흡연은 염증 증가와 관련이 있으며 다양한 질환의 위험 인자이다. 요거트는 건강에 이로운 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이 연구에서는 요거트 섭취가 흡연자들의 혈액학적 변수와 섬유소원 수치에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 연구대상자들은 네 개의 군으로 나누었는데 비흡연자는 대조군과 요거트군으로, 흡연자는 흡연군과 복합군(흡연하면서 요거트 섭취)으로 분류하였다. 연구대상자들은 3주 동안 요거트 섭취와/또는 담배를 피웠으며 3주 후에 혈액학적 변수와 섬유소원의 수치 변화를 조사하였다. 연구 결과, 복합군에서 호중구와 섬유소원의 수치가 의미 있게 증가한 반면 림프구 수치는 감소했다. 호산구 수치는 흡연군에서 의미 있게 증가했지만 복합군에서는 변화가 없었다. 또한 흡연군과 복합군에서 평균혈색소농도가 증가하여 흡연이 적혈구 수명에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 나타냈다. 결론적으로, 이 연구는 요거트 섭취가 흡연자들의 호중구, 림프구, 섬유소원의 수치를 조절함으로써 면역 기능에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것을 보여주었고 흡연군과 달리 복합군에서는 호산구 수치가 증가하지 않음으로써 요거트 섭취가 알레르기 반응에 억제 효과를 가지게 할 수 있다는 것을 나타냈다.
흡연은 염증 증가와 관련이 있으며 다양한 질환의 위험 인자이다. 요거트는 건강에 이로운 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이 연구에서는 요거트 섭취가 흡연자들의 혈액학적 변수와 섬유소원 수치에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 연구대상자들은 네 개의 군으로 나누었는데 비흡연자는 대조군과 요거트군으로, 흡연자는 흡연군과 복합군(흡연하면서 요거트 섭취)으로 분류하였다. 연구대상자들은 3주 동안 요거트 섭취와/또는 담배를 피웠으며 3주 후에 혈액학적 변수와 섬유소원의 수치 변화를 조사하였다. 연구 결과, 복합군에서 호중구와 섬유소원의 수치가 의미 있게 증가한 반면 림프구 수치는 감소했다. 호산구 수치는 흡연군에서 의미 있게 증가했지만 복합군에서는 변화가 없었다. 또한 흡연군과 복합군에서 평균혈색소농도가 증가하여 흡연이 적혈구 수명에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 나타냈다. 결론적으로, 이 연구는 요거트 섭취가 흡연자들의 호중구, 림프구, 섬유소원의 수치를 조절함으로써 면역 기능에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것을 보여주었고 흡연군과 달리 복합군에서는 호산구 수치가 증가하지 않음으로써 요거트 섭취가 알레르기 반응에 억제 효과를 가지게 할 수 있다는 것을 나타냈다.
Smoking is associated with increased inflammation and is a risk factor for a range of diseases. Conversely, yogurt has beneficial effects on health. This study examined the effects of yogurt consumption on the hematological parameters and fibrinogen levels in smokers. The participants were categoriz...
Smoking is associated with increased inflammation and is a risk factor for a range of diseases. Conversely, yogurt has beneficial effects on health. This study examined the effects of yogurt consumption on the hematological parameters and fibrinogen levels in smokers. The participants were categorized into four groups. Non-smokers were assigned to the control and yogurt groups while smokers were assigned to the smoking and combined (yogurt plus smoking) groups. The participants consumed yogurt, and either smoked or did not smoke for three weeks. The changes in hematological parameters and fibrinogen levels were examined. In the combined group, the proportion of neutrophils and fibrinogen levels increased significantly, whereas the lymphocyte proportion decreased. The eosinophil proportion increased significantly in the Smoking group, but no change was observed in the combined group. In addition, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased in the smoking and combined groups, indicating that smoking may affect the lifespan of red blood cells. In conclusion, this study showed that yogurt consumption might influence the immune function by modulating the levels of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and fibrinogen in smokers. Furthermore, the absence of any increase in the eosinophil proportion in the combined group, unlike in the smoking group, suggests that yogurt consumption may have an inhibitory effect on allergic reactions.
