a sensor was put inside body of rat. GSD and SS groups showed gradual increments of systolic and diastolic blood pressures. GSD group showed lower blood pressure than SS group did. Surprisingly, systolic and diastolic blood pressures of GG group did not increase during 5 week period. We never expected that there is a salt that does not increase blood pressure in salt-sensitive rat. The rats fed GSD and GG showed lower ACE activity in plasma than those fed SS. Expression of VEGF (vescular endothelial growth factor) increased in GSD and GG group compared to that of SS, which was determined by immunoblotting using antibody raised against VEGF. This results partially explain why GSD and GG had lower blood pressure as VEGF induces relaxation of blood vessel and results in lowering blood pressure. Furthermore, Rho A, which is involved in increasing blood pressure, decreased in GSD and GG group
Metabolic profiles of plasma and urine from rats fed SS, GSD and GG were investigated with UPLC-Q-TOF MS and analysed statistically using multivariant analysis. The separations between defined class samples in the metabolite data set were performed with partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA).
Both PLS-DA score plots of plasma and urine showed a clear separation between SS and plant-derived salt (GSD and GG) along the axes corresponding to the first two PLS components. The score plot indicated that GSD and GG group were separated from the SS group, and the S-plot of plasma and urine indicated that each metabolite contributed to separation between SS and modified salt groups along the axes corresponding to the combined weight (w*) and reliability correlation [p(corr)].

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제 출 문 ... 2
• 요 약 문 ... 3
• SUMMARY ... 12
• CONTENTS ... 15
• 목 차 ... 20
• 제 1 장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 25
• 1. 연구개발의 목적 ... 25
• 제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 27
• 1. 고혈압에 대한 국내·외 연구 현황 ... 27
• 2. 항당뇨에 대한 국내·외 연구 현황 ... 29
• 3. 함초에 대한 국내·외 연구 동향 ... 30
• 제 3 장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 32
• 1. 이론적 및 실험적 접근방법 ... 32
• 2. 연구내용 ... 32
• 3. 연구결과 ... 35
• 3-1. 함초고압열수추출물을 이용한 함초소금의 제조 ... 36
• 3-2. 함초고압추출분말소금과 함초미세분말을 이용한 함초원단의 제조 ... 50
• 3-3. 함초와 생물자원를 이용한 함초식물소금의 제조 ... 61
• 3-4. 염민감쥐에서 함초소금들과 함초식물소금이 혈압과 당뇨에 미치는 영향 ... 67
• 3-5. 정상쥐에서 식물소금들이 혈압과 당뇨에 미치는 영향 ... 72
• 3-6. db/db mice에서 식물소금의 항당뇨 및 항산화 효과 ... 79
• 3-7. 식물소금들이 염민감쥐에서 혈압 상승 억제에 미치는 영향 ... 102
• 제 4 장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 123
• 제 5 장 연구개발 성과 및 성과활용 계획 ... 124
• 1. 실용화·산업화 계획(기술실시 등) ... 124
• 2. 교육·지도·홍보 등 기술확산 계획 등 ... 124
• 3. 특허, 품종, 논문 등 지식재산권 확보계획 등 ... 124
• 4. 추가연구, 타 연구에 활용 계획 등 ... 125
• 제 6 장 참고문헌 ... 125
• 끝페이지 ... 133