Smoking is associated with increased inflammation and is a risk factor for a range of diseases. Conversely, yogurt has beneficial effects on health. This study examined the effects of yogurt consumption on the hematological parameters and fibrinogen levels in smokers. The participants were categorized into four groups. Non-smokers were assigned to the control and yogurt groups while smokers were assigned to the smoking and combined (yogurt plus smoking) groups. The participants consumed yogurt, and either smoked or did not smoke for three weeks. The changes in hematological parameters and fibrinogen levels were examined. In the combined group, the proportion of neutrophils and fibrinogen levels increased significantly, whereas the lymphocyte proportion decreased. The eosinophil proportion increased significantly in the Smoking group, but no change was observed in the combined group. In addition, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased in the smoking and combined groups, indicating that smoking may affect the lifespan of red blood cells. In conclusion, this study showed that yogurt consumption might influence the immune function by modulating the levels of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and fibrinogen in smokers. Furthermore, the absence of any increase in the eosinophil proportion in the combined group, unlike in the smoking group, suggests that yogurt consumption may have an inhibitory effect on allergic reactions.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
문제 정의
The study was conducted to determine if probiotic yogurt, which is known to be beneficial to the human body, could have an effect on the health of moderate smokers. We observed changes in white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in the blood, taking place over the course of a three-week study.
요거트는 건강에 이로운 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이 연구에서는 요거트 섭취가 흡연자들의 혈액학적 변수와 섬유소원 수치에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 연구대상자들은네 개의 군으로 나누었는데 비흡연자는 대조군과 요거트군으로, 흡연자는 흡연군과 복합군(흡연하면서 요거트 섭취)으로 분류하였다.
제안 방법
Although studies for effects of cigarette use and yogurt on health have previously been performed separately, to our knowledge our investigation into the effects of yogurt consumption in smokers is rare. Therefore, this study attempts to respond to this gap in the literature by investigating the possible effects of yogurt consumption in smokers, using hematological parameters and fibrinogen levels.
These participants were divided into 4 groups: Control (no change to routine), Yogurt (160 g of yogurt added to the daily diet), Smoking (10 cigarettes per day), and Combined (160 g of yogurt plus 10 cigarettes per day): 9 subjects were allocated to each group. The yogurt and combined groups consumed 80 g of yogurt twice a day, after breakfast and dinner.
CBC tests were conducted with Sysmex Xn-9000 (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) and fibrinogen levels were measured with the STA-R analyzer (Diagnostica Stago, Asnières sur Seine, France).
Commercialized yogurt contains the bacterial species Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus bifidus, and Streptococcus thermophilus. Before this study began, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) whole blood samples, for complete blood count (CBC) tests and citrated plasma, for fibrinogen measurements, were collected from the subjects. CBC tests were conducted with Sysmex Xn-9000 (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) and fibrinogen levels were measured with the STA-R analyzer (Diagnostica Stago, Asnières sur Seine, France).
The yogurt group consumed 80 g of yogurt twice per day, the smoking group smoked 10 cigarettes per day, and the combined group consumed 80 g of yogurt twice per day, in addition to smoking 10 cigarettes per day. After three weeks, EDTA blood samples were collected and CBC and fibrinogen measurement tests were conducted.
The smoking and combined groups used 10 cigarettes per day. Participants consumed yogurt and/or smoked for three weeks, after which the citrated plasma were collected from the subjects and were measured for fibrinogen levels. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for statistical analysis.
이 연구에서는 요거트 섭취가 흡연자들의 혈액학적 변수와 섬유소원 수치에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 연구대상자들은네 개의 군으로 나누었는데 비흡연자는 대조군과 요거트군으로, 흡연자는 흡연군과 복합군(흡연하면서 요거트 섭취)으로 분류하였다. 연구대상자들은 3주 동안 요거트 섭취와/또는 담배를 피웠으며 3주 후에 혈액학적 변수와 섬유소원의 수치 변화를 조사하였다.
연구대상자들은네 개의 군으로 나누었는데 비흡연자는 대조군과 요거트군으로, 흡연자는 흡연군과 복합군(흡연하면서 요거트 섭취)으로 분류하였다. 연구대상자들은 3주 동안 요거트 섭취와/또는 담배를 피웠으며 3주 후에 혈액학적 변수와 섬유소원의 수치 변화를 조사하였다. 연구 결과, 복합군에서 호중구와 섬유소원의 수치가 의미 있게 증가한 반면 림프구 수치는 감소했다.
대상 데이터
Healthy males aged between 20 and 26, comprising of 18 non-smokers and 18 smokers and not using any medication, were selected for the study (Table 1). Of the smokers, only those using 10 cigarettes per day were included.
This study was conducted for 9 participants per group. Therefore, we implemented the Wilcoxon signed rank test, a nonparametric method for paired data.
데이터처리
Therefore, we implemented the Wilcoxon signed rank test, a nonparametric method for paired data. The Kruskal-Wallis test, nonparametric alternative to one-way ANOVA, was used to compare four groups (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA).
Data are mean±SD. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for statistical analysis. Significance level P＜0.
이론/모형
This study was conducted for 9 participants per group. Therefore, we implemented the Wilcoxon signed rank test, a nonparametric method for paired data. The Kruskal-Wallis test, nonparametric alternative to one-way ANOVA, was used to compare four groups (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA).
성능/효과
연구대상자들은 3주 동안 요거트 섭취와/또는 담배를 피웠으며 3주 후에 혈액학적 변수와 섬유소원의 수치 변화를 조사하였다. 연구 결과, 복합군에서 호중구와 섬유소원의 수치가 의미 있게 증가한 반면 림프구 수치는 감소했다. 호산구 수치는 흡연군에서 의미 있게 증가했지만 복합군에서는 변화가 없었다.
호산구 수치는 흡연군에서 의미 있게 증가했지만 복합군에서는 변화가 없었다. 또한 흡연군과 복합군에서 평균혈색소농도가 증가하여 흡연이 적혈구 수명에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 나타냈다. 결론적으로, 이연구는 요거트 섭취가 흡연자들의 호중구, 림프구, 섬유소원의 수치를 조절함으로써 면역 기능에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것을 보여주었고 흡연군과 달리 복합군에서는 호산구 수치가 증가하지 않음으로써 요거트 섭취가 알레르기 반응에 억제 효과를 가지게 할 수 있다는 것을 나타냈다.
또한 흡연군과 복합군에서 평균혈색소농도가 증가하여 흡연이 적혈구 수명에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 나타냈다. 결론적으로, 이연구는 요거트 섭취가 흡연자들의 호중구, 림프구, 섬유소원의 수치를 조절함으로써 면역 기능에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것을 보여주었고 흡연군과 달리 복합군에서는 호산구 수치가 증가하지 않음으로써 요거트 섭취가 알레르기 반응에 억제 효과를 가지게 할 수 있다는 것을 나타냈다.
후속연구
The small sample size will, unfortunately, mean we can draw no definitive conclusions. Additionally, the short duration of the study does not enable us to determine the long-term impacts of pro-biotic foodstuffs on the health of smokers, which could be an interesting future project. Further studies may be conducted using larger groups of participants, increasing the study duration, and examining more test parameters.
참고문헌 (30)
Rodak BF, Frisma GA, et al. Hematology: Clinical principles and applications. 4th ed. Missouri: Elesevier; 2012. p1-6.
Pryor WA, Prier DG, Church DF. Electron-spin resonance study of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke: nature of the free radicals in gas-phase smoke and in cigarette tar. Environ Health Perspect. 1983;47:345-355. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8347345
Kume A, Kume T, Masuda K, Shibuya F, Yamazaki H. Dose-dependent effects of cigarette smoke on blood biomarkers in healthy japanese volunteers: Observations from smoking and non-smoking. J Health Sci. 2009;55:259-264. https://doi.org/10.1248/jhs.55.259
Nadruz Jr W, Goncalves A, Claggett B, Querejeta RG, Shah AM, Cheng S, et al. Influence of cigarette smoking on cardiac biomarkers: The atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18:629-637. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.511
Liu J, Liang Q, Frost-Pineda K, Muhammad-Kah R, Rimmer L, Roethig H, et al. Relationship between biomarkers of cigarette smoke exposure and biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and platelet activation in adult cigarette smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20:1760-1769. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0987
Astrup A. Yogurt and dairy product consumption to prevent cardiometabolic disease: epidemiologic and experimental studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014; 99(5 Suppl):1235-1242. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.073015
Asemi Z, Jazayeri S, Najafi M, Samimi M, Mofid V, Shidfar F, et al. Effects of daily consumption of probiotic yogurt on inflammatory factors in pregnant woman: a randomized controlled trial. Pak J Biol Sci. 2011;14:476-482. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2011.476.482
Haro C, Lazarte S, Zelaya H, Alvarez S, Aguero G. Yogurt: Effect on leukocytes and blood coagulation in an acute liver injury model. J Med Food. 2009;12:796-802. http://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.0155
Yang JJ, Yu D, Xiang YB, Blot W, White E, Robien K. Association of dietary fiber and yogurt consumption with lung cancer risk: A pooled analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2019;6:E194107. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.4107
Lopez-Garcia E, Leon-Munoz L, Guallar-Castillon P, Rodriguez- Artalejo F. Habitual yogurt consumption and health-related quality of life: A prospective cohort study. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115:31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.05.013
Chu SG, Becker RC, Berger PB, Bhatt DL, Eikelboom JW, Konkle B, et al. Mean platelet volume as a predictor of cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8:148-156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03584.x
Jung ES, Shim HM, Cho DS, Choi JT. The relationship between smoking status and a high white blood cell count. Korean J Fam Med. 1994;15:208-217.
Ahmed OA. Effects of smoking cigarette on white blood cell and platelet parameter on sample of normal subject in Rania city. Imp J Inter discip. Res. 2016;2:887-892.
Grimm RH Jr, Neaton JD, Ludwig W. Prognostic importance of the white blood cell count for coronary cancer and all-cause mortality. JAMA. 1985;254:1932-1937. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03360140090031
Guzik K, Skret J, Smagur J, Bzowska M, Gajkowska B, Scott DA, et al. Cigarette smoke-exposed neutrophils die unconventionally but are rapidly phagocytosed by macrophage. Cell death Dis. 2011:2:E131. https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2011.13
Nishimura M, Ohkawara T, Tetsuka K, Kawasaki Y, Nakagawa R, Satoh H, et al. Effects of yogurt containing Lactobacillus Plantarum HOKKIDO on immune function and stress markers. J Tradit Complement Med. 2016;6:275-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.07.003
Meade TW, Imeson J, Stirling Y. Effects of changes in smoking and other characteristics on clotting factors and the risk of ischaemic heart disease. Lancet. 1987;2:986-988. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92556-6
Cho HM, Kang DR, Kim HC, Oh SM, Kim BK, Suh I. Association between fibrinogen and carotid atherosclerosis according to smoking status in a korean male population. Yonsei Med J. 2015;56:921-927. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2015.56.4.921
Agerholm-Larsen L, Raben A, Haulrik N, Hansen AS, Manders M, Astrup A. Effects of 8 week intake of probiotic milk products on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54:288-297. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600937
Pahlman LI, Morgelin M, Kasetty G, Olin AI, Schmidtchen A, Herwald H. Antimicrobial activity of fibrinogen and fibrinogen-derived peptides--a novel link between coagulation and innate immunity. Thromb Haemost. 2013;109:930-939. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH12-10-0739
Saulyte J, Regueira C, Moutes-Martinez A, Khudyakov P, Takkouche B. Active or passive exposure to tobacco smoking and allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, and food allergy in adults and children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11:E1001611. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001611
Lee A, Lee SY, Lee KS. The use of heated tobacco products is associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis in korean adolescents. Sci Rep. 2019;9:17699. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54102-4
Lee NK, Kim SY, Han KJ, Eom SJ, Paik HD. Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus strains with anti-allergic effects from kimchi for yogurt starters. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2014;58:130-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.02.028
Song SY, Lee SJ, Park DJ, Oh SJ, Lim KT. The anti-allergic activity of Lactobacillus Plantarum L67 and its application to yogurt. J Dairy Sci. 2016; 99:9372-9382. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11809
Arora S, Yadav K, Kaul N. Hematological changes induced by cigarette smoking. J Med Sci Clin Res. 2018;6:1046-1049. https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v6i2.162
Waseem AMA, Alvi AB. Correlation between anemia and smoking: study of patients visiting different outpatient departments of integral institute of medical science and research, lucknow. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2020;10:149-154. https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2019.9.0412805122019
Bilto YY. Effects of cigarette smoking on blood rheology and biochemistry. Int J Sci Res. 2015;4:107-112.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.